1985年以来中国大陆沿海集装箱港口体系位序-规模分布及其网络联系
作者简介:郭建科(1980-),男,山西长治人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事交通运输与物流空间组织、海洋经济地理等方面的科研及教学工作。E-mail: gjianke98@126.com
收稿日期: 2018-09-25
要求修回日期: 2018-11-20
网络出版日期: 2019-04-20
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41571126,41871112)
教育部人文社科基地重大项目(18JJD790005)
Rank-size distribution changes and transportation network connections of the coastal container port system in Chinese mainland since 1985
Received date: 2018-09-25
Request revised date: 2018-11-20
Online published: 2019-04-20
Copyright
21世纪以来,中国大陆众多沿海城市纷纷转型为港口城市,港口区域化态势明显,港口发展呈现新的竞合关系。运用位序-规模法则与复杂网络模型,从规模结构、航运网络两方面刻画1985年以来中国大陆沿海集装箱港口体系的区域化特征。结果表明:① 港口体系日趋完善,位序-规模分布更加明显;发展演化呈低级均衡,明显集中化及相对分散化三个阶段,围绕世界级枢纽港形成区域集聚和群内扩散的空间格局。② 港口航运网络小世界特征得到强化,不同类型港口航线网络特性变化差异明显。枢纽港以广度上升深度下降、中转功能上升为主;大型港口变化较为复杂,超过一半的大型港口腹地引致特征明显,中转功能较弱;地方港呈现两极分化态势,大部分港口在航线网络深度、广度与辐射能力等多方面得到提升,少部分港口则明显萎缩。③ 以班轮航线为载体的物流网络推动港口区域化内在联系更加紧密,轴-辐特征得到强化,整个网络效率大为提升。从社会网络分析软件(UCINET)呈现的最强联系航线看,沿海集装箱航运网络已由局部网络转变为统一的双层轴-辐网络,全国性的港口网络联系水平大幅提升,区域航运网络与港口群存在空间错位而非一一对应。
郭建科 , 何瑶 , 王绍博 , 吴陆陆 . 1985年以来中国大陆沿海集装箱港口体系位序-规模分布及其网络联系[J]. 地理研究, 2019 , 38(4) : 869 -883 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020181050
Since the beginning of the 21st century, many coastal cities of Chinese mainland have been transformed into port cities, with obvious regional characteristics of ports and new competitive and cooperative relations in port development. This paper describes the regionalization characteristics of China's coastal container port system since 1985 from the aspects of scale structure and shipping network by using the rank-size rule and complex network model. The results show that: (1) The port system is becoming perfect and the scale structure is in a good order. The evolution of port system can be divided into three stages: low-level equilibrium, obvious centralization and relative decentralization. Container transport is forming regional agglomeration and intra-group diffusion around world-class hub ports. (2) The small-world characteristics of the port shipping network have been strengthened, and the network characteristics of different types of port routes have changed significantly. The hub port has declined in depth and the transfer function has been rising;The changes of large-scale ports are relatively complicated, more than half of the large-scale ports in the hinterland have obvious characteristics and weak transit function. Local ports are polarized, and most of the ports are diversified in the depth, breadth and radiation capacity of the route network. and a few of ports have shrunk in many ways. (3) The inherent characteristics of port regionalization are more evident in the logistics network with liner routes as the carrier. The hub-spoke characteristics of the network are strengthened, and the transport efficiency of the whole port network is greatly improved. From the perspective of the strongest connection of shipping network based on UCINET, the coastal container port network transformed from a structure of local networks coexisting with several ports pairs to a double-layer hub-spoke structure, which has upgrade the development of port linkage. Regional shipping network and port group have space dislocation rather than one-to-one correspondence.
