A study on the sustainable development evaluation of water tourism
Received date: 2014-10-15
Request revised date: 2015-01-05
Online published: 2015-03-10
Copyright
The essential requirement for sustainable development is to meet the needs of contemporary people, but not to damage the ability development that satisfies the requirements of future generations. The realization of quantitative evaluation lays the foundation for implementing the strategy of sustainable development. The sustainable development evaluation system for water tourism can be divided into five subsystems, namely, sustainable economic development, sustainable social development, sustainable environmental development, sustainable management development, and development conditions and potentials. Composed of 28 index factors, this evaluation system measures index weight coefficients by using AHP with the support of entropy technology. By conducting an empirical study on three typical water tourism destinations (National Water Conservancy Scenic Spots) in Nanjing, this study indicates the sustainable development level rankings of the three destinations, that is, Taurus Lake (0.896), Pearl Spring (0.883) and Outer Qinhuai River (0.796) respectively. The Jinniu Lake is particularly outstanding with respect to the environment, while the Pearl Spring ranks first in other aspects. The Outer Qinhuai River is superior to others in terms of development conditions and potential, however, it is inferior to others in the remaining aspects. Aiming at specific evaluation data, this paper proposes policy recommendations for the three destinations with regard to sustainable development requiring urgent improvement.
Key words: water tourism; sustainable development; evaluation; entropy technology
DING Lei , WU Xiaogen , WANG Lachun , ZHANG Jinhe . A study on the sustainable development evaluation of water tourism[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2015 , 34(3) : 578 -586 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201503015
Tab. 1 Evaluation index system of sustainable development of water tourism表1 水体旅游可持续发展评价指标体系 |
| 目标层 | 准则层 | 指标因子层 | 数据来源 | 备注 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 水体旅游可持续发展评价A | 经济可持续发展B1 | 年均旅游收入增长率C1 | 统计资料 | C1是反映旅游目的地经济发展的重要指标 | |||||
| 游客年均增长率C2 | 统计资料 | C2是水体旅游地实现可持续发展的基本保障 | |||||||
| 旅游业产值对当地经济的贡献率C3 | 统计资料 | C3以地区第三产业增加值与该地区GDP的比值数据替代 | |||||||
| 经济受益差距C4 | 问卷调查 | C4是对水体旅游发展经济受益公平性的一个测度 | |||||||
| 水体旅游可持续发展评价A | 社会可持续发展B2 | 居民满意度C5 | 问卷调查 | C5通过取“总体满意度”、“与期望中水体旅游发展比较后的满意度”、“与其他水体旅游地比较后的满意度”这三项数据的平均数得到 | |||||
| 居民对水体旅游开发态度C6 | 问卷调查 | C6通过取“关系密切”、“密切关注”、“支持发展”这三项数据的平均数得到 | |||||||
| 吸纳当地劳动力C7 | 问卷调查 | C7反映出旅游业作为劳动密集型产业在带动当地居民就业方面的重要作用 | |||||||
| 增加居民收入C8 | 问卷调查 | C8着重关注水体旅游能否为当地居民带来经济效益,这直接关系到居民对于发展水体旅游的态度 | |||||||
| 提高当地知名度C9 | 问卷调查 | C9主要考察水体旅游的发展能否提升所在地的知名度 | |||||||
| 游客满意度C10 | 问卷调查 | C10通过取“游客总体评价”和“超过预期评价”这两项数据的平均数得到 | |||||||
