Spatial and temporal changes of water conservation of Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi province by InVEST model
Received date: 2015-09-11
Request revised date: 2016-01-16
Online published: 2016-04-20
Copyright
The research on the assessment of ecosystem services is the hot spot and focus in global researches of ecology, geography, and exerted a profound influence on significantly regional ecosystem management, sustainable development and human welfare. We chose the InVEST model, a tradeoff model of regional development and ecosystem management, which provides a quantitative, scientific, dynamic assessment methods for regional water retention. Under the background of the project of Returning Farmland to Forestland, the influence of the land cover changes on the water retention was calculated quantitatively. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The area of grass, scrub, woodland and towns increased by 3204 km2, 285.3 km2, 122.7 km2 and 450.4 km2, respectively in the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi from 2000 to 2010. By contrast, farmland, deserts and wetlands were reduced by 3984.5 km2, 72.7 km2 and 5.2 km2, respectively. (2) Water retention of the research area displayed a decreasing tendency in the 10 years, which has a remarkable reduction of 25 m3/hm2-40 m3/hm2 in the central part of the study area invloving the southwest of Wuding River basin, the upper reaches of Yanhe River and Qingjian River. Part of the central region has a more significant reduction exceeding 40 m3/hm2. And the reduction of other basins in this area was below 25 m3/hm2. (3) On the basis of these studies, the importance level of water conservation capacity in 2010 of the study area has been classified , and the total area of the water retention in highly important area and vital important area reached 32255.1 km2 with a proportion of 40.5%. (4) The assessment of water conservation function and the five partitions of importance level not only provides a reference for the effective management of ecosystems and is of great help to developing planning decisions in a scientific and rational perspective.
BAO Yubin , LI Ting , LIU Hui , MA Tao , WANG Huaixiang , LIU Kang , SHEN Xi , LIU Xinhao . Spatial and temporal changes of water conservation of Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi province by InVEST model[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2016 , 35(4) : 664 -676 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201604006
Fig. 1 Location of the study area图1 研究区位置 |
Tab. 1 InVEST data needs and data sources表1 模型参数获取及说明 |
| 数据 | 来源 |
|---|---|
| 土地利用/覆被 | 《全国生态十年变化遥感调查与评估项目》 |
| 降水量 | 陕西及周边56个气象站多年平均降水量反距离平方加权法插值 |
| 潜在蒸散量 | 《全国生态十年变化遥感调查与评估项目》 |
| 土壤深度 | 郭兆元编《陕西土壤》和《陕西省第二次土壤普查数据集》[19,20] |
| 根系深度及流速系数 | 根据植被覆盖类型查阅相关文献[12,16,20] |
| 植物可利用水含量 | 利用土壤质地计算获得[19] |
| 蒸散系数 | 根据叶面积指数计算 |
| 土壤饱和导水率 | 根据NeuroTheta软件计算获得 |
| DEM | DEM(30 m×30 m) |
Fig. 2 The spatial distribution of InVEST model parameters图2 水源涵养模型空间参数 |
Tab. 2 Input files for the water yield module表2 水源涵养模型参数表 |
| Ⅰ级 | Ⅱ级 | III级 | Root_depth (mm) | Vel_coef |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 森林 | 阔叶林 | 落叶阔叶林 | 3000 | 180 |
| 针叶林 | 常绿针叶林 | 3000 | 200 | |
| 针阔混交林 | 针阔混交林 | 3000 | 200 | |
| 灌丛 | 阔叶灌丛 | 落叶阔叶灌木林 | 2000 | 249 |
| 稀疏灌丛 | 稀疏灌木林 | 1500 | 400 | |
| 草地 | 草地 | 草原 | 500 | 500 |
| 草丛 | 500 | 400 | ||
| 稀疏草地 | 500 | 600 | ||
| 湿地 | 沼泽 | 草本沼泽 | 300 | 900 |
| 湖泊 | 湖泊 | 1 | 2012 | |
| 水库/坑塘 | 1 | 2012 | ||
| 河流 | 河流 | 1 | 2012 | |
| 运河/水渠 | 1 | 2012 | ||
| 农田 | 耕地 | 水田 | 300 | 900 |
| 旱地 | 400 | 800 | ||
| 园地 | 乔木园地 | 3000 | 400 | |
| 城镇 | 居住地 | 居住地 | 1 | 2012 |
| 城市绿地 | 乔木绿地 | 3000 | 400 | |
| 草本绿地 | 500 | 600 | ||
| 工矿交通 | 工业用地 | 1 | 2012 | |
| 交通用地 | 1 | 2012 | ||
| 采矿场 | 1 | 2012 | ||
| 荒漠 | 荒漠 | 沙漠/沙地 | 1 | 200 |
| 裸土 | 1 | 1500 | ||
| 盐碱地 | 1 | 1500 |
Tab. 3 The land use changes in different years表3 不同年份各土利用地类型面积与比例及其变化 |
| 土地利用 类型 | 2000年 | 2005年 | 2010年 | 2000-2010年变化值 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 面积(km2) | 比例(%) | 面积(km2) | 比例(%) | 面积(km2) | 比例(%) | 面积(km2) | 比例(%) | ||||
| 林地 | 6812.3 | 8.52 | 6929.9 | 8.67 | 6935.0 | 8.67 | 122.7 | 0.15 | |||
| 灌丛 | 9995.8 | 12.50 | 10254.0 | 12.82 | 10281.0 | 12.86 | 285.2 | 0.36 | |||
| 草地 | 40116.2 | 50.16 | 42795.5 | 53.51 | 43320.2 | 54.17 | 3204.0 | 4.01 | |||
| 湿地 | 306.3 | 0.38 | 292.0 | 0.37 | 301.1 | 0.38 | -5.2 | -0.01 | |||
| 农田 | 19979.7 | 24.98 | 16770.2 | 20.97 | 15995.2 | 20.00 | -3984.5 | -4.98 | |||
| 城镇 | 461.1 | 0.58 | 660.8 | 0.83 | 911.5 | 1.14 | 450.4 | 0.56 | |||
| 荒漠 | 2303.3 | 2.88 | 2272.3 | 2.84 | 2230.6 | 2.79 | -72.7 | -0.09 | |||
Fig. 3 Spatial distribution of land covers during 2000-2010图3 2000-2010年研究区土地利用/覆被变化空间分布 |
Fig. 4 Average water retention changes of each watershed in the study area图4 研究区各流域平均水源涵养量及其变化 |
Fig. 5 Total water retention changes of each watershed图5 研究区各流域水源涵养总量及其变化 |
Fig. 6 Changes in the pattern and spatial distribution of water conservation图6 研究区水源涵养变化格局空间分布 |
Tab. 4 The classification standard of water conservation capacity表4 水源涵养功能分级标准 |
| 重要性分级 | 一般重要 | 较重要 | 中等重要 | 高度重要 | 极重要 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 水源涵养量(m3hm-2a-1) | 0~115 | 115~145 | 145~175 | 175~215 | >215 |
Fig. 7 The area and percentage of importance level of water conservation capacity图7 水源涵养重要性分级面积及百分比 |
Fig. 8 The spatial distribution of importance level of water conservation capacity图8 水源涵养重要性分级空间分布 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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