Land use optimization simulation based on low-carbon emissions in eastern part of Qinghai Plateau
Received date: 2014-12-25
Request revised date: 2015-04-20
Online published: 2015-08-08
Copyright
Land use change and its carbon effects by human activities play an important role in researches on regional and global carbon cycle. Taking Haidong city as a study area, which is located in the eastern part of Qinghai Plateau, this paper firstly calculated carbon cycle coefficients of each land use type based on local carbon mechanism. Then by linear programming method, an optimization model was constructed to estimate land use quantitative structure under low-carbon scenario in 2020. Finally, CLUE-S model was used to simulate land use spatial allocation of the study area in low-carbon and land-use planning scenarios. Through comparing the two land use simulation maps in 2020 of Haidong city under different scenarios, four conclusions can be drawn: (1) Both irrigated and no-irrigated land will continue to decline under low-carbon scenario from 2009 to 2020, and the amount of high-quality farmland loss based on low-carbon emission will be less than that in the land use overall planning scenario; (2) Forest land would increase stably and grassland will expand slowly under low-carbon scenario, which results in a continuous increase in regional carbon sequestration; (3) Both urban land and rural residential land under low-carbon scenario will increase to a certain degree, while the total area of construction land under low-carbon scenario is less than that under land-use planning scenario. Therefore, the carbon emission from construction land under low-carbon scenario is less than that under land-use planning scenario. For example, the area of urban land under low-carbon scenario will be 974.61 ha lower than that under land-use planning scenario, that is, the carbon emission under low-carbon scenario is 14.03×104 t lower than that under land-use planning scenario; (4) Compared with the planning scenario, land use patterns of low-carbon scenario show an overall upward trend in carbon sinks, which would increase carbon stocks of 7.77×104 t, decrease carbon emissions of 31.99×104 t. The results demonstrate that the low-carbon land use distribution pattern of Haidong city will have a positive effect on increasing carbon storage and decreasing carbon emission, which can keep balance between construction land, farmland, forest land and grassland. Generally speaking, regional land use structure adjustment and spatial allocation optimization from a low-carbon perspective will support decision making of regional land use management and ecological civilization construction in the eastern part of Qinghai Plateau.
WANG Huimin , ZENG Yongnian . Land use optimization simulation based on low-carbon emissions in eastern part of Qinghai Plateau[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2015 , 34(7) : 1270 -1284 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201507007
Tab. 1 Carbon storage factors of non-construction land use types in Haidong in 2009表1 2009年海东市非建设用地碳密度 |
| 土地利用类型 | 碳密度(t/hm2) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 土壤 | 植被 | 总计 | |
| 耕地 | 47.81 | 0 | 47.81 |
| 园地 | 38.05 | 0 | 38.05 |
| 林地 | 116.73 | 35.44 | 152.17 |
| 牧草地 | 89.05 | 3.4 | 92.45 |
| 水域 | 59.38 | 0 | 59.38 |
| 未利用地 | 37.44 | 0 | 37.44 |
Tab. 2 Average weight and quantity of main domestic animals表2 主要驯养动物平均体重和数量 |
| 动物 | 黄牛 | 乳牛 | 水牛 | 驴 | 猪 | 山羊 | 绵羊 | 家禽 | 兔 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 平均体重(kg) | 600 | 600 | 666 | 320 | 75 | 37.5 | 45 | 2.513 | 4.5 |
| 数量(104头) | 9.12 | 8.34 | 9.42 | 3.45 | 61.45 | 22.55 | 108.83 | 126.25 | 13.91 |
Tab. 3 Energy conversion factors from physical unit to coal equivalent and carbon emission factors表3 能源折标煤系数和碳排放系数表 |
| 能源种类 | 原煤 | 洗精煤 | 焦炭 | 天然气 | 汽油 | 柴油 | 液化石油气 | 煤油 | 其他石油制品 | 电力 | 薪柴 | 沼气 | 秸秆 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 折标煤系数(kg/kg) | 0.71 | 0.90 | 0.97 | 1.33 | 1.47 | 1.46 | 0.50 | 0.57 | 0.73 | 0.12 | 0.57 | 0.71 | 0.43 |
| 碳排放系数(t/t) | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.86 | 0.45 | 0.55 | 0.59 | 1.71 | 1.47 | 0.59 | 2.21 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 |
Tab. 4 The corresponding relationship between land use types and carbon emission items表4 土地利用类型与碳排放的对应关系 |
| 土地利用类型 | 用地分类 | 能源消费行业 |
|---|---|---|
| 建设用地 | 城镇工矿用地 | 建筑业 |
| 批发、零售业和住宿、餐饮业 | ||
| 城镇生活消费 | ||
| 工业 | ||
| 农村居民点 | 农村生物质能 | |
| 农村生活消费 | ||
| 交通运输用地 | 交通运输、仓储和邮政业 | |
| 水利设施用地 | 水利业 |
Tab. 5 Carbon storage factors and carbon emission factors of main land use types in Haidong in 2020表5 2020年海东市主要土地利用方式的碳密度/碳排放系数 |
| 土地利用类型 | 二级分类 | 碳密度(t/hm2) | 碳排放系数(t/hm2) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 农用地 | 耕地 | 47.81 | 0.344 |
| 园地 | 38.05 | 0.047 | |
| 林地 | 152.17 | 0.033 | |
| 牧草地 | 92.45 | 0.050 | |
| 其他农用地 | 39.93 | 3.010 | |
| 建设用地 | 城镇工矿用地 | 84.11 | 143.960 |
| 农村居民点 | 73.39 | 11.110 | |
| 交通运输用地 | 49.15 | 23.830 | |
| 水利设施用地 | 59.38 | 7.320 | |
| 其他建设用地 | 14.38 | 7.320 | |
| 其他用地 | 水域 | 59.38 | 0.722 |
| 未利用地 | 37.44 | 0 |
Tab. 6 Land use structure optimization schemes of Haidong based on carbon storage maximization and carbon emission minimization表6 基于碳储量最大化和碳排放量最小化的海东市土地利用结构 |
| 地类 | 2020年规划方案 | 碳储量最大化优化方案 | 碳排放量最小化优化方案 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 面积 (hm2) | 碳储量(104t) | 碳排放量(104t) | 面积 (hm2) | 碳储量(104t) | 碳排放量(104t) | 面积 (hm2) | 碳储量(104t) | 碳排放量(104t) | |||
| 耕地 | 201584.00 | 963.77 | 6.93 | 205440.00 | 982.21 | 7.07 | 205440.00 | 982.21 | 7.07 | ||
| 园地 | 3413.02 | 12.99 | 0.02 | 1487.25 | 5.66 | 0.01 | 3413.02 | 12.99 | 0.02 | ||
| 林地 | 550073.72 | 8370.47 | 1.82 | 551717.30 | 8395.48 | 1.82 | 548663.05 | 8349.01 | 1.81 | ||
| 牧草地 | 471783.62 | 4361.64 | 2.36 | 471586.50 | 4359.82 | 2.36 | 471586.50 | 4359.82 | 2.36 | ||
| 其他农用地 | 1847.02 | 7.38 | 0.56 | 1847.02 | 7.38 | 0.56 | 1847.02 | 7.38 | 0.56 | ||
| 城镇工矿用地 | 12473.54 | 104.91 | 179.57 | 10334.68 | 86.92 | 148.78 | 9983.04 | 83.97 | 143.72 | ||
