错综的矛盾常令以旅游业扶贫的乡村很快面临发展的瓶颈。以内蒙古边境村落室韦为例,以身处贫困漩涡中心的社区居民为研究对象,根据居民介入当地"家庭游"时间不同分为3组,通过深度访谈和问卷调查,剖析不同居民在旅游的经济、社会和文化影响感知方面的差异,从社区居民态度角度揭示出困扰当地旅游发展的三对主要矛盾,即负向的经济影响感知与正向的社会文化影响感知、居民强旅游支持与弱幸福感、高参与意愿与低政策评价。围绕这些矛盾,借鉴国内外经验,提出贫困地区破解旅游发展瓶颈的两大政策调整方向:一要建立以收入提高、分配公平和文化保护为核心支撑的多元化扶贫目标;二要注重政策的差异化和动态性,充分尊重社区居民的非同质化特征。
Due to the presence of beautiful scenery or unique customs amid economic difficulties, many poor rural communities in China use tourism development as a strategy to alleviate poverty. However, after successful marketing campaigns make them famous, increased numbers of tourists in these locations with more money often cause more conflicts between residents, which could prevent these villages from developing. This study takes the Russian minority village of Shiwei on the Chinese side of the Sino-Russian border as an example. For a deep understanding of the kinds of development dilemmas residents face and how residents' perception and attitudes are formed, qualitative and quantitative methods were applied in this study. The results of this study suggest three contradictions in residents' attitudes to tourism in Shiwei. First of all, tourism development has brought positive social and cultural benefits to Shiwei, but most residents have a negative perception of economic benefits mostly due to a rich-poor gap. Secondly, surprisingly, it appears that residents strongly support the development of tourism, but more wealth does not bring more happiness to them. In contrast, feelings of happiness are most associated with a sense of being in control of one's life, and preserving local culture and existing harmonious interpersonal relationships. This finding confirms results from previous studies. Thirdly, most residents have a high dependence on the government and a strong willingness to participate in the development of local tourism, despite their very low opinion of government policy. The findings also demonstrate that the three groups have different characteristics. According to the results of this study, China's Pro-Poor tourism policy should make adjustments in order to ensure sustainable development. Firstly, the goal of the Pro-Poor tourism policy is not only about the economy and a higher income, but also about the fair distribution of wealth and protection of the indigenous culture, both of which should be at their core support of poverty alleviation for residents' happiness. Secondly, the policy should respect the different characters of community residents and should be dynamic so as to continuously give more opportunities to more poor people.
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