作为生态系统中最为关键和重要的因素,黄河中上游的水资源十分短缺,而如何定量计算由于水短缺而导致的生态价值损失是一个复杂的问题。本文首先对生态价值进行分类,并对国内常用的评估方法进行介绍。根据黄河中上游的特点将生态需水分为输沙需水、基本生态需水和蒸发需水三个部分,在此基础上,利用市场价值法和影子工程法对短缺水量引起的生态价值损失进行了计算。结果显示2002年黄河中上游生态价值损失中由泥沙淤积引起的部分最大,达到了35.3亿元,其次是水质污染和渔业损失,分别为15.5亿和8.0亿元。由于数据的限制,本文未对水土保持、净化空气、科学文化功能等其他生态价值损失进行计算。最后提出跨流域调水是弥补生态损失的有效方法。
At present, the contradiction between water supply and demand has become acute in the developed and populous areas along the Yellow River, and the destruction of the ecological environment has become increasingly serious.As most essential and important element in ecosystems, water is seriously short in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River, and how to appraise the loss of ecological value caused by water shortage is always a complex issue.In this paper, it was attempted to assess the ecological value loss brought by water scarcity for the yellow River.Firstly, the ecological value was classified into two groups of use value and nonuse value, and the commonly used appraisal methods in China were also introduced in this paper. In case of calculation, according to the characteristics of the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River, eco-water requirements were divided into three parts: sediment transport water requirement, basic ecological flow, and evaporation water requirement, the corresponding methods for each type of eco-water requirements were described in detail, and were calculated respectively. And then, the loss of ecological value caused by water deficit was calculated using the Market Value Method and Shadow Project Approach. The results showed that the total ecological value loss from water shortage was 5.88 billion yuan in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River in 2002, the biggest loss of ecological value was caused by sediment accumulation, which was 3.53 billion yuan. The losses caused by water pollution and fishery reduction were 1.55 billion and 0.8 billion yuan, respectively. Limited by the data, other losses of ecological value such as water and soil conservation, air purification, scientific study and education were not considered in this study. Finally, it was pointed out that inter-basin water transfer is an effective way to make up the ecological and environmental loss and can make a considerable ecological profit.
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