The establishment of ecological security patterns based on the redistribution of ecosystem service value: A case study in the Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing
Received date: 2016-07-12
Request revised date: 2016-11-18
Online published: 2017-03-20
Copyright
At the current level of accelerating urbanization, regional ecological security is being seriously damaged. As the benefits people obtained from ecosystems, ecosystem service is the premise and guarantee of ecological security. To scientifically construct the ecological security pattern, it is firstly necessary to accurately identify the ecosystem service value (ESV). Presently, most domestic studies have used the ecosystem service static value for the estimation of the average value per unit area. Few studies have considered the importance of every single ecosystem service; most have simply considered each ecosystem service of equal importance. However, since ecosystems are dynamic, this will lead to objective differences in the change rate among each kind of ecosystem service. Therefore, the fast decreasing service will not be effectively protected if we simply consider each service of equal importance. In addition, the spatial agglomeration of ecosystem service will also influence the recognition of ecological sources by affecting their functions. In our study, based on the Liangjiang New Area, we first calculated the ecological static service values from 2009 to 2012. We then established two indexes: the significance index based on the average change rate of each ecosystem service, and the spatial richness index based on the spatial agglomeration of each ecosystem service, to reconstruct the ecosystem service value in 2012, which was then applied to the reconstruction of low, medium, and high levels of ecological security patterns. Thus, the reconstructed ESV was qualified with the same currency unit and included abundant spatial information. The results showed that: (1) the total ecosystem service static values from 2009 to 2012 decreased annually, among which the food production, soil formation and protection, and carbon fixation had the fastest loss rates; (2) the reconstructed ecosystem service values in 2012 ranged from 201 to 23634 yuan/hm2, whereas most regions were dominated by low and middle values; (3) the areas of low, middle, and high levels of security sources were 174.73 km2, 208.69 km2 and 222.20 km2, respectively. The ecological security patterns of different levels satisfy the multiple construction needs and provide fundamental assurance for the normal function of the ecological service for the future construction of the Liangjiang New Area, which would benefit the sustainable development of the area in the long term.
WU Jiansheng , YUE Xinxin , QIN Wei . The establishment of ecological security patterns based on the redistribution of ecosystem service value: A case study in the Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2017 , 36(3) : 429 -440 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201703003
Fig. 1 Location of the Liangjiang New Area图1 两江新区区位 |
Tab. 1 Key ecosystem service indicators and their quantification in the Liangjiang New Area表1 两江新区生态系统服务关键表征指标及其量化方式 |
| 生态系统服务类型 | 关键指标 | 指标量化 |
|---|---|---|
| 气体调节 | 综合碳储量 | 参考IPCC相关参数,利用InVEST模型计算地表生物、地下生物、土壤及腐殖质四大碳库的综合碳储量(参考专家意见,对固碳能力更高500 m以上林地区域的碳库参数进行适当调整) |
| 气候调节 | ||
| 水源涵养 | 饮用水源地 | 参考两江新区125万饮用水源保护区分布图,在ArcGIS中将饮用水源地赋值为1,其他区域赋值为0,等精度制成栅格图 |
| 土壤形成与保护 | 土壤保持力 | 利用RUSLE模型计算(其中降雨侵蚀力R取常数1,其他因子基于土壤数据、DEM以及土地利用数据,参考InVEST模型说明书得到) |
| 废物处理 | 年平均模拟径流 | 采用年平均模拟径流作为衡量指标,基于5 m×5 m数字高程模型(DEM)通过ArcGIS水文分析模块得到 |
| 生物多样性保护 | 生境质量 | 借助InVEST模型,参考模型说明书及专家意见,确定威胁因子与敏感性因子权重值及威胁源对生境的最大影响距离,计算得到生境质量分布图 |
| 食物生产 | 土壤有机质含量 | 利用ArcGIS,将渝北、江北、北碚三区的土壤数据库等精度转换为栅格数据 |
| 原材料 | 森林面积比例 | 提取土地利用数据中“有林地”与“其他林地”赋值为1,其他区域赋值为0,制成等精度栅格图 |
| 娱乐文化 | 旅游文化中心 分级 | 根据两江新区综合游憩分布图,将郊野森林公园、大型城市公园、重要公共服务中心、重要文化活动中心及其他区域按照重要性分别赋值为1、0.7、0.5、0.3、0,通过反距离插值得到全域旅游景点重要性分布图 |
Tab. 2 Ecosystem service value (ESV) coefficients per unit area of different land-use andland-cover change types in Chongqing (yuan/hm2/yr)表2 重庆市各土地利用类型单位面积生态价值系数(元/hm2/年) |
| 土地利用类型 | 林地 | 草地 | 耕地 | — | 水域 | 未利用地 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对应生态系统类型 | 森林 | 草地 | 农田 | 湿地 | 水体 | 荒漠 | |
| 生 态 系 统 服 务 类 型 | 气体调节 | 1791.48 | 409.48 | 255.93 | 921.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 气候调节 | 1382.00 | 460.67 | 455.55 | 8752.64 | 235.45 | 0.00 | |
| 水源涵养 | 1637.92 | 409.48 | 307.11 | 7933.68 | 10431.50 | 15.36 | |
| 土壤形成与保护 | 1996.22 | 998.11 | 747.30 | 875.26 | 5.12 | 10.24 | |
| 废物处理 | 670.52 | 670.52 | 839.43 | 9305.43 | 9305.43 | 5.12 | |
| 生物多样性保护 | 1668.63 | 557.92 | 363.41 | 1279.63 | 1274.51 | 174.03 | |
| 食物生产 | 51.19 | 153.56 | 511.85 | 153.56 | 51.19 | 5.12 | |
| 原材料 | 1330.81 | 25.59 | 51.19 | 35.83 | 5.12 | 0.00 | |
| 娱乐文化 | 655.17 | 20.47 | 5.12 | 2840.77 | 2221.43 | 5.12 |
注:研究区在2009-2012年均无湿地类型。 |
Fig. 2 Ecosystem service values (ESVs) in the Liangjiang New Area from 2009 to 2012图2 2009-2012年两江新区单项生态系统服务价值 |
Fig. 3 Change rate and amount of ecosystem service values (ESVs) from 2009 to 2012 in the Liangjiang New Area图3 2009-2012年两江新区单项生态系统服务价值变化率及变化量 |
Tab. 3 Land-use and land-cover change transfer area in the Liangjiang New Area from 2009 to 2012 (hm2)表3 两江新区2009-2012年土地利用面积转移(hm2) |
| 2012年 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 林地 | 草地 | 耕地 | 水域 | 未利用地 | 建设用地 | 总计 | ||
| 2009年 | 林地 | 30458.49 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.20 | 1668.21 | 32129.90 |
| 草地 | 0.00 | 387.74 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 31.77 | 419.52 | |
| 耕地 | 13.11 | 0.00 | 39310.62 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5404.33 | 44728.06 | |
| 水域 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3924.15 | 0.00 | 15.66 | 3939.81 | |
| 未利用地 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 480.03 | 25.35 | 505.39 | |
| 建设用地 | 6.71 | 0.00 | 10.03 | 0.36 | 0.00 | 35436.95 | 35454.06 | |
| 总计 | 30478.31 | 387.74 | 39320.66 | 3924.51 | 483.24 | 42582.28 | 117176.73 | |
注:“林地—耕地”“耕地—水域”“水域—耕地”三种转换类型的转换面积过小(均小于10-4 hm2),因此本文将其忽略不计。 |
Tab. 4 Ecosystem service significance in the Liangjiang New Area表4 两江新区生态系统服务重要度系数 |
| 碳固定 | 水源涵养 | 土壤形成与保护 | 废物处理 | 生物多样性保护 | 食物生产 | 原材料 | 娱乐文化 | 平均 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 变化率(%) 重要度系数 | -2.14 | -1.28 | -2.41 | -1.97 | -1.99 | -3.97 | -1.62 | -1.13 | -2.07 |
| 1.03 | 0.62 | 1.16 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 1.92 | 0.78 | 0.55 | 1.00 |
Fig.4 Spatial reconstruction of ecosystem service values in the Liangjiang New Area图4 两江新区生态系统服务价值空间重构 |
Fig. 5 Ecosystem service value analysis of hot and cold spotsin the Liangjiang New Area图5 两江新区生态系统服务价值冷热点分布 |
Fig. 6 Ecological security pattern of three levels in the Liangjiang New Area图6 两江新区生态安全格局构建结果 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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