Fig. 1 1985-2015 rank-size of container throughput chart in the mainland of China图1 1985—2015年中国大陆集装箱吞吐量位序规模图 |
Tab. 1 Container throughput rank-size distribution data for coastal ports in the mainland of China表1 中国大陆沿海港口集装箱吞吐量位序-规模分布数据 |
| 年份 | 拟合方程 | 标度区范围 | 当年港口总数量(个) | 判定系数R2 | 无标度区范 围比例(%) | 年份 | 拟合方程 | 标度区范围 | 当年港口总数量 | 判定系数R2 | 无标度区范 围比例(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1985 | lnP(k)=-1.5357x+3.3744 | 1~7 | 7 | 0.9048 | 100 | 2000 | lnP(k)=-1.8918x+7.7413 | 1~37 | 37 | 0.919 | 100 |
| 1986 | lnP(k)=-0.9839x+3.1729 | 1~5 | 7 | 0.9029 | 71.20 | 2001 | lnP(k)=-1.9389x+7.992 | 1~40 | 40 | 0.9181 | 100 |
| 1987 | lnP(k)=-0.9382x+3.2361 | 1~5 | 8 | 0.9488 | 62.50 | 2002 | lnP(k)=-1.8518x+8.1043 | 1~40 | 40 | 0.9327 | 100 |
| 1988 | lnP(k)=-1.4767x+3.9056 | 1~11 | 11 | 0.9386 | 100 | 2003 | lnP(k)=-1.8858x+8.4383 | 1~41 | 41 | 0.9261 | 100 |
| 1989 | lnP(k)=-1.3776x+3.9948 | 1~11 | 11 | 0.9182 | 100 | 2004 | lnP(k)=-2.031x+8.9544 | 1~44 | 44 | 0.9059 | 100 |
| 1990 | lnP(k)=-1.4496x+4.2846 | 1~13 | 13 | 0.9209 | 100 | 2005 | lnP(k)=-2.0061x+9.236 | 1~45 | 45 | 0.9149 | 100 |
| 1991 | lnP(k)=-1.4609x+4.6231 | 1~16 | 16 | 0.9172 | 100 | 2006 | lnP(k)=-1.9374x+9.3005 | 1~44 | 45 | 0.9103 | 97.80 |
| 1992 | lnP(k)=-1.2646x+4.6246 | 1~16 | 16 | 0.903 | 100 | 2007 | lnP(k)=-1.9769x+9.5357 | 1~44 | 45 | 0.9052 | 97.80 |
| 1993 | lnP(k)=-1.3259x+4.94 | 1~16 | 16 | 0.9154 | 100 | 2008 | lnP(k)=-1.921x+9.5771 | 1~44 | 45 | 0.914 | 97.80 |
| 1994 | lnP(k)=-1.2505x+5.113 | 1~16 | 19 | 0.9395 | 84 | 2009 | lnP(k)=-1.9037x+9.5165 | 1~44 | 45 | 0.9111 | 97.80 |
| 1995 | lnP(k)=-1.1179x+5.2752 | 1~15 | 20 | 0.9191 | 75 | 2010 | lnP(k)=-1.8358x+9.5685 | 1~44 | 45 | 0.9184 | 97.80 |
| 1996 | lnP(k)=-1.1885x+5.5883 | 1~16 | 20 | 0.9251 | 80 | 2011 | lnP(k)=-1.7386x+935272 | 1~43 | 45 | 0.9189 | 95.60 |
| 1997 | lnP(k)=-1.3156x+6.0076 | 1~17 | 20 | 0.9063 | 85 | 2012 | lnP(k)=-1.6963x+9.5913 | 1~44 | 46 | 0.9028 | 95.60 |
| 1998 | lnP(k)=-1.4252x+6.3546 | 1~17 | 20 | 0.9152 | 85 | 2013 | lnP(k)=-1.6673x+9.6167 | 1~44 | 47 | 0.9044 | 93.60 |
| 1999 | lnP(k)=-1.6087x+6.9312 | 1~30 | 30 | 0.9398 | 100 | 2014 | lnP(k)=-1.6381x+9.6253 | 1~44 | 47 | 0.9023 | 93.60 |
| 2015 | lnP(k)=-1.6179x+9.634 | 1~44 | 47 | 0.9044 | 93.60 |
Fig. 2 Distribution of container route network in the mainland of China in 2005 and 2015图2 2005年和2015年中国大陆集装箱航线网络分布 |
Fig. 3 The relevance of container port route number, strength, unit weight and container throughput in the mainland of China图3 中国大陆集装箱港口的航线数量、强度与单位权与集装箱吞吐量相关性 |
