鲁西北平原夏玉米产量与土壤硝态氮淋失
收稿日期: 2004-03-28
修回日期: 2004-07-26
网络出版日期: 2005-02-15
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(40001021)
The yield and dynamics of soil nitrate for summer maize on the plain of northwest Shandong province
Received date: 2004-03-28
Revised date: 2004-07-26
Online published: 2005-02-15
供水量和氮肥施用量是影响农田硝态氮淋失的主要因素。本文通过田间小区试验,研究了水分和氮肥用量对夏玉米产量和土壤硝态氮的影响。试验表明,高水处理（0～50cm平均含水量控制在85%FC,FC为田间持水量032）和低水处理（0～50cm平均含水量控制在70%FC）间产量差异不显著,施肥量（0、100、200、和300kgNha-1）则具有显著影响,并且在200kgNha-1左右时达到最高产量;高水条件下土壤水分硝态氮下渗强,运移深度大,所有施肥处理在200cm处的土壤水硝态氮浓度都要高于国家饮用地下水标准10mgNL-1;低水条件下水分下渗弱,运移深度小于高水处理,但是在200cm处,200、300kgNha-1处理的土壤溶液硝态氮浓度依然高于10mgNL-1。
王兴武, 于强, 张国梁, 李运生 . 鲁西北平原夏玉米产量与土壤硝态氮淋失[J]. 地理研究, 2005 , 24(1) : 140 -150 . DOI: 10.11821/yj2005010016
The water and nitrogen applications are the two main factors that affect the nitrate leaching on farmland. The field experiment was conducted to analyze the nitrate leaching and yield under different nitrogen and water application rates in summer maize field. The result indicated that there was no distinct yield difference between the higher water treatment (with soil moisture controlled between 70%FC and 100%FC in 0～50cm) and the lower one (between 55%FC and 85%FC), while the nitrogen rate had evident effect on yield with the yield reaching the maximum at about 200 kg N ha-1,and significant effect on nitrate leaching. Higher water application could accelerate the leaching of nitrate evidently. Under higher water level, the soil nitrate concentration peaks appeared at deep layers more easily than those under lower water level as an indication of nitrogen leaching, meanwhile the nitrate concentrations of soil water at depth of 200 cm were all higher than the national drinking water limit (10 mg NO-3-N L-1). Comparatively, under lower water treatment the nitrate leaching depths are all less than those under higher water treatment, but NO-3-N L-1 concentrations of soil solution under level of 200 and 300 kg N ha -1at the depth of 200 cm still exceeded the national drinking water limit (10 mg NO-3-N L-1). When NO-3-N in 100cm soil profile came to about 450 kg N ha-1 the soil NO-3-N concentration at soil depth of 200cm would rapidly rise to 130 mg L-1 from 40 mg L-1 ,at the same time the nitrogen rate just reached 230kg N ha-1,which mean that the nitrogen rate should be under about 230kg N ha-1.
Key words： water; nitrogen; nitrate leaching; summer maize
[1] Sharpley A,M eyer M.M in im izing agricu ltu ral nonpoin t sou rce mi pacts:a symposium overview.J.Environ.Q ual.,1994,23:1～3.
[2] 陈力之,平培良,王林兴.水稻生长期土壤溶液中氮素浓度的动态变化.土壤,1997,(4):215～217.
[3] 马立珊,钱敏仁.太湖流域水环境硝态氮和亚硝态氮污染的研究.环境科学,1987,8(2):60～65.
[4] 朱济成.关于氮肥地下流失率的初步研究.环境科学,1983,4(5):35～40.
[5] 黄满湘,章申,张国梁.应用大型原状土柱渗漏计测定冬小麦-夏玉米轮作期硝态氮淋失.环境科学学报,2003,(1):11～16.
[6] 马文奇,毛达如,张福锁.山东省粮食作物施肥状况的评价.土壤通报,1999,(5):217～220.
[7] 曹志洪.科学施肥与我国粮食安全保障.土壤,1998,69(2):57～63.
[8] 俞海,等.中国东部地区耕地土壤肥力变化趋势研究.地理研究,2003,22(3):380～389.
[9] 李庆朝,等.黄淮海平原农田灌溉模式及其效益的研究.地理研究,1999,18(3):297～305.
[10] 蒋业放,等.水资源可持续利用规划耦合模型与应用.地理研究,2000,19(1):37～45.
[11] Lord E.M odeling of n itrate leach ing sen sitive area.In:A rcher J R,e t a l.(eds),N itrate and Farm ing System s A spectsof A pp lied B io logy,1992,30:19～28.
[12] N olan Bernard T,et a .lA nat ional look at n itrate contam ination of groundw ate,rU SGS W ater cond it ion ing and Purif icat ion,1998,39(12):76～79.
[13] K engn i L,V achaud G,Thony J L.Field m easu rem ents of w ater and n itrogen losses under irrigated m aize.J.H ydrol.,(Am sterdam),1994,162:23～46.
[14] ShafferM J.N itrogen modeling for soi lm an agem en t.Journal of S oil and W ater C onservat ion,2002:417～424.
[15] A llaire Leunga S E,W ub L,M itchel lc J P,et a .lN itrate leach ing and soil n itrate conten t as affected by irrigation un iform ity in a carrot field.A gricu ltu ralW aterM an agem en ,t2001,48:37～50.
[16] H offm ann M,Johnson H,G u stafson A,e t al L each ing of n itrogen in Sw ed ish agricu ltu re:a historical p erspect ive.A gricu ltu re,E cosystem s and Environm en ,t2000,80:277～290.
[17] 张国梁,章申,等.北京农田氮磷淋失研究.挖掘生物高效利用养分潜力保持土壤环境良性循环论文集.1999.239～243.
[18] 张国梁,章申.农田氮素淋失研究进展.土壤,1998,(6):291～297.
[19] 黄满湘,章申,张国梁.北京地区冬小麦/夏玉米连作条件下N-3-N淋失.地理研究,2002,21(4):425～433.
[20] 倪余文,区自清.土壤优先水流及污染物优先迁移的研究进展.土壤与环境,2000,9(1):60～63.
[21] 李玉山,喻宝屏.土壤深层储水对小麦产量效应的研究.土壤学报,1980,17(1):43～54.
[22] 李世清,李生秀.半干旱地区农田生态系统中硝态氮的淋失.应用生态学报,2000,11(2):240～242.
[23] 党廷辉,蔡贵信,郭胜利,等.黄土旱塬黑垆土——冬小麦系统中尿素氮的去向及增产效果.土壤学报,2002,(3):199～205.
[24] 范丙全,胡春芳,平建立.灌溉施肥对壤质潮土硝态氮淋溶的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(1):16～21.
[25] 袁锋明,陈子明,等.北京地区潮土表层中硝态氮的转化积累及其淋洗损失.土壤学报,1995,11:388～399.
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |