风景名胜区是重要的旅游资源和产品形态,对其绩效进行评价有利于区域旅游发展制定更合理的资源利用政策。采用数据包络分析(DEA)和空间对比分析方法,对136个中国国家级风景名胜区的使用效率进行了计算和空间特征刻画。结果表明:国家级风景名胜区的使用效率普遍偏低,且多数处于规模收益递增阶段;在总效率的分解效率中,利用效率较高,而规模效率和技术效率则较低;规模效率是影响总效率、并导致总效率普遍偏低的最重要因素;国家级风景名胜区沿云南-贵州-湖南-安徽-浙江(江苏)等省份形成了一条东西向的高效率分布带,该分布带的形成与这些省份旅游资源丰度较大、风景名胜区与各类型旅游资源之间不断产生互补和替代作用密切相关。文章最后探讨了区域旅游发展过程中旅游资源使用效率提高的实际应用途径。
National parks are one of the important tourism resources and products, which is helpful to evaluate their performance for establishing rational resources using policies. The using efficiencies of 136 Chinese national parks in China and their spatial distribution characteristics are evaluated by using Data Envelopment Analysis and Spatial Comparative Analysis methods. Both the results show that the overall efficiencies of Chinese national parks are very low, and most of them are presenting the process of increasing returns of scales; Through decompositions of overall efficiencies, the results show that the congestion efficiencies of national parks are very high, but the technical efficiencies and scale efficiencies are at a low level. Both the experiential study and correlation analysis show that the scale efficiencies are the most important factor that influences the overall efficiencies of Chinese national parks, and the low overall efficiencies of Chinese national parks are also due to their low scale efficiencies. As far as the spatial distribution is concerned, there exists a transmeridional high overall efficiencies belt of Chinese national parks in Central China. The formation of the belt results from the abundant famous tourism resources and products in the related provinces of Central China, which lead to the supplement and substitute effects among them and these effects can be explained by using neoclassicism economy theory and industry agglomeration theory. Finally, the countermeasures for upgrading the using efficiencies of the national parks in different regions are discussed in this paper.
[1] 陈传康,高豫功,俞孔坚等.丹霞风景名胜区的旅游开发研究.地理学报,1990,45(3):284~294.
[2] 徐菲菲,刘沛林,白先春.风景名胜区规划方案的层次分析法与熵技术评价.地理研究,2004,23(3):395~402.
[3] 王铮,周嵬,李山.基于铁路廊道的中国国家级风景名胜区市场域分析.地理学报,2001,56(2);206~213.
[4] 张序强,李华,董雪旺.旅游地阻力面理论初探——五大连池风景名胜区为例.地理科学,2003,23(2):240~244.
[5] 汪德根,陆林,刘昌雪.改善我国风景名胜区现行管理体制的对策研究——以天柱山风景名胜区为例.旅游学刊,2003,18(3):67~72.
[6] 金戈,丁登山.风景名胜区旅游经营管理调控指标体系初探.南京大学学报(哲学·人文·社会科学),1998(4):126~129.
[7] 何东进,洪伟,胡海清.武夷山风景名胜区景观空间格局变化及其干扰效应模拟.生态学报,2004,24(8):1602~1610.
[8] 赵清,丁登山,阎传海.南京幕燕风景名胜区景观生态评价与规划.地理科学,2005,25(1):113~118.
[9] 刘秉升.风景名胜区资源保护以及保护与旅游开发的矛盾和对策——以黄山风景区为例.旅游学刊,1994,10(6):39~60.
[10] 王仰麟,杨新军.风景名胜区总体规划中的旅游持续发展研究——以浙江金华双龙国家重点风景名胜区为例.资源科学,1999,21(1):37~43.
[11] 彭翔.武陵源风景名胜区环境问题的现状、成因及对策.旅游学刊,2000,16(1):43~46.
[12] 汪芳,俞曦.城市园林游憩活动评价——以无锡为例.地理研究,2008,27(5):1059~1070.
[13] 钟林生,柴江豪等.旅游活动对黄石寨景区步道的影响评估.地理研究,2008,27(5):1071~1077.
[14] Barros C P.Evaluating the efficiency of a small hotel chain with a Malmquist productivity index. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2005,7(3):173~184.
[15] Greenley D A, Walsh R G, Young R A. Option value: Empirical evidence from a case study of recreation and water quality. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1981,96(November):657~672.
[16] 魏权龄.评价相对有效性的DEA方法——运筹学的新领域.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1998.
[17] Achabal D D, Heineke J M, McIntyre S H. Issues and perspectives on retail productivity. Journal of Retailing, 1984,60(3):107~127.
[18] Buhalis D. Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism Management, 2000,21(1): 97~116.
[19] Murphy P, Pritchard M P, Smith B. The destination product and its impact on traveler perceptions. Tourism Management, 2000,21(3): 43~52.
[20] Anderson R I, Fok R, Scott J. Hotel industry efficiency: An advanced linear programming examination. American Business Review, 2000,18(1):40~48.
[21] Anderson R I, Lewis D, Parker M E. Another look at the efficiency of corporate travel management departments. Journal of Travel Research, 1999,37(3):267~272.
[22] Barros C P. Measuring efficiency in the hotel sector. Annals of Tourism Research, 2005b,32(2): 456~477.
[23] Tsaur S H, Chiang C I, Chang T Y. Evaluating the operating efficiency of international tourist hotels using the modified DEA model. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 1999,14(1):73~78.
[24] Ray S C, Desli E. Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change in industrialized countries: Comment. American Economic Review, 1997,87:1033~1039.
[25] Coelli T J. A guide to FRONTIER Version 4.1: A computer program for frontier production function estimation. CEPA working paper 96/07, Department of Econometrics, University of New England, Arm idale,1996.
[26] 邵琪伟.中国国内旅游抽样调查资料.北京:中国旅游出版社,2005.
[27] 曼昆.经济学原理.梁小民译.北京:三联书店,2001.
[28] Weber A. The theory of the location of Industries. Chicago: Chicago University Press,1929.
[29] 保继刚,楚义芳.旅游地理学.北京:高等教育出版社,2001.
[30] Marshall A. Principles of Economics. London: Macmillan,1920.
[31] M·波特.国家竞争优势.李明轩,邱如美译.北京:华夏出版社,2002.
