Study on spatial distribution characteristics of Chinese National Parks
Received date: 2013-12-26
Request revised date: 2014-06-07
Online published: 2014-09-20
Copyright
:National Parks are important carrier of Chinese natural and cultural heritages. By taking as many as 225 National Parks in China as the study object, the paper, considering diversified typology of National Parks and dissimilarity of their historic context and regional geographical condition, mainly initiates analysis on the spatial distribution characteristics with the aid of analytical platform like ArcGIS and various quantitative statistical methods, such as Nearest Neighbor Index (NNI), Chi - square test, cost weighted distance method, Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test and so on. By the above means, national scale spatial distribution characteristics of National Parks in China were investigated. The results can be obtained as follows: National Parks present an overall condensed state in China, while nature dominance and culture dominance take on different spatial distributing state. The spatial distribution characteristics of National Parks in correlation to physical geography elements are as follows: first, 88.89% of National parks in China embody a concentrated distribution nearby surface water area (rivers, lakes and oceans). Second, the distribution of National Parks in China has a close relation with geomorphic feature and geologic structure and tends to cluster at the geomorphologic ladder belt and has little connection with terrain and mountain peak. Third, National Parks tends to locate at the area with wide variety of vegetation. The spatial distribution characteristics of National Parks in correlation to elements of humanity geography are as follows: first, National Parks homogeneously distribute in the subregions of culture geographical area in accordance with different types, for examples, four holy mountains of Chinese Buddhism and four holy mountains of Chinese Taoism locate at different subregions. Second, National Parks concentrate in the areas with better accessibility, with average arrival time by land transport 75 min and by aerial transport 96.7 min. More than 1/3 National Parks and 40% National Parks with culture dominance cluster at the range of 100 km around ancient important cities. Third, the spatial distribution of National Parks does not have directly connection with the level of modern economic development, but depend on national investment and construction.
WU Jiayu . Study on spatial distribution characteristics of Chinese National Parks[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2014 , 33(9) : 1747 -1757 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201409015
Tab. 1 Methodology and data sources表1 研究方法与数据来源 |
| 数据来源 | 分析方法 | 分析工具 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 风景名胜区总体分布 | 《中国风景名胜区事业发展公报》、《风景名胜区分类标准》 | 最邻距离指数 | ArcGIS 10.0,百度坐标拾取工具 | |
| 自然地理要素 | 气候条件 | 中国降水分布图 | 定量统计分析 | ArcGIS 10.0 |
| 地表水域 | 中国河流湖泊分布图27 | 定量统计分析 | ArcGIS 10.0 | |
| 地貌特征 | 中国地势图27 | 定量统计分析 | ArcGIS 10.0 | |
| 地质成因 | 中国地质分布图27 | 定量统计分析 | ArcGIS 10.0 | |
| 植被种类 | 中国植被分布图27 | 卡方检验 | ArcGIS 10.0 | |
| 人文地理要素 | 文化地理区划 | 中国文化地理区划图31 | 定量统计分析 | - |
| 交通可达性 | 中国公路交通图、中国铁路交通图 | 累积耗费距离算法 | ArcGIS 10.0 | |
| 经济发展水平 | 《中国区域经济统计年鉴》 | Pearson相关系数 | spss16.0 | |
| 古代中心城市 | 各朝代国家级或区域级核心城市 | Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验 | ArcGIS 10.0,spss16.0 | |
Tab. 2 General spatial distribution characteristics of National Parks表2 国家级风景名胜区总体分布特征 |
| 风景名胜区类型 | 数量 | | | R(最邻近指数) | P(显著度水平) | 分布状态 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 全部风景名胜区 | 225 | 0.826101 | 213.660525 | 0.03866 | 0 | 凝聚型 | |
| 以人文特点为主 | 历史圣地类 | 15 | 1.685485 | 1.565333 | 1.076759 | 0.069541 | 分散型 |
| 城市风景类 | 8 | 4.212058 | 2.220441 | 1.896947 | 0.00001 | 分散型 | |
