中国山岳的开发历史悠久,中国名山在当前多作为国家风景名胜区,其中部分还进入了世界遗产名录。这些宝贵的自然和文化遗产历经数千年仍能较好得到保留,对其认识和保护的历史经验值得探究。五岳作为东南西北中不同地域的代表性名山,开发利用和保护历史悠久,是研究中国名山历史保护的良好范例。通过对五岳的文献资料与历史遗迹的研究发现,古人对自然山水的认识理念是一切山水利用和山水保护活动的前提。在此前提下五岳历史上的保护和管理措施包括国家级祭祀的地位保障、圣旨法令的法律保护、明确而严格的保护和管理体制、"天人合一"的保护性建设、"以城奉山"的服务基地划定和从政府到民间多种渠道的保护修缮。这些措施不仅对于研究五岳及中国名山的保护和演变历史具有一定的参考价值,对当今风景区和遗产地的建设也具有一定的借鉴意义。

This paper focuses on the research of the protection of great mountains in history. Chinese great mountains have a long history of development, and most of them are still serving as national scenic areas and some of them were even added to the World Heritage List. It is worth studying the cognition and protection in history to find out the reason why these precious natural and cultural heritages can be preserved so well for such a long time. To research the historical protection of Chinese great mountains, the Five Sacred Mountains is the best example and their nature is representative of great mountains in different areas. The research on materials from Pre-Qin Dynasty to Qing Dynasty indicates that the cognition of nature in ancient times is the precondition of the development and protection of the Five Sacred Mountains. This cognition contains ecological consciousness and has developed from the original nature worship to the mixture of natural culture and landscape culture. Each cognition development stage has its own feature on the natural utilization and mountain protection. In this precondition, the specific protection measures are regular national rituals, legal protection of sacred decrees, integrated management system, service base construction based on the "feed mountain by country" principle, and the maintenance and restoration from the government to individuals. Some of the protection measures can only be taken in China such as the "feed mountain by country" principle, and some of the protection measures are only situable for the Five Sacred Mountains such as the regular national rituals. These historical protection measures not only have value for the research of evolution and protection history of Chinese great mountains but also have a good enlightenment on the protection of scenic areas and heritage sites nowadays.