Regional tourism industry' efficiency measurement and comparative analysis based on carbon emissions
Received date: 2015-03-11
Request revised date: 2015-07-16
Online published: 2015-10-15
Copyright
This paper firstly calculates the carbon emissions of tourism industry of five provinces based on the concept of "tourist consuming minus coefficient". Then it evaluates the tourism industry efficiencies and conducts a comparative analysis with the traditional DEA model and the undesirable output DEA model. The results are shown as follows. The rank of Hainan's carbon emissions of the tourism industry is always the lowest. The growth rate of Hubei' carbon emissions is the largest, and Beijing is the only declining area from 2009 to 2011. For per capita carbon emissions, Hainan tourism industry ranks first while Beijing and Hainan show a declining trend year by year. The overall level of the comprehensive and decomposition efficiencies in five provinces is high without considering carbon emissions, and it is in line with the fact that regional tourism as a pillar industry is attached great importance. The tourism industry efficiencies in the five provinces change irregularly while carbon emissions are considered. Tourism comprehensive technical efficiencies change from the regular status of decline or steadiness in 2009 to the irregular status in 2010-2011, which are determined by the combined effects between pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency. In the future, China should strengthen coordination between tourism energy conservation and optimal allocation of tourism resources, and improve the tourism industry efficiencies according to the level of local technology and market power advantages.
HAN Yuanjun , WU Pu , LIN Tan . Regional tourism industry' efficiency measurement and comparative analysis based on carbon emissions[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2015 , 34(10) : 1957 -1970 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201510013
Tab. 1 The tourism industry' (per capita) carbon emissions of five provinces from 2009 to 2011表1 2009-2011年五省份旅游业的碳排放量以及人均旅游碳排放量 |
| 省份 | 2009年 | 2010年 | 2011年 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 北京 | 旅游交通运输、仓储和邮电业的碳排放(人均)量 | 842.805(51.351) | 764.843(41.590) | 822.638(38.498) |
| 旅游批发、零售、住宿和餐饮业的碳排放(人均)量 | 396.554(24.162) | 363.428(19.762) | 394.142(18.445) | |
| 旅游业碳排放(人均)总量 | 1239.359(75.513) | 1128.271(61.352) | 1216.78(56.943) | |
| 浙江 | 旅游交通运输、仓储和邮电业的碳排放(人均)量 | 599.092(23.992) | 986.444(32.680) | 1025.449(29.489) |
| 旅游批发、零售、住宿和餐饮业的碳排放(人均)量 | 472.928(18.939) | 561.211(18.593) | 549.746(15.809) | |
| 旅游业碳排放(人均)总量 | 1072.02(42.931) | 1547.655(51.273) | 1575.194(45.298) | |
| 山东 | 旅游交通运输、仓储和邮电业的碳排放(人均)量 | 941.567(32.234) | 1065.925(25.304) | 1111.651(31.521) |
| 旅游批发、零售、住宿和餐饮业的碳排放(人均)量 | 466.042(15.955) | 495.141(11.754) | 530.769(15.050) | |
| 旅游业碳排放(人均)总量 | 1407.609(48.189) | 1561.066(37.059) | 1642.42(46.751) | |
| 湖北 | 旅游交通运输、仓储和邮电业的碳排放(人均)量 | 586.183(38.568) | 741.631(35.101) | 1041.274(38.047) |
| 旅游批发、零售、住宿和餐饮业的碳排放(人均)量 | 466.494(30.693) | 672.066(31.809) | 876.961(32.043) | |
| 旅游业碳排放(人均)总量 | 1052.676(69.261) | 1413.697(66.910) | 1918.235(70.089) | |
| 海南 | 旅游交通运输、仓储和邮电业的碳排放(人均)量 | 179.352(79.700) | 193.717(74.871) | 205.853(68.587) |
| 旅游批发、零售、住宿和餐饮业的碳排放(人均)量 | 29.428(13.077) | 23.814(9.204) | 28.284(9.424) | |
| 旅游业碳排放(人均)总量 | 208.781(92.778) | 217.531(84.075) | 234.136(78.010) | |
| 五省份 综合 | 旅游交通运输、仓储和邮电业的碳排放(人均)量 | 3148.999(35.767) | 3752.561(32.798) | 4206.864(34.545) |
| 旅游批发、零售、住宿和餐饮业的碳排放(人均)量 | 1831.445(20.802) | 2115.659(18.491) | 2379.901(19.543) | |
| 旅游业碳排放(人均)总量 | 4980.445(56.569) | 5868.22(51.289) | 6586.765(54.088) |
注:括号外的数据是五省份各年的旅游业碳排放量,单位是万t;括号内的数据是五省份的旅游碳排放人均量,单位是kg。 |
Fig. 1 The comparison of tourism carbon emissions of five provinces (10 thoussnd tons)图1 五省份旅游业碳排放总量对比情况(万t) |
Fig. 2 The comparison of per capita total tourism carbon emissions of five provinces (kg)图2 五省份旅游业碳排放人均总量对比情况(kg) |
Tab. 2 The statistics of the tourism industry efficiencies of five provinces from 2009 to 2011表2 2009-2011年五省份旅游产业效率的统计情况 |
| 效率类型 | 2009年 | 2010年 | 2011年 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 较有效率省份个数 | 最小值 | 均值 | 较有效率省市个数 | 最小值 | 均值 | 较有效率省份个数 | 最小值 | 均值 | ||||
| 不考虑碳排放的旅游产业效率 | 综合技术效率 | 3 | 0.701 | 0.892 | 2 | 0.647 | 0.817 | 3 | 0.694 | 0.867 | ||
| 纯技术效率 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0.732 | 0.898 | 4 | 0.790 | 0.958 | |||
| 规模效率 | 3 | 0.701 | 0.892 | 4 | 0.718 | 0.911 | 4 | 0.694 | 0.908 | |||
| 考虑碳排放的旅游产业效率 | 综合技术效率 | 4 | 0.764 | 0.938 | 2 | 0.621 | 0.811 | 4 | 0.771 | 0.919 | ||
| 纯技术效率 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 0.679 | 0.936 | 4 | 0.779 | 0.956 | |||
| 规模效率 | 4 | 0.764 | 0.938 | 3 | 0.774 | 0.869 | 5 | 0.825 | 0.923 | |||
注:特定省份的旅游产业效率值低于0.6称为无效率,效率值位于0.6~0.8之间(不包括0.8)称为一般有效率,效率值位于0.8~1之间称为较有效率。 |
Tab. 3 The tourism industry efficiencies of five provinces from 2009 to 2011表3 2009-2011年五省份的旅游产业效率值 |
| 年份 | 省份 | 不考虑碳排放的旅游业效率 | 考虑碳排放的旅游业效率 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 综合技术效率 | 纯技术效率 | 规模效率 | 综合技术效率 | 纯技术效率 | 规模效率 | |||
| 2009年 | 北京 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 浙江 | 0.994 | 1 | 0.994 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 山东 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 河北 | 0.763 | 1 | 0.763 | 0.764 | 1 | 0.764 | ||
| 海南 | 0.701 | 1 | 0.701 | 0.928 | 1 | 0.928 | ||
| 2010年 | 北京 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 浙江 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 山东 | 0.722 | 0.732 | 0.986 | 0.658 | 1 | 0.658 | ||
| 河北 | 0.647 | 0.759 | 0.852 | 0.621 | 0.679 | 0.915 | ||
| 海南 | 0.718 | 1 | 0.718 | 0.774 | 1 | 0.774 | ||
| 2011年 | 北京 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 浙江 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 山东 | 0.775 | 0.79 | 0.981 | 0.771 | 0.779 | 0.990 | ||
| 河北 | 0.867 | 1 | 0.867 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 海南 | 0.694 | 1 | 0.694 | 0.825 | 1 | 0.825 | ||
Tab. 4 The changes of the tourism industry efficiencies of five provinces in or without considering carbon emissions from 2009 to 2011表4 2009-2011年不考虑与考虑碳排放下五省份的旅游产业效率变动情况 |
| 效率变动类型 | 包括的省份 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2009年 | 综合技术效率不变 | 纯技术效率或规模效率均不变 | 北京、山东 |
| 综合技术效率上升 | 纯技术效率不变,规模效率上升 | 浙江、河北、海南 | |
| 2010年 | 综合技术效率不变 | 纯技术效率或规模效率均不变 | 北京、浙江 |
| 综合技术效率上升 | 纯技术效率不变,规模效率上升 | 海南 | |
| 综合技术效率下降 | 纯技术效率上升,规模效率下降 | 山东 | |
| 纯技术效率或规模效率均上升 | 河北 | ||
| 2011年 | 综合技术效率不变 | 纯技术效率或规模效率均不变 | 北京、浙江 |
| 综合技术效率上升 | 纯技术效率不变,规模效率上升 | 河北、海南 | |
| 综合技术效率下降 | 纯技术效率下降,规模效率上升 | 山东 | |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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