Tab. 2 The change type in width and depth of coastal container port route networks in the mainland of China表2 中国大陆沿海港口航线网络联系的深度与广度变化分类 |
| 变化类型 | 枢纽港 | 大型港口 | 地方港 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 深度 上升 | 广度上升 | 厦门港(0.4, 5) | 福州港(0.7, 9);虎门港(3.1, 20); 中山港(2.2, 9);珠海港(1.3, 19); 嘉兴港(0.1, 2);江门港(1, 1); 唐山港(0.2, 3) | 常州港(2.4, 5);黄骅港(1, 1); 惠州港(1.4, 8);茂名港(2, 2); 莆田港(1.5, 1);钦州港(3.2, 14); 台州港(3.4, 5);泰州港(2.3, 4); 湛江港(0.4, 14) |
| 广度下降 | 深圳港(6.1, -2) | 扬州港(0.45, -1) | ||
| 深度 下降 | 广度上升 | 大连港(-9, 3); 广州港(-2.6, 5); 宁波港(-7.1, 4); 上海港(-2.7, 6); 天津港(-10.6, 3) | 海口港(-0.5, 2);日照港(-3.6, 8); 苏州港(-7.8, 10);营口港(-1.3, 9) | 无锡港(-0.2, 8) |
| 广度下降 | 青岛港(-8.1, -1) | 连云港(-0.8, -1);南京港(-10.1, -6); 泉州港(-2.0, -1);丹东港(-1.3, -3); 汕头港(-4.2, -1);烟台港(-5.8, -5); 南通港(-8.2, -4) | 锦州港(-0.5, -2);威海港(-3.8, -1);温州港(-1.5, -1);秦皇岛港(-1.7, -5) | |
| 广度不变 | 镇江港(-4.6, 0);防城港(-1.2, 0) | |||
注:单位权表示港口的平均强度即深度,度表示港口所联系的范围即广度。例如上海港(-2.7, 6)表示其单位权指数下降2.7,度指数上升6。 |
Tab. 3 The change type with transfer and radiation functions of coastal container port route network in the mainland of China表3 中国大陆沿海港口航线网络联系的中转、辐射功能变化分类 |
| 变化类型 | 枢纽港 | 大型港口 | 地方港 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 中转功能 上升 | 辐射功能 上升 | 台州港(0.0245, 2.65) 湛江港(0.0245, 0.62) | ||
| 辐射功能 降低 | 上海港(0.0332, -0.31); 广州港(0.095, -0.25); 深圳港(0.0067, -0.31); 厦门港(0.0148, -0.24); 大连港(0.0001, -0.36); 宁波港(0.0318, -0.26) | 苏州港(0.0236,-0.71); 营口港(0.0024,-0.14) | ||
| 中转功能 降低 | 辐射功能 降低 | 天津港(-0.0533, -0.37); 青岛港(-0.059, -0.36) | 泉州港(-0.0288,-0.12); 烟台港(-0.0862,-1.21); 汕头港(-0.03,-0.57); | |
| 无中转 功能 | 辐射功能 上升 | 福州港(0.28);虎门港(3.25); 中山港(2.18);珠海港(1.69); 江门港(0.85);唐山港(0.08) | 黄骅港(0.85);莆田港(0.78); 惠州港(1.86);茂名港(1.58); 钦州港(2.26);常州港(2.4); 扬州港(0.73);泰州港(2.19); 无锡港(0.19) | |
| 辐射功能 下降 | 日照港(-1.03);南通港(-1.38); 海口港(-0.38);嘉兴港(-0.05); 南京港(-1.83);丹东港(-1.4); 连云港港(-0.55) | 锦州港(-0.15);秦皇岛港(-1.24); 威海港(-0.92);温州港(-0.86); 镇江港(-0.91);防城港(-1.59) | ||
注:加权介数中心性反应节点在网络中的中转与衔接功能。加权邻近中心性反应节点在网络中的间接可达性,即对邻近港口的辐射能力。其中没有中转功能,即从理论数据上港口的加权介数中心性数值为0,表格中不表示。例如上海港(0.0332, -0.31)表示其加权介数中心性上升0.0332,加权邻近中心性下降0.31。 |
Tab. 4 Port hierarchy under system clustering表4 中心性系统聚类统计表 |
| 排序 | 2005年 | 2015年 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 港口 | 数量 | 港口 | 数量 | ||
| 第一类 | 青岛港、上海港、天津港、宁波港、深圳港 | 5 | 宁波港、上海港、深圳港 | 3 | |
| 第二类 | 广州港、厦门港、大连港 | 3 | 青岛港、大连港、厦门港、天津港、广州港 | 5 | |
| 第三类 | 福州港、温州港、烟台港、连云港港等 | 26 | 苏州港、湛江港、营口港、泉州港、湛江港等 | 34 | |
Fig. 4 The hub-spoke structure of the container shipping network is based on the strongest route between ports in the mainland of China图4 基于港口间最强航线连接中国大陆集装箱航运网络轴-辐图 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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