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地理研究 >

2019 , Vol. 38 >Issue 3: 595 - 604

DOI: https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj020180879

乡村振兴规划与方法

乡村振兴与可持续发展——国际典型案例剖析及其启示

  • 李玉恒 , 1 ,
  • 阎佳玉 1, 2 ,
  • 宋传垚 1, 2
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  • 1. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所区域可持续发展分析与模拟重点实验室,北京 100101
  • 2. 中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京 100049

作者简介：李玉恒（1983-）,男,河北石家庄人,博士,副研究员,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为城乡转型与乡村地域系统可持续发展、乡村弹性。E-mail:

收稿日期: 2018-08-21

  要求修回日期: 2019-02-01

  网络出版日期: 2019-03-20

基金资助

国家自然科学基金面上项目（41771191）

全球乡村计划—中国乡村振兴（GRP-CRV）研究项目

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Rural revitalization and sustainable development:Typical case analysis and its enlightenments

  • LI Yuheng , 1 ,
  • YAN Jiayu 1, 2 ,
  • SONG Chuanyao 1, 2
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  • 1. Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
  • 2. College of Resources and Environment,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received date: 2018-08-21

  Request revised date: 2019-02-01

  Online published: 2019-03-20

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《地理研究》编辑部
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摘要

基于对国际典型案例剖析,系统阐释了土地整治、特色产业发展、社会资本培育在协调乡村人地关系,提升内生动力,构建乡村新型主体,实现乡村地域“人-地-业”耦合发展中的重要作用。实施土地整治适应了乡村人地关系变化,有利于提高土地资源利用效率,优化乡村生产、生活、生态空间,为乡村转型发展提供载体。依托优势资源,发展特色产业是提升乡村内生动力的重要抓手,有利于激活乡村人口、土地、产业等要素活力。而民众主观能动性、新型经营主体的构建是增强乡村内生动力的关键因素。乡村社会良好的价值观、信任、责任及其社会网络的培育与构建有助于提高乡村主体凝聚力与协作力,提高乡村地区发展质量,提升物质资本及人力资本的产出效益。

关键词： 乡村振兴; 乡村弹性; 人地关系; 可持续发展

本文引用格式

李玉恒 , 阎佳玉 , 宋传垚 . 乡村振兴与可持续发展——国际典型案例剖析及其启示[J]. 地理研究, 2019 , 38(3) : 595 -604 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020180879

Abstract

Rural decline is a global phenomenon as the world endeavors to promote its urbanization and industrialization. China has been one of such countries which experienced rapid urbanization development while its countryside is suffering depopulation and the related challenges such as labor shortage, economic recession and land abandonment which are referred as the hollowing-out villages. Rural decline is not solely existing in China. Generally, the current developed countries such as the US, Sweden, UK and France etc. all experienced rural decline while the states took measures and produced policies to revitalize the countryside. In 2017, the Chinese Central Government initiated its rural revitalization strategy which covers a period until 2050. How to implement this strategy? What experiences from the world can be borrowed to China? The paper aims to investigate typical cases from abroad and draw experiences which may be applied in China. By referring to cases from Germany, Japan and Sweden, the paper introduces separately the roles of rural land consolidation, special industry development and social capital cultivation in coordinating human-land relationship, improving endogenous capability and constructing new rural subjects. The analysis finds that these measures have contributed to the coupling development of rural people, land and industries. The enlightenments lie in three aspects. First, land consolidation optimizes rural production, living and ecology spaces and provides rural development with a platform through which local industries can develop by inputting resources. Second, local stakeholders' initiatives and the development of new rural subjects are the key elements to improve villages' endogenous capability. Third, the good values, trust, responsibility and social networks contribute to the cohesion and synergy of rural society and improve the production efficiency of the rural inputs of physical capital and human capital. The paper further discusses the applicability of these experiences in China. It points out that China has large territory and villages differ a lot in resources endowments, development stages, advantages and disadvantages. It is necessary to investigate the current situation of rural system of different areal types, and to figure out the suitable ways to deal with problems and challenges so as to revitalize the countryside. And in this process, the endogenous development and local peasants' initiatives are important to achieve sustainable rural development in the long run.

Key words： rural revitalization; rural resilience; human-land relationship; sustainable development