| 壁画石窟类 | 4 | 5.562896 | 1.568188 | 3.54734 | 0 | 分散型 | |
| 纪念地类 | 47 | 1.463431 | 1.592545 | 0.918926 | 0.287641 | 随机型 | |
| 陵寝类 | 5 | 5.871592 | 2.227092 | 2.636439 | 0 | 分散型 | |
| 民俗风情类 | 12 | 4.273999 | 4.083056 | 1.046765 | 0.756627 | 随机型 | |
| 以自然特点为主 | 山岳类 | 103 | 1.025952 | 1.451721 | 0.706714 | 0 | 凝聚型 |
| 岩洞类 | 19 | 1.734684 | 2.053527 | 0.844734 | 0.195408 | 随机型 | |
| 江河类 | 37 | 1.812387 | 463.697707 | 0.003909 | 0 | 凝聚型 | |
| 湖泊类 | 31 | 2.185845 | 2.990568 | 0.730913 | 0.004155 | 凝聚型 | |
| 海滨海岛类 | 10 | 2.358244 | 2.01622 | 1.169636 | 0.304778 | 随机型 | |
| 特殊地貌类 | 18 | 3.626103 | 3.75304 | 0.783686 | 0.966178 | 随机型 | |
| 生物景观类 | 2 | 7.738312 | 0.004169 | 1856.2523 | 0 | 分散型 | |
注:生物景观类样本过少,不予考虑 |
Fig. 1 Relationship between the spatial distribution of National Parks and precipitation图1 风景名胜区分布与降水量关系 |
Tab. 3 Relationship between the spatial distribution of National Parks and rivers, lakes or seaside表3 国家级风景名胜区空间分布与河流、湖泊和海滨的关系 |
| 水域类型 | 河流级别 | 湖泊 | 海滨 | 总计 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 三级及以上 | 四级 | 五级 | ||||
| 缓冲区距离(km) | 20 | 10 | 5 | 10 | 10 | — |
| 风景名胜区数量 | 65 | 38 | 70 | 17 | 10 | 200 |
| 占全部风景名胜区比例 | 28.89% | 16.89% | 31.11% | 7.56% | 4.44% | 88.89% |
Fig. 2 Relationship between the spatial distribution of National Parks and topography图2 风景名胜区分布与地势关系 |
Fig. 3 Relationship between the spatial distribution of National Parks and peaks图3 风景名胜区分布与山峰点关系 |
Tab. 4 Relationship between the spatial distribution of National Parks and vegetation表4 风景名胜区分布与植被资源关系 |
| 名称 | 针叶林 | 阔叶林 | 灌丛和萌生矮林 | 荒漠 | 草原和稀树灌木草原 | 草甸和草本沼泽 | 耐寒经济作物 | 暖温带落叶林 | 亚热带常绿落叶林 | 亚热带常绿林 | 热带常绿林 | 无植被 | 湖泊 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NP总数 | 31 | 19 | 71 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 23 | 12 | 21 | 17 | 0 | 5 |
| M总数 | 20 | 11 | 36 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 4 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 1 |
| s / S | 7.3% | 7.7% | 19.9% | 16.1% | 15.3% | 8.8% | 5.6% | 5.8% | 1.9% | 3.0% | 2.4% | 5.5% | 0.7% |
注:NP代表国家级风景名胜区,M代表山岳类国家级风景名胜区,s / S代表植被覆盖区域占国土面积比例 |
Tab. 5 Relationship between the spatial distribution of National Parks and cultural geographical divisions表5 国家级风景名胜区分布与文化地理区划的关系 |
| 文化区划名称 | 风景名胜区总数 | 历史圣地类 | 纪念地类 | 民俗风情类 | 城市风景类 | 陵寝类 | 壁画石窟类 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 东部农业文化区 | 中国传统农业文化亚区 | 关东文化副区 | 16 | 5 | 1 | ||||
| 燕赵文化副区 | 19 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 秦陇文化副区 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||
| 中原文化副区 | 10 | 2 | 3 | 1 | |||||
| 齐鲁文化副区 | 5 | 1 | 3 | ||||||
| 淮河流域文化副区 | 7 | 3 | 1 | ||||||
| 巴蜀文化副区 | 17 | 2 | 1 | ||||||
| 荆湘文化副区 | 41 | 3 | 13 | 4 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 吴越文化副区 | 27 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | |||
| 岭南文化副区 | 12 | 2 | 1 | ||||||
| 闽台文化副区 | 18 | 3 | |||||||
| 西南少数民族农业文化亚区 | 30 | 2 | 3 | ||||||
| 西部游牧文化区 | 蒙新草原沙漠游牧文化亚区 | 内蒙古文化副区 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 新疆文化副区 | 5 | 1 | |||||||
| 青藏高原游牧文化副区 | 7 | 2 | |||||||
资料来源:文化区划分方法见参考文献 |
Tab. 6 Relationship between the spatial distribution of National Parks and economic development |
| 相关系数 | 各省风景名胜区数量 | 固定资产完成额 | 国家拨款 | 风景名胜区总收入 | 各省GDP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 各省风景名胜区数量 | 0.625** | 0.637** | 0.599** | 0.235 | |
| 固定资产完成额 | 0.625** | 0.737** | 0.919** | 0.391* | |
| 国家拨款 | 0.637** | 0.737** | 0.654** | 0.28 | |
| 风景名胜区总收入 | 0.599** | 0.919** | 0.654** | 0.288 | |
| 各省GDP | 0.235 | 0.391* | 0.28 | 0.288 |
*. 在0.05的显著性水平下相关性显著 (双边检验); **.在0.01的显著性水平下相关性显著 (双边检验);样本数为30。 |
Fig. 4 Relationship between the spatial distribution of National Parks and the ancient cities图4 风景名胜区分布与古代中心城市关系 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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