| 游客忠诚度C11 | 问卷调查 | C11通过取“游客口碑宣传”与“重复游览”这两项数据的平均数得到 | |||||||
| 环境可持续发展B3 | 水环境质量C12 | 专家评估 | C12参考《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)、《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)、《国家污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996) | ||||||
| 水土保持质量C13 | 专家评估 | C13参考《水土保持综合治理验收规范》(GB/T 15773-1995) | |||||||
| 生态环境质量C14 | 专家评估 | C14参考国家标准《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)、《声环境质量标准》(GB 3096-2008)、《环境影响评价技术导则》(HJ 2.1-2011)、《旅游区(点)质量等级的划分与评定》(GB/T 17775-2003) | |||||||
| 生态敏感度C15 | 统计资料 | C15以“水体面积”为替代指标 | |||||||
| 环境容量C16 | 统计资料 | C16是指在不出现生态环境永久性破坏的前提下,某一个旅游地最多所能容纳的游客数量,借鉴已有的旅游环境容量模型计算间接得到 | |||||||
| “主客”环保支持度C17 | 问卷调查 | C17是水体旅游地可持续发展的重要依托,该指标针对水体旅游地主要利益相关者“居民”与“游客”进行调查获取数据 | |||||||
| 管理可持续发展B4 | 旅游规划C18 | 专家评估 | C18包括是否已经编制出具有指导性、前瞻性和可操作性的中长期旅游业发展规划;规划是否科学、合理;实施情况如何 | ||||||
| 管理体系C19 | 专家评估 | C19包括管理机构是否健全;管理制度是否完备;管理人员职责是否明确落实 | |||||||
| 资源管理C20 | 专家评估 | C20包括水功能区划是否明确、合理;生态环境保护措施是否科学、有效 | |||||||
| 安全管理C21 | 专家评估 | C21包括工程和设备安全是否达标;游乐设施安全是否达标;安全标志设置是否合理、醒目;治安机构是否健全;消防是否达标;应急预案是否科学、有效 | |||||||
| 卫生管理C22 | 专家评估 | C22包括住宿卫生是否符合要求;公厕是否设置合理,并且干净、无异味;公共场所是否整洁;垃圾箱布局是否合理、垃圾是否日产日清 | |||||||
| 服务管理C23 | 专家评估 | C23包括服务项目是否配套;服务水平是否优良;投诉机构处理是否及时 | |||||||
| 开发条件与潜力B5 | 资源要素价值C24 | 统计资料 专家评估 | C24参考《旅游资源分类、调查与评价》(GB/T 18972-2003) | ||||||
| 交通条件C25 | 统计资料 | C25以“通达度指数”的计算结果替代 | |||||||
| 区位条件C26 | 专家评估 | C26主要是指水体旅游地的地理位置,如是否邻近世界、国家级景点等 | |||||||
| 经济条件C27 | 统计资料 | C27以“人均GDP”的计算结果替代 | |||||||
| 适游期C28 | 专家评估 | C28参考《旅游资源分类、调查与评价》(GB/T 18972-2003) |
Tab. 2 The result values of indicator weight coefficients through correcting level A to C based on entropy technology表2 用熵技术修正确定的A~C级指标权系数结果值 |
| 指标层次 | 指标代号 | E | d | μ | λ | ω修相对于A |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A~B | B1 | 0.9818 | 0.0182 | 0.2042 | 0.2099 | 0.2099 |
| B2 | 0.982 | 0.018 | 0.2028 | 0.2378 | 0.2378 | |
| B3 | 0.9829 | 0.0171 | 0.192 | 0.2555 | 0.2555 | |
| B4 | 0.9848 | 0.0152 | 0.1705 | 0.1215 | 0.1215 | |
| B5 | 0.9795 | 0.0205 | 0.2304 | 0.1753 | 0.1753 | |
| B1~C | C1 | 0.9951 | 0.0049 | 0.2309 | 0.2267 | 0.0476 |
| C2 | 0.995 | 0.005 | 0.2345 | 0.2382 | 0.0500 | |
| C3 | 0.9941 | 0.0059 | 0.281 | 0.2854 | 0.0599 | |
| C4 | 0.9946 | 0.0054 | 0.2537 | 0.2496 | 0.0524 | |
| B2~C | C5 | 0.9946 | 0.0054 | 0.1386 | 0.1486 | 0.0353 |
| C6 | 0.9939 | 0.0061 | 0.1569 | 0.1662 | 0.0395 | |
| C7 | 0.994 | 0.006 | 0.1544 | 0.1324 | 0.0315 | |
| C8 | 0.9944 | 0.0056 | 0.1427 | 0.1323 | 0.0315 | |
| C9 | 0.9949 | 0.0051 | 0.1295 | 0.1191 | 0.0283 | |
| C10 | 0.995 | 0.005 | 0.1268 | 0.1397 | 0.0332 | |
| C11 | 0.9941 | 0.0059 | 0.1512 | 0.1617 | 0.0384 | |
| B3~C | C12 | 0.9934 | 0.0066 | 0.1225 | 0.1327 | 0.0339 |
| C13 | 0.9921 | 0.0079 | 0.1458 | 0.1398 | 0.0357 | |
| C14 | 0.9929 | 0.0071 | 0.1306 | 0.1478 | 0.0378 | |
| C15 | 0.9892 | 0.0108 | 0.2007 | 0.1869 | 0.0478 | |
| C16 | 0.9874 | 0.0126 | 0.2337 | 0.2412 | 0.0616 | |
| C17 | 0.991 | 0.009 | 0.1668 | 0.1515 | 0.0387 | |
| B4~C | C18 | 0.9959 | 0.0041 | 0.1655 | 0.2077 | 0.0252 |
| C19 | 0.9951 | 0.0049 | 0.1965 | 0.1895 | 0.0230 | |
| C20 | 0.995 | 0.005 | 0.2027 | 0.1935 | 0.0235 | |
| C21 | 0.9967 | 0.0033 | 0.135 | 0.1236 | 0.0150 | |
| C22 | 0.9961 | 0.0039 | 0.1591 | 0.1403 | 0.0171 | |
| C23 | 0.9965 | 0.0035 | 0.1412 | 0.1454 | 0.0177 | |
| B5~C | C24 | 0.9933 | 0.0067 | 0.2019 | 0.2404 | 0.0421 |
| C25 | 0.993 | 0.007 | 0.2117 | 0.196 | 0.0344 | |
| C26 | 0.9934 | 0.0066 | 0.1999 | 0.1883 | 0.0330 | |
| C27 | 0.9939 | 0.0061 | 0.186 | 0.2127 | 0.0373 | |
| C28 | 0.9934 | 0.0066 | 0.2004 | 0.1626 | 0.0285 |
Tab. 3 Normalized values of individual sustainable development evaluation index at water tourism destinations表3 水体旅游地可持续发展评价单项指标标准化值 |
| 目标层 | 准则层 | 指标因子层 | 外秦淮河 | 金牛湖 | 珍珠泉 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 水体旅游可持续发展评价A | 经济可持续发展B1 | 年均旅游收入增长率C1 | 0.167 | 1.000 | 0.867 |
| 游客年均增长率C2 | 0.117 | 1.000 | 0.867 | ||
| 旅游业产值对当地经济的贡献率C3 | 1.000 | 0.300 | 0.484 | ||
| 经济受益差距C4 | 0.788 | 0.775 | 1.000 | ||
| 社会可持续发展B2 | 居民满意度C5 | 0.933 | 0.916 | 1.000 | |
| 居民对水体旅游开发态度C6 | 0.930 | 0.966 | 1.000 | ||
| 吸纳当地劳动力C7 | 0.981 | 0.972 | 1.000 | ||
| 增加居民收入C8 | 0.948 | 0.976 | 1.000 | ||
| 提高当地知名度C9 | 0.944 | 0.963 | 1.000 | ||
| 游客满意度C10 | 0.955 | 1.000 | 0.996 | ||
| 游客忠诚度C11 | 0.988 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 环境可持续发展B3 | 水环境质量C12 | 0.673 | 1.000 | 0.965 | |
| 水土保持质量C13 | 0.938 | 1.000 | 0.961 | ||
| 生态环境质量C14 | 0.789 | 1.000 | 0.944 | ||
| 生态敏感度C15 | 0.143 | 1.000 | 0.021 | ||
| 环境容量C16 | 0.686 | 0.847 | 1.000 | ||
| “主客”环保支持度C17 | 1.000 | 0.949 | 0.974 | ||
| 管理可持续发展B4 | 旅游规划C18 | 0.963 | 1.000 | 0.972 | |
| 管理体系C19 | 0.879 | 0.980 | 1.000 | ||
| 资源管理C20 | 0.881 | 0.987 | 1.000 | ||
| 安全管理C21 | 0.892 | 0.978 | 1.000 | ||
| 卫生管理C22 | 0.943 | 0.978 | 1.000 | ||
| 服务管理C23 | 0.664 | 0.942 | 1.000 | ||
| 开发条件与潜力B5 | 资源要素价值C24 | 0.972 | 1.000 | 0.940 | |
| 交通条件C25 | 1.000 | 0.497 | 0.758 | ||
| 区位条件C26 | 1.000 | 0.707 | 0.876 | ||
| 经济条件C27 | 1.000 | 0.924 | 0.884 | ||
| 适游期C28 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Tab. 4 Evaluation results of the sustainable development of water tourism at case destinations表4 研究案例地水体旅游可持续发展评价结果 |
| 案例地 | 经济可持续发展B1 | 社会可持续发展B2 | 环境可持续发展B3 | 管理可持续发展B4 | 开发条件与潜力B5 | 水体旅游可持续发展评价结果A |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 外秦淮河 | 0.115 | 0.227 | 0.174 | 0.106 | 0.174 | 0.796 |
| 金牛湖 | 0.156 | 0.231 | 0.244 | 0.119 | 0.145 | 0.896 |
| 珍珠泉 | 0.166 | 0.238 | 0.203 | 0.121 | 0.156 | 0.883 |
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the sustainable development evaluation of water tourism at case destinations图1 研究案例地水体旅游可持续发展评价示意图 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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