| 农村居民点 | 24946.65 | 183.08 | 27.72 | 23964.95 | 175.88 | 26.63 | 25146.31 | 184.55 | 27.94 | ||
| 交通运输用地 | 9213.49 | 45.28 | 21.96 | 9158.59 | 45.01 | 21.82 | 9213.49 | 45.28 | 21.96 | ||
| 水利设施用地 | 7293.57 | 43.31 | 5.34 | 7152.87 | 42.47 | 5.24 | 7293.57 | 43.31 | 5.34 | ||
| 其他建设用地 | 3660.62 | 5.26 | 2.68 | 3660.62 | 5.26 | 2.68 | 3703.25 | 5.33 | 2.71 | ||
| 水域 | 9595.87 | 56.98 | 0.69 | 9595.87 | 56.98 | 0.69 | 9595.87 | 56.98 | 0.69 | ||
| 未利用地 | 2357.15 | 8.83 | 0.00 | 2296.62 | 8.60 | 0.00 | 2357.15 | 8.83 | 0.00 | ||
| 总计 | 1298242.27 | 14163.91 | 249.63 | 1298242.27 | 14171.68 | 217.65 | 1298242.27 | 14139.63 | 214.16 | ||
Tab. 7 Logistic regression results表7 Logistic回归结果表 |
| 人口密度 | 距一般道路的距离 | 距行政驻地的距离 | 距面状水域的距离 | 距线状水系的距离 | 距高等级道路的距离 | 坡向 | 坡度 | DEM | 全社会固定资产 | 常量 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 水浇地 | - | -0.381 | -2.025 | -0.189 | -2.283 | - | 1.121 | -12.827 | -5.227 | -0.208 | 0.702 |
| 旱地 | 0.179 | -3.626 | -4.701 | 2.586 | 1.176 | -0.633 | -0.323 | -5.496 | 1.975 | -2.564 | -0.842 |
| 有林地 | -13.042 | -2.830 | 2.753 | 0.698 | -0.197 | - | 0.152 | 3.212 | -1.127 | -1.790 | -1.680 |
| 疏林草地 | 0.508 | 2.497 | -0.992 | -1.031 | 0.574 | 0.517 | -0.033 | 1.182 | 3.436 | 0.472 | -1.465 |
| 城镇用地 | 4.386 | -5.922 | -28.563 | -2.761 | -1.998 | -12.627 | - | -11.590 | 1.619 | 0.590 | -2.122 |
| 农村居民点用地 | - | -1.193 | -2.523 | 0.812 | -0.428 | -1.127 | -0.305 | -9.637 | -3.101 | - | -0.703 |
| 未利用地 | - | -3.178 | 1.446 | -1.641 | 0.273 | 0.285 | -0.067 | 3.329 | -8.201 | 0.177 | 0.071 |
注:“-”表示不参加建模的因子。 |
Fig. 1 Land use map in 2009 and simulation maps in 2020 under different scenarios of Haidong图1 2009年实际土地利用和2020年的土地利用预测 |
Tab. 8 Transition matrix of main land use types under different scenarios in Haidong from 2009 to 2020表8 不同情景下2009-2020主要土地利用类型转移矩阵 |
| 新增土地类型 | 转化类型 | 变化面积(t/hm2) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 规划情景 | 低碳情景 | ||
| 新增耕地 | 疏林草地→耕地 | 7329.42 | 851.13 |
| 未利用地→耕地 | 330.75 | 520.38 | |
| 新增有林地 | 耕地→有林地 | 37410.03 | 29277.99 |
| 疏林草地→有林地 | 26239.5 | 3986.64 | |
| 未利用地→有林地 | 19337.85 | 29560.23 | |
| 新增疏林草地 | 耕地→疏林草地 | 5194.98 | 4701.06 |
| 有林地→疏林草地 | 1406.79 | 224.91 | |
| 未利用地→疏林草地 | 1856.61 | 1362.69 | |
| 新增城镇用地 | 耕地→城镇用地 | 8374.59 | 7338.24 |
| 疏林草地→城镇用地 | 1534.68 | 198.45 | |
| 未利用地→城镇用地 | 1433.25 | 3016.44 | |
| 新增农村居民点用地 | 耕地→农村居民点用地 | 7422.03 | 7033.95 |
| 疏林草地→农村居民点用地 | 6059.34 | 895.23 | |
| 未利用地→农村居民点用地 | 2253.51 | 6654.69 | |
Fig. 3 Distribution of main land use conversion under different scenarios in Haidong from 2009 to 2020图3 2009-2020年不同情景下海东市主要土地利用的转移分布 |
Fig. 2 Land use change under different scenarios in Haidong from 2009 to 2020图2 2009-2020年不同情景下海东市土地利用变化 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
| [1] |
[
|
| [2] |
[
|
| [3] |
[
|
| [4] |
[
|
| [5] |
|
| [6] |
|
| [7] |
|
| [8] |
[
|
| [9] |
[
|
| [10] |
[
|
| [11] |
[
|
| [12] |
[
|
| [13] |
[
|
| [14] |
[
|
| [15] |
[
|
| [16] |
[
|
| [17] |
[
|
| [18] |
|
| [19] |
[
|
| [20] |
[
|
| [21] |
|
| [22] |
[
|
| [23] |
[
|
| [24] |
|
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |