地理学方法论演变与价值判断
收稿日期: 2009-08-24
修回日期: 2010-02-06
网络出版日期: 2010-05-20
基金资助
科技部创新方法工作"地理学方法研究"项目资助(2007FY140800)
The geographical methodology between subjectivity and objectivity
Received date: 2009-08-24
Revised date: 2010-02-06
Online published: 2010-05-20
主观和客观是地理学方法论研究的一对重要范畴。价值判断是主客观问题争论的焦点。外在的科学或哲学理论和方法论等因素为客观范畴,地理学家的价值判断、目的等方面的因素为主观范畴。客观层面的分析表明:专业化和交叉化并行的整体科学发展特征,以及科学哲学理论发展多元化的趋势强烈影响了地理学方法论;交叉化的倾向使二战以后的地理学频繁地向其它学科借鉴理论和吸取方法,从而在范围上拓展了地理学方法论;而科学哲学理论从范式、研究纲领向多元主义的演替路径使地理学方法论也经历了单一范式向多元主义发展的过程;科学社会学理论的发展使地理学家深切认识到制度、社会文化背景和语言修辞对地理学的强烈影响。主观层面的分析表明:研究者不可能摆脱他的价值判断,价值判断也不可能"中立"于研究对象;在处理价值判断与研究对象之间关系时,研究者要持有审慎的态度和逻辑严整性的原则。在科学研究的目的论上,研究者最终应该具有一种人本主义的"自向性",即从认识研究对象回复到认识自身。从客观和主观结合的角度看,方法论是科学发展的一般规则与研究者个性和目的相结合的产物。
叶超,蔡运龙 . 地理学方法论演变与价值判断[J]. 地理研究, 2010 , 29(5) : 947 -958 . DOI: 10.11821/yj2010050019
The subjectivity and objectivity are an important pair of category of the geographical methodology, and the problem about them focuses on whether scholars should introduce their values into the process of scientific study. This paper defines the values and purposes of geographers as subjective things, and the external scientific or philosophical theories as objective things for geography. According to analysis of the category of objectivity, we firstly show that there is a kind of features cross-paralleled on specialization and interdisciplination in the course of scientific development. Secondly, the theoretical pluralism of the scientific philosophy have strongly influenced the geographical methodology: the frequent interdisciplinary researches after World War II have helped us to expand the scope of the geographical thoughts and contents; and with the theoretical evolvement of the scientific philosophy from Kuhn's Paradigm to Lakatos's Research Programs to Feyerabend's theory of "Anything goes", the geographical methodology has undergone the process from a single paradigm to the pluralism. Finally, the theories of sociology of scientific knowledge make many geographers feel that geographical knowledge often develops under the special social and cultural context so that there is not methodological consensus, and geography is reshaped by rhetoric and discourse. According to analysis of the category of subjectivity, we intend to indicate that the researchers can not break away from and get rid of his value judgments, and their value can not be "neutral" in the study. For the value judgments in the course of research, scholars should be wary of it and hold the principle of strict and integrated logic. As for the teleology, the destination of the whole study lies in "return to self" like humanism, that is from the subject back to the awareness for us. In short, in combination of subjectivity with objectivity, the methodology, including geographical methodology, is the product of interaction between the general rule of scientific and philosophical development and the values and purposes of the scholar himself or herself.
[1] Hartshorne R. The concept of geography as a science of space, from Kant and Humboldt to Hettner. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1958, 48(2): 97~108.
[2] 阿努钦. 地理学的理论问题.李德美,包森铭译. 北京:商务印书馆,1994.83.
[3] Pattison W. The four traditions of geography. Journal of Geography, 1964, 63(5): 211~216.
[4] Blaut J. The dissenting tradition. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1979, 69(1):157~164.
[5] 约翰斯顿. 地理学与地理学家.唐晓峰,李平,等译. 北京:商务印书馆,1999.61.
[6] 马克斯·韦伯. 以科学为业.见:韦伯.社会科学方法论.杨富斌译. 北京:华夏出版社,1998.7~8,22.
[7] 康德. 自然科学的形而上学基础.邓晓芒译. 北京:三联书店,1988.10,170.
[8] 大卫·哈维. 论地理学的历史和现状:一个历史唯物主义宣言.蔡运龙译.地理译报,1990, (3):25~31.
[9] Krugman P. Where in the world is the 'new economic geography’? In: Clark G, Feldman M, Gertler M eds.The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.49~60.
[10] 缪尔达尔. 亚洲的戏剧——对一些国家贫困问题的研究.谭立文,张卫东译. 北京:北京经济学院出版社,1992.11.
[11] Barnes T. In the beginning was economic geography: A science studies approach to disciplinary history.Progress in Human Geography, 2001, 25(4):521~544.
[12] Scott A. Economic geography: The great half-century. In: Clark G, Feldman M, Gertler M eds.The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.34.
[13] 约翰斯顿. 哲学与人文地理学.蔡运龙,江涛译. 北京:商务印书馆,2000.7.
[14] 顾朝林,陈璐. 人文地理学的发展历程及新趋势,地理学报,2004,59,增刊(人文地理学专辑):11~20.
[15] 陆大道. 西方"主流经济地理学"发展基本议题演变的评述.地理科学进展,2005, 24(3):1~7.
[16] 赫特纳. 地理学——它的历史、性质和方法.王兰生译. 北京:商务印书馆,1983.4, 1.
[17] 托马斯·库恩. 科学革命的结构.金吾伦,胡新和译. 北京:北京大学出版社,2004.9,85,102.
[18] 金吾伦. 译后记.见:托马斯·库恩.科学革命的结构.金吾伦,胡新和译. 北京:北京大学出版社, 2004.197.
[19] 伊姆雷·拉卡托斯. 科学研究纲领方法论.兰征译. 上海:上海译文出版社,2005.55~56,140.
[20] 法伊尔阿本德. 反对方法—无政府主义知识纲要.周昌忠译. 上海:上海译文出版社, 2007.1~5.
[21] 查尔默斯. 科学究竟是什么？(第三版).鲁旭东译. 北京:商务印书馆,2007.289.
[22] 默顿. 科学社会学.鲁旭东,林聚任译. 北京:商务印书馆,2003.
[23] 贝尔纳. 科学的社会功能.陈体芳译. 桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2003.
[24] 巴里·巴恩斯.科学知识与社会学理论.鲁旭东译. 北京:东方出版社,2001.210~213.
[25] 巴里·巴恩斯,大卫·布鲁尔,约翰·亨利. 科学知识:一种社会学的分析.邢冬梅,蔡仲译. 南京:南京大学出版社,2004.1~3.
[26] 马尔凯.科学与知识社会学.林聚任等译. 北京:东方出版社,2001.
[27] 马尔凯.词语与世界.李永梅译. 北京:商务印书馆,2007.
[28] 汉斯·波赛尔. 科学:什么是科学.李文潮译. 上海:上海三联书店,2002.
[29] 保罗·克拉瓦尔. 地理学思想史.郑胜华,刘德美,等译. 北京:北京大学出版社, 2007.3~6.
[30] Livingstone D. A brief history of geography. In:Rogers A, Viles H, Goudie A eds.The Student's Companion to Geography. Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.282.
[31] Barnes T. Inventing Anglo-American economic geography, 1889~1960. In:Sheppard E, Barnes T eds. Companion to Economic Geography. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.11~26.
[32] Liu W D, Lu D D. Rethinking the development of economic geography in mainland China. Environment and Planning A, 2002, 34:2107~2126.
[33] 刘卫东,陆大道. 经济地理学研究进展.中国科学院院刊,2004, 19(1):35~39.
[34] Harvey D. Explanation in Geography. London: Edward Arnold, 1969.17.
[35] 约翰斯顿.人文地理学词典.柴彦威,等译. 北京:商务印书馆,1999.499~501.
[36] Haggett P, Cliff A, Frey A. Locational Models (Locational Analysis in Human Geography 2nd eds). London: Edward Arnold, 1977.1~24.
[37] 白光润. 地理学的哲学贫困. 地理学报, 1995, 50(3):279~287.
