The spatial-temporal evolution of Kaiping Diaolou andVillages' defensive functional pattern
Received date: 2016-07-24
Request revised date: 2016-11-23
Online published: 2017-01-20
Copyright
Carl O. Sauer pointed out that environmental response was nothing more than a specific cultural option with regard to the habitat at a particular time. Cultural landscape is derived from the environmental response of cultural groups in specific areas, which reflects the most basic survival needs of human beings. Settlement defense is a kind of environmental response which is faced with external threats. The consciousness of defense has a profound influence on settlements. Kaiping Diaolou was a kind of defensive building in dispersed settlements with its unique geographical characteristics and spatial pattern. It provided the necessary defensive function for Kaiping settlements during the period of unrest. Evolution of pattern is one of the most important research topics in settlement geography. For Kaiping settlements, the construction of Kaiping Diaolou had reconstructed the existing settlement pattern and formed the defensive functional pattern. The research of defensive functional pattern is a necessary precondition for understanding the process of the environmental response of Kaiping settlements. This paper takes Kaiping Diaolou as the main object of study. Based on mathematical statistics and spatial econometric analysis, it reveals the spatial-temporal characteristics and defensive functional pattern of Kaiping settlements. This study has shown several conclusions as below: (1) In overall distribution, the characteristic of watch towers' agglomeration was quite different from communal towers and residential towers. Watch towers was relatively dispersed and developed a plurality of agglomeration in the county. (2) According to the characteristics of the village, traffic, terrain and banditry, the defensive functional units could be divided into three types: Inland-Defensive Functional Type, Traffic-Defensive Functional Type and Zone-Defensive Functional Type. (3) The development of defensive functional pattern could be divided into four stages: starting, molding, maturity and stable stages. (4) The evolution of settlement defensive functional pattern was summarized as follows: from "scattered points spreading" in the starting stage to "multiple points gathering" in the molding stage, and finally formed the "one core-three belts" defensive functional pattern in the maturity stage.
LIANG Xiongfei , YIN Jie , YANG Bin , SONG Zheng . The spatial-temporal evolution of Kaiping Diaolou andVillages' defensive functional pattern[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2017 , 36(1) : 121 -133 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201701010
Fig. 1 Banditry situation around Kaiping图1 开平周边匪患情况②(② 民国时期广东社会陷入战乱频繁、民生凋敝、匪盗蜂起之困境,土匪活动几乎遍及全省。根据广东文史资料编辑部的《旧广东匪盗实录》,对该时期开平周边县、镇的匪窝数目进行统计,逐级汇总后得到开平周边的大致匪患分布情况。图1所示匪源地图例的大小,反映该地区匪窝数之多少。) |
Fig. 2 Kaiping Diaolou and villages图2 开平碉楼与村落 |
Fig. 3 The classification of Diaolou图3 碉楼分类 |
Fig. 4 Display of Kaiping Diaolou database图4 开平碉楼数据库展示图 |
Fig. 5 Kernel density of village patches and kinds of Diaolou图5 村落斑块和各类碉楼的核密度分布 |
Fig. 6 Diagram of defensive functional unit图6 防御功能单元示意图 |
Fig. 7 Diagram of three kinds of defensive functional units图7 三类防御功能单元示意图 |
Tab. 1 Mean value of three kinds of defensive functional units表1 三类防御功能单元各属性均值 |
| 类型 | 公共防御—内陆型 | 公共防御—要道型 | 共防御—联防型 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 数量(个) | 52 | 76 | 39 |
| 河流距离(km) | 1.3 | 0.5 | 1.2 |
| 道路距离(km) | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
| 集镇距离(km) | 3.1 | 1.3 | 1.4 |
| 地形高差(m) | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
| 众楼核密度(个/km2) | 2.1 | 5.6 | 8.8 |
| 居楼核密度(个/km2) | 5.7 | 9.6 | 43.3 |
| 村落斑块核密度(个/km2) | 2.2 | 3.9 | 5.6 |
| 村落斑块面积(hm2) | 1.5 | 3.4 | 4.2 |
| 匪巢距离(km) | 12.5 | 9.0 | 13.6 |
Fig. 8 Growth period chart of Diaolou图8 三类碉楼增长时期图 |
Fig. 9 Standard deviation ellipse of watch towers图9 更楼标准差椭圆分析图⑥(标准差椭圆分析是通过分别计算空间数据在x和y方向上的标准距离,并由平均中心出发计算x、y坐标的标准差,进而定义椭圆的轴,并绘制得到标准差椭圆,通过绘制标准差椭圆直观表现数据的整体空间趋向。本文采用ArcGIS 10.0的标准差椭圆分析工具进行绘制。) |
Tab. 2 Average nearest neighbor analysis result of watch towers表2 分时期更楼平均最邻近分析结果 |
| 年份 | 1880年 | 1900年 | 1910年 | 1920年 | 1930年 | 1949年 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 最邻近比率 | 2.44 | 0.68 | 0.62 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.41 |
| Z得分 | 6.16 | -3.20 | -4.51 | -10.98 | -14.11 | -14.52 |
Fig. 10 Distribution of defensive functional units图10 防御功能单元空间分布 |
Fig. 11 Distribution of increased defensivefunctional units in each period图11 各时期新增防御功能单元空间分布 |
Fig. 12 The revolution period of regional defensive functional pattern图12 区域防御功能格局演变阶段 |
Fig. 13 Overlay analysis of protection scope and defensive functional units图13 保护范围与防御功能单元叠加分析 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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