1 研究背景

纵观世界发展史,在快速工业化、城镇化进程中出现的乡村衰退问题已成为全球性趋势‍[1,2]。20世纪50年代以来,在美国、瑞典、日本、韩国等国相继出现了乡村人口过快减少、产业岗位缺失、农村过疏、农村传统文化、伦理和秩序受到冲击等问题[3,4,5,6,7,8,9]。根据世界银行的统计数据,世界乡村人口占总人口比重由1960年的66.44%下降到2015年的46.16%,降幅达30.5%。以代表世界新兴市场的金砖五国（BRICS）为例,在1960—2015年间,俄罗斯乡村人口占比减少了44%,中国为47%,印度为18%,南非为34%,而巴西乡村人口占比减少幅度更高,达到73%（数据来自网站：https://data.worldbank.org/）。伴随着乡村人口的大规模、快速减少,劳动力缺失、农业效益低下、市场萎缩、公共服务短缺等问题日益显现,严重制约了乡村地区的可持续发展能力,亟需重视乡村振兴。
作为一个有机体,城市与乡村以劳动力、原材料、资金和信息等要素在两者间的流动与集聚为基础而紧密联系在一起[10],两者只有共同发展,才能相互支撑。20世纪70年代以推进逆城市化,实现乡村振兴为目的的乡村复兴运动（rural renaissance）率先在一些发达国家兴起,通过规划、政府投资、政策补贴等方式鼓励城市富裕阶层回归并享受乡村田园生活[11]。美国[12]、英国[13]、新西兰[14]、瑞典[15,16]、西班牙[17]等国相继经历了乡村复兴运动,促进了乡村地区人口增长。然而,由乡村复兴运动所产生的逆城市化现象多发生在城市近郊地区,这是城市富裕群体为了享受乡村田园生活并同时保留城市工作机会做出的选择[18],这也导致美国的纽约、波士顿、费城等城市郊区人口增长速度一度超过了中心城区。那些远离城区、地处偏远的乡村地区由于青壮年劳动力持续减少而变得日趋萧条,致使公共服务供给不足,基础设施破败不堪,一些重要岗位如教师、医生后继无人,进而形成了“人口流失-经济衰退-生活品质下降-人口继续流失”的恶性循环。
改革开放40年来,中国经历了快速的工业化、城镇化进程。在此过程中乡村人地关系发生了急剧变化,一方面农村地区青壮年劳动力大规模、快速流失,据统计,2017年中国外出农民工总量达到1.72亿人,其中40岁及以下外出农民工数量所占比重为72.3%,有30.8%的外出农民工拥有高中及以上学历（数据来自网站：http://www.sohu.com/a/229638808_118392）。另一方面农村“空心化”现象快速蔓延,大量废弃、闲置的农村建设用地持续增加,据测算,全国空心村综合整治增地潜力达760万hm2[19]。此外,在1995—2016年间,中国乡村地区就业机会由4.9亿个减少到3.62亿个,乡村小学与教学点数量也由55.86万个减少到19.32万个[20,21],迫使农村人口大量涌入城市从事非农就业并为下一代寻求良好的教育,这也加剧了乡村人口外流,致使乡村地区发展日渐衰退,影响到了乡村性水平[22,23]。
世界各国在发展进程中普遍经历了乡村人口外流、农村经济凋敝、公共服务短缺等问题,也都探索实施过适合本国国情的应对措施,形成了乡村振兴的模式和范式。当前,我国正全力推进实施乡村振兴战略,通过体制与机制创新来提升乡村地区应对与适应外界发展环境扰动与变化的能力,扭转乡村衰退局势。然而,中国乡村发展面临的问题源于长期的城乡二元体制,导致乡村人地关系不协调、发展内生动力不足、乡村社会主体弱化等挑战并存。因此,中国的乡村振兴不能完全照搬发达国家依赖强大财政补贴或者农村剩余劳动力完全转移的发展道路,必须立足中国国情及乡村实际,走出一条具有中国特色,符合发展阶段特征的乡村振兴之路。基于此,文章从协调乡村人地关系、培育乡村发展内生动力、构建打造乡村新型主体三方面选取国际典型案例进行分析,从不同视角梳理总结了乡村振兴与可持续发展的路径及其机理,并结合乡村振兴战略,就构建可持续的乡村人地关系地域系统提出了相应政策建议。

2 国际典型案例剖析

2.1 德国巴伐利亚州土地整理与乡村更新

第二次世界大战结束至20世纪中期,德国的乡村发展滞后,基础设施破败不堪,就业机会短缺,公共服务供给不足,大量农村人口迫于生计而涌入城市。1950年,德国赛德尔基金会提出了城乡等值化理念,即通过土地整理、村庄更新的方式实现“城市与农村生活不同类但等值”的目的。作为德国最大的农业州之一,巴伐利亚州的城乡等值化试验推进了土地整理与乡村更新相结合,具有一定代表性。
巴伐利亚州的土地整理主要集中在乡村地区以及保留有乡村结构的地区,包括通过细碎土地的合并与整治来提高农业及林业生产条件、乡村更新、为村镇建设释放土地空间、乡村景观格局规划、公共设施用地整理、特殊农作物田块整理以及高山草地与林地整理[24]。德国通过土地整理来推进乡村更新的行动始于20世纪60年代末期。1982年,巴伐利亚州政府制定了《巴伐利亚州乡村更新纲要》,强调乡村土地整理中的产权调整、田块合并及规划编制的重要性[25]。村庄更新规划包括农业结构改善措施、村庄建筑措施等,使乡村生活和生产条件适应城市化的发展。规划的制定由乡镇政府和参加者协会通过多部门的合作以及居民参与共同制定[26]。村庄更新规划与土地整理紧密结合,并通过土地整理来推进规划实施,以解决如基础设施用地储备、农业结构调整、自然景观保护等各种问题。
权属管理贯穿于乡村土地整理的整个过程。在立项阶段,要明确土地整理区内的权属现状并制定详细的权属调整方案。在项目执行期,要对地产交易、地产评估、土地重新分配等内容进行明确规定。随着权属变更登记生效,新的所有者将继承土地的全部义务和权利,并完成土地变更登记、地籍登记、自然保护登记等内容[27]。此外,巴伐利亚州的土地整理与乡村更新强调对生态环境的保护与建设,在立法、规划及措施等各方面都有明确的规定和要求,还强调公众参与的重要性,让村民参与决策与规划制定,使土地整理建立在民众参与和民主监督基础上。
德国的巴伐利亚试验促进了农村从传统农业向多功能、综合性发展的转变,体现了土地整理在改善农林生产条件、土地资源合理发展利用、乡村自然环境和景观保护、乡村基础设施建设等方面的重要作用,使得农村地区具有与城市同等的吸引力,促进了城乡融合发展,成为德国农村发展的普遍模式。

2.2 日本大分县“一村一品”运动

针对乡村地区普遍面临的人口流失、老龄化、发展严重滞后于城市等问题,日本在二战结束后的很长一段时间内寻求各种方法来振兴乡村。然而,诸如政府投资建设休闲设施来吸引游客或鼓励公司在乡村地区建设工厂的尝试往往收效甚微,原因在于未能充分考虑乡村的独特性,更为关键的是未能让当地民众参与进来[28]。20世纪70年代末兴起于日本大分县的“一村一品”运动（One-Village-One Product）极大促进了乡村振兴与可持续发展,其模式也被联合国工业发展组织所推崇,并在泰国、马拉维等国推广。
大分县位于日本九州的东北部,总面积为6337km2,森林面积占71%,自然资源丰富。大分县的“一村一品”运动起源于一个名叫欧亚马（Oyama）的村子。1961年当地居民决定通过自身努力去改变贫困现状。首先,他们放弃了政府鼓励扩大水稻种植以确保粮食安全的发展政策,认为欧亚马多山地丘陵的地形不适宜大面积种植水稻,更适宜利用当地自然资源发展高附加值的特色产品。因此,在当地农业合作社的带领下,欧亚马先后整村推进实施了三个发展项目。首先是始于1961年的种植新梅与栗子运动,以此来减少农民工作量并增加收入。其次是1965年启动的新人格组合运动,聚焦于民众的学习与提升。1969年欧亚马村开始实施新天堂社区运动,以提高民众生活质量并减少年轻人的流失。三个计划项目的实施不仅提高了生产效率,还提升了民众的学习能力、地方发展可持续性以及较高的生活质量。在1975—2003年间,欧亚马村的单位土地收入得以快速增长,是日本全国平均水平的1.5倍[29]。
鉴于欧亚马村的成功经验,1979年大分县在全县范围内推进实施“一村一品”运动,鼓励农村依据自身资源禀赋,因地制宜发展特色产品。政府设立专职部门,支持农产品生产和特色产品研制。同时,政府还开设人才培训班为“一村一品”运动培养优秀人才,打造属于农村自己的品牌并进行推广。在1980—2001年间,通过实施“一村一品”运动,大分县的产品种类由143种增长到336种,销售额由3.3亿美元增长到13亿美元。全县的人均收入也实现了翻番,位居九州地区7个县之首[28]。
大分县“一村一品”运动的成功具有多方面因素。首先,该运动是“自下而上”的、由乡村社区主导的发展方式,依靠社区领导力、农户责任心与合作而推进实施。农村社区通过建立协调组织,为农户提供技术与营销指导、资金支持。农户则向组织反馈产品及市场信息,并与其他成员分享信息。县级政府则提供服务、培训及产品营销等辅助支持。其次是差异化的产品策略,农户根据信息及市场反馈不断调整产品种类、价格及营销策略。在此过程中,民众持续地对农业技术、市场营销等方面知识进行学习,并不断培养后备青年人才,提高其技能水平与竞争力,也提升了“一村一品”运动在促进乡村可持续发展中的作用。

2.3 瑞典奥勒村社会资本助推乡村振兴

从20世纪40年代末开始,瑞典乡村地区的发展逐渐出现减缓、衰退迹象。政府在70年代大力推进乡村地区的公共服务建设,一定程度上减缓了乡村衰退趋势。然而,随着80年代知识经济的兴起,除了城郊地区的乡村外,瑞典广大乡村地区的衰退问题再度显现。然而,位于瑞典北部耶姆特兰省（Jämtland）的奥勒村（Åre）,因其良好的社会资本推进了本地企业抱团式发展,并实现了企业与地方政府合作,为奥勒村的可持续发展提供了强有力支撑。
奥勒村位于瑞典西北部耶姆特兰省的奥勒市,属于瑞典北部山区普通的乡村。奥勒村所在地区因其天然的雪场资源成为北欧较为著名的滑雪旅游地,旅游业带动了宾馆、休闲、购物等产业发展。20世纪60年代中期,瑞典启动了北部振兴计划以应对区域内乡村人口持续减少的问题。政府的支持开始主要集中于制造业,到了70年代逐渐转向服务业。在此期间,奥勒村的索道、缆车与宾馆建设得到了政府支持,也吸引了大量外来私营企业主进行投资。然而,由于缺乏统一管理,恶性竞争、服务水平低、运营不规范等问题长期存在。20世纪90年代初期的经济萧条严重影响了瑞典的旅游经济,致使奥勒地区大量投资濒临破产。作为一种积极响应,当地百姓及私营企业主意识到只有相互合作,抱团发展才能度过危机,并形成了奥勒社区的“目的地支撑战略”（destination-embracing strategy）。该战略包括以下几方面内容：
（1）当地百姓与企业主联合制定奥勒村发展规划与愿景;
（2）企业主间摒弃恶性竞争,成立滑雪产业协会并制定行业规范,协调与管理各行业企业的服务与运营方式;
（3）协会为濒临破产的企业提供资金支持,免费开展业务培训,企业间共享行业信息;
（4）共同筹措募集资金用于旅游区的基础设施建设、环境整治及对外宣传;
（5）与省、市、地方政府对接,推动其为奥勒村的旅游业发展在公共服务、资金等方面提供支持。
“目的地支撑战略”的实施逐渐在奥勒当地百姓、私营企业主间培养形成了以实现奥勒村振兴为目的的共同愿景、责任感及增进交流与合作的意识,即社会资本[30]。在20世纪90年代末期及21世纪初期,随着对外宣传的深入、服务品质的提升以及游客的认可,奥勒村逐渐由瑞典国内的滑雪胜地向国际著名滑雪胜地转型升级。在此过程中,大量拥有雄厚实力的国际财团进驻奥勒,带来了新的发展理念、运营方式及国际资源。原有的“目的地支撑战略”进而演化为涵盖当地百姓、私营企业主、各级政府部门、国际大公司在内的多主体共同参与的地方发展战略,强化了主体间的共同责任、担当、信任及合作发展的理念与行动,为奥勒村的发展提供了强有力支撑,使其在瑞典北部地区脱颖而出[9]。如图1所示,与瑞典北部山区的其他乡村相比,由于经济振兴,奥勒村的人口得以保持长期、稳定增长。
Fig. 1 Rural demographic changes of mountainous villages in northern Sweden, 1970-2015

图1 1970—2015年瑞典北部山区部分乡村地区人口发展变化

注：图中图例为研究区村名;数据来源: Statistics Sweden, http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__MI__MI0810__MI0810A/LandarealTatort/?rxid=13b40648-0bb6-4d6e-a3a5-2aec0c84dfd9。

3 典型案例对我国实施乡村振兴战略的启示及适宜性

中国“三农”问题的本质是乡村地域系统可持续发展问题。当前我国广大乡村地区正面临着日趋严重的“乡村病”,表现为生产要素高速非农化、农村主体过早老弱化、村庄用地严重空废化、农村水土环境污损化和乡村地区深度贫困化[31]。由此所导致的乡村土地资源低效利用、产业经营与社会管理主体弱化、发展内生动力不足等问题尤为突出。实施乡村振兴战略亟需破解“乡村病”,激活乡村人口、土地、产业等要素活力,从而提升乡村地域系统可持续发展能力和竞争力。
国内外不乏乡村可持续发展的成功案例,文章通过对三个典型案例的剖析,深入阐释了乡村土地综合整治、特色产业发展、社会资本培育在协调乡村人地关系,培育提升乡村内生动力,构建打造乡村新型主体,实现乡村地域“人-地-业”耦合发展中的重要作用（图2）。
Fig. 2 Mechanism of rural revitalization and sustainable development

图2 乡村振兴与可持续发展机理

首先,以德国巴伐利亚州为代表的土地整理与乡村更新实践表明,乡村土地综合整治适应了快速城镇化、工业化进程中乡村地区人地关系变化的现实背景及客观需求。通过开展土地整治工程实践,农业生产的水土条件得以改善,耕地质量得以提升,百姓生活品质得以提高,生态环境得以保育,不仅优化了乡村土地利用结构,促进了土地资源节约集约利用,还重构了农村生产、生活、生态“三生”空间格局,协调了乡村地域人地关系,具有重要的现实意义。
“十三五”期间,我国全力实施“三深一土”国土资源科技创新战略,强调土地工程技术在推动耕地质量提升、退化土地治理、荒废土地利用与土地生态修复中的重要作用,不断强化土地整治的工程化、生态化技术应用,以此推进山水田林湖草生命共同体、田园综合体和乡村振兴“三生”（生产、生活、生态）融合发展。当前,我国广大农村地区“空心化”问题严峻,乡村青壮年人口持续减少与大量废弃、闲置农村建设用地持续增加并存,人地关系紊乱,空心村综合整治增地潜力巨大,亟需开展空心村土地整治工程,实现土地用途置换和空间格局优化。空心村土地综合整治在功能导向上应强化统筹区域城乡用地的“一整三还”,即依托村庄整治工程,实现乡村土地整治还田、还林、还园（建设）[32],有利于保障耕地及粮食安全,推进农业规模化经营,进而协调乡村地区农业生产、居民生活与生态环境保育三方面关系。从20世纪80年代末期开始,巴伐利亚试验在山东省青州市南张楼村进行推广并取得了成功,也为我国北方欠发达地区的农村发展与建设提供了实践探索[33]。
其次,日本大分县“一村一品”运动的成功经验表明,因地制宜发展乡村特色产业是实现乡村地区产业兴旺的重要抓手,而民众“自下而上”的主观能动性、决策的自主独立性、运营的自立创新性是保证乡村产业发展符合市场规律,提升其市场竞争力和抗风险能力的关键因素。在此过程中,大分县将培养勇于开拓进取、富有创造力的本地人才作为保持“一村一品”运动长盛不衰的核心要务,通过对本地人才的持续培训与技能提升锻炼,全面增强了农民自我发展能力,为农村经济的发展转型与可持续发展奠定了坚实的人力资源基础。
随着具有一定技能与教育水平的青壮年劳动力的大量流失,我国乡村地区人力资源状况堪忧,农民组织化、专业化水平较低,严重制约了乡村传统产业的转型升级与新兴产业的培育。进入新世纪以来,各地不断鼓励与引导发展“一村一品”,然而民众的知识水平有限、市场竞争与抗风险能力较低、现代化的企业运营与管理能力不足,难以有效支撑乡村产业的发展。因此,努力加大对农民技能培训的投入,扩大农民接受再学习、再教育的机会,提高其学习新知识、接受新技能的能力,不断提高农民知识化、专业化、组织化程度,为广大农村地区人力资本建设奠定基础,是我国推进实施乡村振兴战略的关键环节。此外,还要重视农民合作组织、乡村精英在发展乡村经济,提升乡村产业竞争力中的引领示范作用,由此打造构建乡村新型经营主体。在此过程中,政府要加强政策导向、激励引导等公共服务职能,强化农民的市场主体地位,充分尊重农民的发展意愿,最大程度地调动农民生产积极性。
第三,瑞典奥勒村的案例显示,乡村社会资本的培育有助于促进民众、企业、政府间的团结合作,提升本地企业的经济表现[34],也在一定程度上弥补了市场功能缺失及正式制度不足,并且发挥了市场与制度所无法起到的作用,如自我监督机制、风险共担、资源共享、互助协作等。对于个体而言,民众的人际网络、信誉度、价值观有利于激发民众的社会行动能力,借助社会资本获取利益,实现个人发展目标,如脱贫致富[35]。对于地区而言,良好的社会资本有利于提高地区发展质量,提升物质资本及人力资本的产出效益[36]。
伴随着农村市场化程度的提高和农民社会流动加快,以及农村传统道德整合作用的衰退和宗族关系的弱化,我国广大乡村地区社会资本呈现出本地社会网络封闭与内部分化、农村传统规范认同失效、社会信任度弱化等特点,既限制了民众获取资源和发展机会的能力,又制约了民众间、民众与企业、政府间基于信任而产生的合作[37]。基于此,围绕乡村振兴战略导向下的农村新型主体建设,应着力打造乡村地区多元、新型的社会网络,扩大乡村地区资源与外界市场对接的渠道,通过民众参与、信息公开及有效沟通,不断增进民众间、民众与企业、政府间的了解与互信,提高乡村多主体凝聚力与协作力,进而提升乡村地区的发展效益。
三个典型案例的实现路径具有相互关联与支撑性。通过土地综合整治,实现了乡村生产、生活、生态空间优化,为乡村特色产业发展与培育提供了平台。乡村经济发展也将带动社会进步,有利于提高民众的责任感与主观能动性,提升乡村主体活力与动能,将有助于进一步提升乡村发展质量,构建协调、可持续的乡村人地关系。

4 结论与讨论

当前,我国正全力推进实施乡村振兴战略,这不仅是新时期做好“三农”工作的重要遵循,还是扭转快速城镇化进程中出现的城进村退局面,破解乡村地域人地关系不协调问题的重要抓手。我国地域辽阔,广大乡村地区发展的地域性、阶段性、差异性特征明显,应全面诊断识别乡村地域系统,把握乡村地域发展演化的过程规律,科学识别不同地域乡村发展所面临的突出问题及其短板,研制支撑乡村地域发展的供给侧改革方案,分区、分类、分级推进实施乡村振兴[32]。
作为一个综合地域系统,乡村地区的经济社会结构在内核系统与外缘系统共同作用下得以重新塑造,乡村地域功能不断发生演化和变异。乡村地区需要通过优化配置和有效管理影响乡村发展的物质和非物质要素,重构乡村经济社会形态和优化地域空间格局,以实现乡村地域系统内部结构优化、功能提升以及城乡地域系统之间结构协调、功能互补[38,39,40]。在此过程中,乡村土地综合整治工程能够以“动手术”方式有效整合、配置土地资源,优化乡村“三生”空间,协调乡村人地关系,为乡村经济社会发展转型提供载体。而民众“自下而上”的主观能动性与创造性、新型经营主体建设是使得乡村发展适应市场经济规律与要求,实现乡村地域内生动力提升的关键因素。良好的乡村社会资本的培育又是联结乡村发展各种要素投入的“链条”与“粘合剂”,有助于提高乡村多主体凝聚力与协作力,进而提升乡村地区的发展效益与工作效率。
实施乡村振兴战略是我国现代乡村发展理论和实践的重大创新,应着眼于乡村地域系统的复杂性、综合性、动态性等现实特征与客观规律,多元化、差异化,综合推进实施乡村振兴,强调乡村地域“人-地-业”耦合发展,构建符合地域特色与发展阶段性特征的乡村地域系统,提升乡村地区应对外界发展环境变化与挑战的能力,即乡村弹性[2]。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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Champion A G.The reversal of the migration turnaround: Resumption of traditional trends. International Regional Science Review, 1988, 11(3): 253-260.Abstract "Cochrane and Vining's study of recent trends in core-periphery migration, while suffering from some weaknesses in methodology and interpretation, confirms very clearly that the reversal of the metropolitan migration turnaround is a widespread phenomenon in the developed non-Communist world. Evidence from the United Kingdom also supports this observation. An examination of the possible factors responsible for the rise and fall of counterurbanization over the past two decades suggests that two major forces--population deconcentration and regional restructuring--are operating simultaneously but relatively independently and that they both fluctuate in their nature and strength over time in response to prevailing demographic and economic circumstances." excerpt

DOI PMID

[12]
Nelson P B, Oberg A, Nelson L.Rural gentrification and linked migration in the United States. Journal of Rural Studies, 2010, 26(4): 343-352.Although gentrification is a process commonly associated with urban landscapes, rural areas in advanced economies have also experienced gentrification over the past two decades. Largely based on case study approaches, the Rural Studies literature describes transformations in the housing market, changed cultural attitudes toward the environment, political conflicts surrounding land-use planning, and heightened class polarization as outcomes of rural gentrification. The analysis in this paper extends our understandings of rural gentrification in two fundamental ways. First, drawing on US census data from 1990 and 2000, the paper systematically examines gentrification in nonmetropolitan counties across the United States and develops a methodology for identifying areas with similarly strong evidence of gentrification. The second section of the analysis compares the geographic distribution and socioeconomic change in gentrifying counties with the rest of nonmetropolitan America emphasizing the changes in the baby boomer and Latino populations. In so doing, the analysis opens up new possibilities for comparative analysis of gentrification both between and within countries, connects our understandings of rural gentrification to other processes of globalization playing out within rural space, and argues for work on rural gentrification to more explicitly integrate questions surrounding race and ethnicity alongside questions of class.

DOI

[13]
Phillips M, Page S, Saratsi E, et al.Diversity, scale and green landscapes in the gentrification process: Traversing ecological and social science perspectives. Applied Geography, 2008, 28(1): 54-76.This paper explores issues of scale and difference within a study of rural gentrification and nature that draws on social science and natural science theories and methods. The paper discusses how these issues emerged as being of significance both within social science studies of gentrification, rural restructuring and landscape studies and also within ecological analysis of village space. The paper suggests that nature is a significant presence in village space, with green vegetated space forming both a quantitatively significant amount of village settlement envelopes and also being of clear significance to inhabitants of at least one village in Melton District in Leicestershire.

DOI

[14]
Freeman C, Cheyne C.Coasts for sale: Gentrification in New Zealand. Planning Theory & Practice, 2008, 9(1): 33-56.The 鈥渟ea change鈥 phenomenon, or the movement of people from metropolitan to non-metropolitan parts of the country (and especially to coastal areas) is well-documented in Australia, but is now becoming increasingly apparent in New Zealand also. Since 2000 there has been an unprecedented and extremely rapid expansion in the property market, with prices booming for settlements in scenic locations, especially along the coast. This paper reports on a study of six coastal settlements in New Zealand, all of which have experienced this property boom. It found that many of the characteristics of gentrification are becoming increasingly apparent in coastal New Zealand, with particularly negative ramifications for certain parts of the community, namely indigenous communities and low income rental residents, though for many residents, the experience has been largely positive. Planning has so far failed to engage with the gentrification process or to recognise its implications for the wider coastal user community. The paper explores the contradictions associated with the gentrification process. It argues that the future of these communities needs to be wrested back from the dictates of the property market by implementing community-based planning, supported by local government.

DOI

[15]
Borgegård L E, Håkansson J, Malmberg G.Population redistribution in Sweden: Long term trends and contemporary tendencies. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 1995, 77(1): 31-45.Long-term trends in the spatial distribution of the population of Sweden are analyzed in this study. "Two geographical levels the national and the local are analysed in a long term perspective [from] 1750 until 1990. The measure of concentration used is the Hoover-index on [the] county level. Some major determinants affecting population distribution are stressed; demographic components economic geographic conditions socio-economic structure attitudes and population policy. During the last few decades the traditional trend of population has been broken and one finding is that concentration and dispersion is going on simultaneously on the national and the local level." (EXCERPT)

DOI PMID

[16]
Westlund H.An unplanned green wave: Settlement patterns in Sweden during the 1990s. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 2002, 34(8): 1395-1410.

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[17]
Solana-Solana M.Rural gentrification in Catalonia, Spain: A case study of migration, social change and conflicts in the Empordanet area. Geoforum, 2010, 41(3): 508-517.The intensity of rural depopulation in Catalonia has diminished since the 1980s. New population growth patterns are occurring in rural areas, basically due to immigration. Although there has been a certain awareness of the magnitude of this process and its territorial distribution, little is known about the protagonists in this immigration and the impact on rural municipalities. Results are presented from a study of the immigration process in a group of rural inland municipalities close to the Costa Brava, a Mediterranean coastal region with extensive tourism. The great beauty of the landscape and the existence of housing stock that is being abandoned but remains desirable have led to a population influx from Catalonia鈥檚 large urban areas, especially Barcelona, purchasing these homes as a primary or secondary residence. This has led to rehabilitation of the housing stock, but also to higher housing prices and the resulting exodus of the young local population that cannot afford them; a potential source of conflict between the local population and the newcomers. The study is based on census data and statistical records, as well as extensive fieldwork, including interviews with local residents, newcomers and key informants.

DOI

[18]
Rogers E M.Social Change in Rural Society: A Textbook in Rural Sociology. New York: Appleton Century Crofts, 1960.

[19]
刘彦随, 龙花楼, 陈玉福, 等. 中国乡村发展研究报告: 农村空心化及其整治策略. 北京: 科学出版社, 2011.

[Liu Yansui, Long Hualou, Chen Yufu, et al.China Rural Development Research Report - Rural Hollowing and Its Consolidation Strategy. Beijing: Science Press, 2011.]

[20]
中华人民共和国国家统计局. 中国统计年鉴. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2017.

[National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. China Statistical Yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2017.]

[21]
杨东平, 杨旻, 黄胜利. 中国教育发展报告(2017). 北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2017.

[Yang Dongping, Yang Min, Huang Shengli. Annual Report on China’s Education (2017). Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press (CHINA), 2017.]

[22]
韩冬, 乔家君, 马玉玲. 快速工业化背景下乡村性时空分异及其演化—以河南省巩义市为例. 地理研究, 2017, 36(12): 2405-2418.

[Han Dong, Qiao Jiajun, Ma Yuling.Spatio-temporal differentiation and evolution of rurality under the background of rapid industrialization: A case study of Gongyi city, Henan province. Geograpyical Research, 2017, 36(12): 2405-2418.]

