黄土丘陵沟壑区水土流失的影响因素有气候、植被、土壤、地形等,而乔灌草植物在空间上的不合理配置是造成该区水土流失严重的主要原因之一。本文选择研究区内限制植物生长与分布的4个关键环境因子 (高程、坡度、坡向和降雨量),利用多属性决策分析(MCDA)的方法,探讨乔灌草植物在空间上的优化配置,将整个研究区划分为5类乔灌草植物空间优化配置主模式和18类乔灌草植物空间优化配置子模式;同时,应用GIS聚类分析与统计分析方法,对所划分的乔灌草植物空间优化配置模式进行空间布局分析。结果显示:农民赖以生存的经济林/农林复合配置模式和农田/庭院经济配置模式是研究区的主要配置模式,占配置模式总面积的76.02％。
Soil and water loss in hilly area of the Loess Plateau is affected by many environmental factors, such as climate, vegetation, soil, terrain and so on. Severe soil and water loss is also blamed to irrational land-use pattern and infeasible spatial allocation of tree, shrub and herb plants. How to adjust land use structure and how to distribute tree, shrub and herb plants over space is imperative in the Loess Plateau. In present study, four key ecological factors affecting the growth and distribution of plants were chosen, including elevation, slope degree, slope aspect and precipitation, and then a decision table was established for spatial optimum allocation of plant species. The study area was divided into five main groups and eighteen sub-groups based on multi-criterion decision analysis (MCDA) and GIS. In addition, by using cluster analysis and area statistical analysis in GIS, the main and sub-groups were distributed to specific spatial cells, and the area of each group was calculated. This article presents the following viewpoints and conclusions: (1)In order to avoid blindfold artificial plantations and grain-for-green projects, adaptability of species and plant communities to the four ecological factors was analyzed through MCDA and experts knowledge. (2)Under the condition of sticking the principle that the economic benefits, social benefits and ecological benefits are synchronistically improved, economic plants and medicinal plants were allocated to adaptable cells according to their ecological requirements. (3)The decision table showed that land with a slope of more than 15° to be shifted to forest and grassland. Meanwhile, spatial cells for natural restoration were restricted to the area with slope more than 35°, accounting for 9% of the total study area. (4)The results indicated that economic forest/agro-forestry ecosystems and the farmland/courtyard-economy ecosystems should be the two major spatial allocation models, covering 76.02% of the whole area. And the other three models covered about 25% of the whole area. Spatial allocation of plant species is not only beneficial to eco-environmental improvement, but also useful to regional planning in agriculture.
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