Volunteer service and mechanism in the U.S. national parks: A case study of Channel Islands National Park
Received date: 2016-01-11
Request revised date: 2016-03-13
Online published: 2016-06-20
Copyright
Volunteer service of the United States national parks has a history of more than one hundred years. It has become an important part of the national parks management. Volunteer service effectively realizes the management idea of the American public for the national parks. Through on-the-spot investigation and interview in order, the authord made a deep thinking and analysis of the related concept of national parks volunteer service, service motivation, service decision, service contents, service support and service mechanism. From three aspects, namely, huge but orderly service system, the management and operation, and function realization, we analyzed the volunteer service mechanism of national parks, and pointed out four supports for the U.S. national parks volunteer service: propaganda support, technical support, learning support and legislative support, with the Channel Islands National Park as an example. Finally this paper pointed out that in-depth studies should be conducted on the national parks volunteer service as well as the national parks volunteer service of China. Firstly, from the perspective of volunteers, we should make an in-depth study for the volunteer behavior space. Secondly, from the perspective of national parks, different types of volunteers-in-parks programs for national parks are different, so the task for natural and human resources and environmental protection how to implement the operational level to the public is a question; Thirdly, the project for the national park service can be realized by the volunteer tourism. In recent years, volunteer tourism has become more and more popular among the public. Its theory is worth studying and we should make it clear. What's more, the national park volunteer service is a part of the U.S. national park service management system. So how can we put these managements into our country in the future, and what are the enlightenment and reference are? These questions also need us to solve. At the same time, we should appeal to the academics that great importance should be attached to the study of the theories of the volunteer service. National park volunteer service can be a simple trip; meanwhile it can be the turning point of the human life values. The relations between human beings and the land need a profound understanding. It means there is a long way to go.
WANG Hui , LIU Xiaoyu , GUO Jianke , SUN Caizhi . Volunteer service and mechanism in the U.S. national parks: A case study of Channel Islands National Park[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2016 , 35(6) : 1193 -1202 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201606015
Tab. 1 The obligations of international volunteers and their requirements of national park service表1 国家公园管理局对国际志愿者的要求与志愿者的义务 |
| 对志愿者的要求 | 身份要求 | 学生 | 公园管理、环境科学、林业、生物、生态、历史、考古、文物保护和其他领域 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 各种领域的专业人士 | 公园管理员、野生动物管理人员、社会科学家、博物馆经理、科学家、教师、历史学家、建筑师、公园规划以及游客管理专家 | ||
| 技能要求 | 被选拔的志愿者必须具备:① 搜救知识;② 自然资源管理;③ 文化资源管理;④ 环境教育;⑤ 野生动物管理;⑥ 历史保护;⑦ 入侵物种管理;⑧ GPS/GIS制图;⑨ 博物馆管理;⑩ 解答(公众教育); 特许经营 | ||
| 志愿者的义务 | 志愿者除必须履行在职期间的各项工作义务之外,志愿服务结束后,必须向公园管理局提交一份书面报告,详细说明志愿者履行的职责,收获与教训,对公园管理等其他方面的改进建议,并提供工作时的数码照片。 | ||
注:根据美国国家公园管理局志愿者官网(http://www.nationalparkservice.org/)信息整理。 |
Fig. 1 Volunteer service system for national parks in the USA图1 美国国家公园志愿者服务系统图 |
Fig. 2 Process of CINP volunteers selection图2 CINP志愿者选拔流程 |
Tab. 2 Volunteer service for Channel Islands National Park表2 海峡群岛国家公园志愿者服务内容 |
| 服务项目 | 具体内容 |
|---|---|
| 陆地游客中心解说 | 志愿者负责游客中心内对公园进行解说等相关内容 |
| 公园维护 | ① 设施维修、重建、涂色;② 游客中心原生植物花园维护 |
| 教育项目 | 以教师和学生为教育主体,通过不同活动形式增强他们自身的知识与技能,也对海峡群岛国家公园进行自然与人文环境保护宣传 |
| 资源管理 | ① 图书馆内服务;② 园内陆地生物监测;③ 原生植被修复;④ 外来植被根除;⑤ GIS技术应用;⑥ 海藻森林监测;⑦ 沙滩碎片、潮间带水坑、沙滩和沿海泻湖监测;⑧ 海鸟监测 |
| 海岛保护 | 海岛保护以失事船只调查为主,也会涉及其他内容 |
| 文化资源研究 | ① 海岛跟踪维护;② 考古 |
| 岛屿解说 | 在相关岛屿上为游客进行该岛屿解说,包括环境教育解说和历史遗迹解说 |
注:根据海峡群岛国家公园官网(https://www.nps.gov/chis/index.htm)信息整理。 |
Tab. 3 Volunteer service content and total hours of Channel Islands channel coast (hour)表3 2010-2013年海峡群岛沿岸陆地志愿服务及时间(h) |
| 年份 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 管理 | 3028 | 3090 | 177 | 608.5 |
| 营地/公园策划 | 14201 | 13530 | 24554 | 4,211 |
| 解说 | 6232 | 7443 | 393 | 10,185 |
| 维护/管理 | 12154 | 10352 | 7,647 | 3,366 |
| 公共安全 | 89 | 1122 | 98 | 0 |
| 自然资源管理 | 351 | 780 | 290 | 0 |
| 文化资源管理 | 550 | 2006 | 0 | 9 |
| 公共关系 | 80 | 200 | 0 | 349 |
| 公众联系 | 3781 | 9111 | 9049 | 7176 |
| 特殊事件/其他 | 178 | 2842 | 650 | 1052 |
| 志愿服务总时间 | 40643 | 50449 | 42858 | 26955 |
| 总志愿者数 | 332 | 238 | 195 | 239 |
| 与志愿者工作的员工 工作时间 | 6368 | 7450 | 1204 | 3300 |
| 与志愿者公园的员工总数 | 48 | 63 | 24 | 3 |
注:根据海峡群岛国家公园官网(https://www.nps.gov/chis/index.htm)信息整理。 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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