[23]
孙玉, 程叶青, 张平宇. 东北地区乡村性评价及时空分异. 地理研究, 2015, 34(10): 1864-1874.以县域为基本空间单元,构建了刻画乡村性的指标体系,定量测度了2000年、2004年、2008年、2012年东北地区149个县域乡村性指数,并采用ESDA空间统计方法,探索东北地区县域乡村性的时空演变特征。结果表明：① 东北地区县域乡村性指数普遍较高,均值呈现波动下降的态势。② 县域乡村性指数呈现南低北高,逐步极化的空间格局,且与其到区域性中心城市的距离成正比,呈现环状递增的空间分布格局。③ 县域乡村性趋于空间集聚,且随时间推移,低值和低值、高值和高值县域的空间集聚增强;冷点、次冷点、热点、次热点区域在空间上均呈现“北上”发展态势,温和区域在空间上呈现“南下”的发展态势。从国家政策、产业结构、农业投入和资本投入等视角,分析了乡村性时空演变的原因。

DOI

[Sun Yu, Cheng Yeqing, Zhang Pingyu.Spatio-temporal dynamics of rurality in Northeast China. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(10): 1864-1874.]

[24]
Guenther S.Land consolidation in Bavaria: Support given to rural areas. Irrigation Engineering and Rural Planning, 1986, (9): 53-59.

[25]
Erich Wei 著, 贾生华译. 联邦德国的乡村土地整理. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 1999.

[Erich Wei, Jia Shenghua translated. Rural land Consolidation in the Federal Republic of Germany. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 1999.]

[26]
何芳. 前联邦德国土地整理介绍与分析. 中国土地, 1997, (10): 41-44.前联邦德国土地整理介绍与分析何芳１９９７年４月１５日，中共中央国务院就进一步加强土地管理切实保护耕地的问题发出通知，确立了土地管理特别是耕地保护的大政方针和治本之策。在这一精神的指导下，针对我国耕地大量减少和土地粗放利用并存的客观现实，中央要求改革土...

[He Fang.Introduction and analysis of land consolidation in the Federal Republic of Germany. China Land, 1997, (10): 41-44.]

[27]
陈晓军. 国内外农村土地整治权属调整研究进展. 国土资源科技管理, 2012, 29(05): 23-27.通过对德国、日本等为代表的国外农村土地整治中权属调整相关研究 进行总结；进而对国内农村土地整治中权属调整认识、驱动因素分析和权属调整机制研究进展进行探讨.最后构建我国农村土地整治权属调整思路,并提出要通过引 入市场化机制、推动股份制改革、开展地块评估、合理进行空间布局、加强制度保障来完善我国农村土地整治权属调整.

DOI

[Chen Xiaojun.Progress in domestic and foreign researches on rural land reclamation ownership adjustment. Scientific and Technological Management of Land and Resources, 2012, 29(5): 23-27.]

[28]
Nobuya H.“The One-Village-One-Product (OVOP) Movement: What It Is, How It Has Been Replicated, and Recommendations for a UNIDO OVOP-type Project” Working Paper. Research and Statistics Branch, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna, 2008.

[29]
Kazuhisa M, Susumu Y. 一村一品運動と開発途上国(One village one product and developing countries). Chiba, Japan: IDE-JETRO, 2006.

[30]
Nordin S, Westlund H.Social capital and the life cycle model: The transformation of the destination of Åre. Tourism, 2009, 57(3): 259-284.This article analyzes the development of the Swedish tourism destination of 03re and its transformation from one of many mountain villages into Scandinavia’s leading alpine ski resort. In reference to Butler’s life cycle model, this evolution is analyzed and some historical turning points in 03re’s development identified. The role of social capital is added to the historical analysis, based on the assumption that there is a link between a destination’s development and its ability to reproduce its social capital. The analysis shows that the social capital at the early stage was, to a large extent, built by and around local actors which predominated the village. The transformation to an international ski resort was possible only by the entrance of new actors, increasingly from the national and international arenas. These new actors have largely come to play leading roles in 03re’s development. At the same time, the new actors’ different values and networks have impacted 03re’s social capital.

[31]
刘彦随. 中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴. 地理学报, 2018, 73(4): 637-650.城市与乡村是一个有机体,只有二者可持续发展,才能相互支撑。依据人地关系地域系统学说,城乡融合系统、乡村地域系统是全新认知和理解城乡关系的理论依据。针对日益严峻的"乡村病"问题,全面实施乡村振兴,既是推进城乡融合与乡村持续发展的重大战略,也是破解"三农"问题,决胜全面建成小康社会的必然要求。本文探讨了新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴的基础理论,剖析了乡村发展面临的主要问题,提出了问题导向的中国城乡融合与乡村振兴科学途径及研究前沿领域。结果表明:(1)城乡融合与乡村振兴的对象是一个乡村地域多体系统,包括城乡融合体、乡村综合体、村镇有机体、居业协同体,乡村振兴重在推进城乡融合系统优化重构,加快建设城乡基础网、乡村发展区、村镇空间场、乡村振兴极等所构成的多级目标体系。(2)中国"三农"问题本质上是一个乡村地域系统可持续发展问题,当前乡村发展正面临主要农业生产要素高速非农化、农村社会主体过快老弱化、村庄建设用地日益空废化、农村水土环境严重污损化和乡村贫困片区深度贫困化等"五化"难题。(3)乡村是经济社会发展的重要基础,城乡融合与乡村振兴战略相辅相成,乡村振兴应致力于创建城乡融合体制机制,推进乡村极化发展,按照产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕的要求,构建乡村地域系统转型—重构—创新发展综合体系。(4)乡村振兴地理学研究应着眼于乡村地域系统的复杂性、综合性、动态性,探究以根治"乡村病"为导向的新型村镇建设方案、模式和科学途径,为实现新时代中国乡村振兴战略提供理论参考。

DOI

[Liu Yansui.Research on the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in the new era in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(4): 637-650.]

[32]
刘彦随, 朱琳, 李玉恒. 转型期农村土地整治的基础理论与模式探析. 地理科学进展, 2012, 31(6): 777-782.农村土地整治是适时补充耕地、盘活存量土地、优化城乡用地、强化集约用地和提升土地产能的重要途径。本文针对中国城乡发展转型进程中出现的农村空心化加剧发展和农村居民点用地“不减反增”等突出问题,分析了科学推进农村土地整治的战略目标与现实意义,阐释了农村土地整治中土地资源优化配置、农村土地“三整合”、农村空心化“生命周期”、克里斯泰勒中心地理论等相关的基础理论,深入探讨了农村土地整治的区域差异性模式、城乡一体化模式、“一整三还”综合模式、统筹协同决策模式及其创新机制。

DOI

[Liu Yansui, Zhu Lin, Li Yuheng.The essential theories and models of rural land consolidation in the transitional period of China. Progress in Geography, 2012, 31(6): 777-782.]

[33]
邹勇文, 汤慧. 中国式“巴伐利亚试验”的实践及对新农村建设的启示. 江西社会科学, 2006, (10): 151-154.18年前，由德国赛德尔基金会提供援助，德国巴伐利亚州选择山东青州南张楼村实施“巴伐利亚试验”，对当地进行土地整理、村庄规划，重视教育和农村福利。项目实施十多年来，农民生活水平提高，安居乐业。本文拟从试验区实施的背景、现状、经验等方面进行分析研究，旨在揭示“巴伐利亚试验区”中国式的经验与教训，为我国当前实施的多样化发展的新农村建设提供几点启示和借鉴。

DOI

[Zou Yongwen, Tang Hui.The practice of Chinese-style "Bavaria Test" and its enlightenment to new rural construction. Jiangxi Social Sciences, 2006, (10): 151-154.]

[34]
Westlund H, Nilsson E.Measuring enterprises' investments in social capital: A pilot study. Regional Studies, 2005, 39(8): 1079-1094.

DOI

[35]
周治勇. 社会资本理论视角下的反贫困工作. 改革与开放, 2011, (9): 150-151.贫困是与发展如影随形的一种社会现象,始终困扰着人类社会。社会资本的缺乏与贫困有着紧密联系,社会资本的缺乏产生贫困、加剧贫困、再生产和固化贫困。因此,从社会资本的视角的反贫困工作,应该从培育家庭外的社会资本、消除社会排斥和构建贫困者的社会支持网络等方面着手。

[Zhou Zhiyong.Anti-poverty work from the perspective of social capital theory. Reform & Opening, 2011, (9): 150-151.]

[36]
Li Y H, Wang X, Westlund H, et al.Physical capital, human capital and social capital: The changing roles in China’s economic growth. Growth and Change, 2015, 46(1): 133-149.Abstract Top of page Abstract Introduction Human and Social Capital in Economic Growth Data and Econometric Framework Empirical Analysis and Results Robustness Check Conclusion Acknowledgement References Appendix 1 Appendix 2 This paper examines the roles of physical capital, human capital, and social capital in China's economic growth during the reform period 1981鈥2010. Empirical estimation confirms that physical capital and human capital contribute to the economic growth, probably due to the capital accumulation and the improvement of labor productivity. The impact of social capital turns from being insignificant in the 1980s and the 1990s to be positive in the 2000s, suggesting its rising importance in recent decades. A declining role of physical capital in the economic growth in China from 1990s to 2000s is also found. The findings hold for several additional robustness checks, including focusing on longer term determinants of the economic growth, subregional analysis, and endogeneity. Furthermore, the foreign direct investment inflows and adjustment of economic ownership structure are also important for economic growth in China.

DOI

[37]
李玉恒, 王艳飞, 刘彦随. 我国扶贫开发中社会资本作用机理及其效应. 中国科学院院刊, 2016, 31(3): 302-308.社会资本在我国扶贫开发战略中具有重要的作用。社会资本是贫困户获取资源和机会的重要渠道，是影响扶贫工程有效性及其产出效益的重要因素。文章从理论角度分析了社会资本及其经济影响，指出了我国贫困地区农村社会网络封闭性和内部分化、传统的规范认同失效和社会信任度弱化的现状特点，从实践角度探索了良好的社会资本对于贫困家庭脱贫解困，以及提升扶贫工作效率的促进作用。研究提出了培育贫困地区社会资本的3个重要途径，即着力构建贫困地区多元、新型的社会网络，着力提升民众对政府的信任度，着力营造与完善贫困地区的社会制度和规范建设。

[Li Yuheng, Wang Yanfei, Liu Yansui.Impact and mechanism of social capital in poverty alleviation of China. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2016, 31(3): 302-308.]

[38]
Hoggart K, Paniagua A.What rural restructuring. Journal of Rural Studies, 2001, 17(1): 41-62.

DOI

[39]
Woods M. Rural. London, UK: Routledge, 2011.

[40]
龙花楼, 屠爽爽. 论乡村重构. 地理学报, 2017, 72(4): 563-576.

[Long Hualou, Tu Shuangshuang.Rural restructuring: Theory, approach and research prospect. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(4): 563-576.]

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