[38] 蔡运龙. 自然资源学原理. 北京:科学出版社,2000.
[39] 蔡运龙. 人地关系研究范型:哲学与伦理思辩. 人文地理, 1996,(1):1~6.
[40] 周素卿.台湾人文地理学的研究进程:知识生产特性与学科进步性之探讨.都市与计划,2002, 29 (2):265~289.
[41] 段义孚.人文主义地理学之我见.(志丞,左一鸥译,周尚意校) 地理科学进展, 2006,25(2): 1~7.
[42] Tuan Yi-fu. Humanistic geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1976,66(2): 266~276.
[43] 马克斯·韦伯.新教伦理与资本主义精神.康乐,简惠美译.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2007.
[44] Glacken C. Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967. 3~33.
[45] 唐晓峰.从混沌到秩序:中国上古地理思想史述论.北京:中华书局,2010.1.
[46] Smith D. Geography and ethics: Progress, or more of the same? Progress in Human Geography, 2001,25(2):261~268.
[47] 戴斯·贾丁斯.环境伦理学.林官民,杨爱民译.北京:北京大学出版社,2002.
[48] 郑度,蔡运龙. 环境伦理应由书斋走向社会. 地理教学, 2007, (1): 1~3.
[49] 尼克·斯佩丁.景观与环境:生态物理过程、生物物理形态.见:萨拉·霍洛韦,斯蒂芬·赖斯编.当代地理学要义.黄润华译.北京:商务印书馆,2008,221.
[50] Sauer C. The morphology of landscape. University of California Publications in Geography, 1925, 2(2): 25~26.
[51] Meinig D. The beholding eye: ten versions of the same scene. In:Meinig D eds.The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979. 33~48.
[52] Schaefer F. Exceptionalism in geography: A methodological examination. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1953, 43(3): 226~249.
[53] 叶超,蔡运龙. 激进地理学的形成与演变——以《异端的传统》为例. 地理科学, 2010, 30(1):1~7.
[54] Harvey D. Social Justice and the City. London: Edward Arnold, 1973.
[55] Harvey D. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization. Baltimore: the John Hopkins University Press, 1985.
[56] Horvath R. The Detroit geographical expedition and institute experience. Antipode, 1971, 3(1): 73~85.
[57] 理查德·皮特. 现代地理学思想.周尚意,等译. 北京:商务印书馆,2007.83.
[58] Yeung H. Practicing new economic geographies: A methodological examination. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2003, 93(2):442~62.
[59] Clark G. Stylized facts and close dialogue: Methodology in economic geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1998, 88(1): 73~87.
[60] Tickell A, Sheppard E, Peck J, et al. Politics and Practice in Economic Geography. New York:Sage, 2007.
[61] 康德. 实用人类学.邓晓芒译. 上海:上海人民出版社,2005.1.
[62] Morrill R. A theoretical imperative. Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1987,77(4): 535~541;又见Morrill R.地理学理论化的紧迫性,马建华译.地理译报,1989,(3):17~21.
[63] 吴传钧. 论地理学的研究核心——人地关系地域系统. 经济地理, 1991, 11(3) :1~5.
[64] 黄秉维. 论地球系统科学与可持续发展战略科学基础(1). 地理学报, 1996, 51(4): 350~354.
[65] 郑度,陈述彭. 地理学研究进展与前沿领域. 地球科学进展,2001, 16(5): 599~606.
[66] 苗长虹,魏也华. 西方经济地理学理论建构的发展与论争. 地理研究, 2007, 26(6):1233~1246.
[67] 汤茂林. 我国人文地理学研究方法多样化问题. 地理研究, 2009, 28(4):865~882.
[68] 蔡运龙. 中西方地理学思想和方法的流变与融合. 创新方法, 2009, (1):35~46.
[69] 叶超,蔡运龙. 地理学方法论变革的案例剖析——重新审视《地理学中的例外论》之争. 地理学报, 2009, 64(9):1134~1142.
[70] 顾朝林. 转型中的中国人文地理学. 地理学报, 2009, 64(10):1175~1183.
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |