Canonical correspondence analysis of hotels' carbon emission efficiency in Wutai Mountain scenic area
Received date: 2017-08-09
Request revised date: 2017-11-20
Online published: 2018-03-15
Copyright
It can provide a reference for the implementation of energy-saving and emission-reducing to measure hotels' carbon emission efficiency. Firstly, the buildings area, rooms and staff number of 28 hotels were taken as the input indicators, and water consumption, power consumption and coal consumption were taken as the output indicators in Wutai Mountain scenic area. Hotels' carbon emission efficiency was calculated by Data Envelopment Analysis. Secondly, the relationship between carbon emission efficiency and key indices was studied by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN). The results showed that: (1) 9 hotels' technical efficiency was fully effective, 15 hotels' pure technical efficiency was effective, and 9 hotels' scale efficiency was effective. (2) TWINSPAN divided all hotels into four groups. Group I had 9 hotels, accounting for 32% of the total number of hotels in this study, whose three efficiency values of carbon emissions were all 1, so they belonged to the full efficiency group. Group II consisted of three hotels, accounting for 11%. They had higher carbon emission efficiency, but there was still some room for improvement. Group III accounted for 32% of the hotels (9 hotels). They had the lowest pure technical efficiency and should focus on the usage and transformation of low-carbon technology. Group IV had seven hotels, accounting for 25% of the hotels. They should take full advantage of utilization efficiency of the existing resources because of their lowest scale efficiency. (3) By CCA, we could see the relationship between different indicators and the ordination axis, and all of the indicators including hotels' construction area, the number of rooms, the number of employees, coal consumption and water consumption were showing an increasing trend from left to right on the first axis, and the number of practitioners and the number of rooms were showing an increasing trend from bottom to top on the second axis. At the same time, from the fourth quadrant to the first and the second quadrants in the CCA figure, the types of hotels' carbon emission efficiency were transited gradually from group I to group II, group IV and group III. In the process of change, hotels' carbon emission efficiency was decreasing with obvious "arch effect". (4) The restriction of key indices to hotels' carbon emission efficiency was showed by CCA, and the limiting factors were distinguished, which pointed out the path to enhance hotels' carbon emission efficiency.
Key words: Wutai mountain scenic area; hotels; carbon emission efficiency
CHENG Zhanhong , XU Jiao . Canonical correspondence analysis of hotels' carbon emission efficiency in Wutai Mountain scenic area[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2018 , 37(3) : 577 -592 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201803010
Tab.1 The data characteristics of hotels' different indices表1 酒店不同指标的数据特征 |
| 指标 | 最大值 | 最小值 | 平均值 | 标准差 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 注册资本(万元) | 2500 | 100 | 1215 | 601.82 |
| 建筑面积(m2) | 42000 | 900 | 11083.79 | 11922.99 |
| 客房数量(间) | 500 | 32 | 111.43 | 92.05 |
| 从业人员数(人) | 260 | 15 | 71.50 | 69.11 |
| 耗煤量(kg/a) | 600000 | 50 | 213928.57 | 184126.11 |
| 耗水量(t/a) | 45000 | 1400 | 14732.93 | 13304.72 |
| 耗电量(kWh/a) | 1905003 | 12228 | 333878.07 | 393660.37 |
Tab.2 The measuring results of hotels' carbon emission efficiency表2 酒店碳排放效率测算结果 |
| 酒店 | 纯技术效率 | 规模效率 | 技术效率 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 纯技术效率值 | 是否有效 | 规模效率值 | 是否有效 | 技术效率值 | 是否有效 | |||
| 五峰宾馆 | 1.00 | 有效 | 0.40 | 无效 | 0.40 | 无效 | ||
| 栖贤阁 | 1.00 | 有效 | 0.86 | 无效 | 0.86 | 无效 | ||
| 友谊宾馆 | 0.83 | 无效 | 0.66 | 无效 | 0.54 | 无效 | ||
| 花卉山庄 | 1.00 | 有效 | 1.00 | 有效 | 1.00 | 有效 | ||
| 银海山庄 | 1.00 | 有效 | 1.00 | 有效 | 1.00 | 有效 | ||
| 锦绣山庄 | 1.00 | 有效 | 0.94 | 无效 | 0.94 | 无效 | ||
| 金都山庄 | 1.00 | 有效 | 0.54 | 无效 | 0.54 | 无效 | ||
| 云龙宾馆 | 0.96 | 无效 | 0.97 | 无效 | 0.92 | 无效 | ||
| 云峰宾馆 | 0.92 | 无效 | 0.74 | 无效 | 0.68 | 无效 | ||
| 圆缘宾馆 | 1.00 | 有效 | 1.00 | 有效 | 1.00 | 有效 | ||
| 龙华宾馆 | 0.45 | 无效 | 0.97 | 无效 | 0.44 | 无效 | ||
| 税苑山庄 | 0.35 | 无效 | 0.99 | 无效 | 0.35 | 无效 | ||
| 银馨宾馆 | 0.38 | 无效 | 0.99 | 无效 | 0.37 | 无效 | ||
| 武警接待中心 | 1.00 | 有效 | 1.00 | 有效 | 1.00 | 有效 | ||
| 灵峰山庄 | 1.00 | 有效 | 1.00 | 有效 | 1.00 | 有效 | ||
| 胜家酒店 | 1.00 | 有效 | 1.00 | 有效 | 1.00 | 有效 | ||
| 凉城山庄 | 1.00 | 有效 | 1.00 | 有效 | 1.00 | 有效 | ||
| 鑫海宾馆 | 0.37 | 无效 | 0.78 | 无效 | 0.29 | 无效 | ||
| 仰佛山庄 | 1.00 | 有效 | 1.00 | 有效 | 1.00 | 有效 | ||
| 金界山庄 | 0.62 | 无效 | 0.99 | 无效 | 0.61 | 无效 | ||
| 龙泉山庄 | 0.49 | 无效 | 0.99 | 无效 | 0.49 | 无效 | ||
| 佛山宾馆 | 0.71 | 无效 | 0.65 | 无效 | 0.46 | 无效 | ||
| 运政宾馆 | 1.00 | 有效 | 0.42 | 无效 | 0.42 | 无效 | ||
| 石油宾馆 | 1.00 | 有效 | 0.77 | 无效 | 0.77 | 无效 | ||
| 银苑山庄 | 1.00 | 有效 | 1.00 | 有效 | 1.00 | 有效 | ||
| 晋卫宾馆 | 0.95 | 无效 | 0.52 | 无效 | 0.49 | 无效 | ||
| 鑫运泽宾馆 | 0.47 | 无效 | 0.99 | 无效 | 0.47 | 无效 | ||
| 民政宾馆 | 0.76 | 无效 | 0.76 | 无效 | 0.58 | 无效 | ||
Tab.3 The statistical description of hotels' carbon emission efficiency表3 酒店碳排放效率的统计描述 |
| 效率类型 | 最大值 | 最小值 | 平均值 | 标准差 | 有效酒店数 | 有效酒店比例(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 技术效率 | 1.00 | 0.29 | 0.70 | 0.26 | 9 | 32 |
| 纯技术效率 | 1.00 | 0.35 | 0.83 | 0.24 | 15 | 54 |
| 规模效率 | 1.00 | 0.40 | 0.85 | 0.19 | 9 | 32 |
Fig. 1 The TWINSPAN classification of 28 hotels图1 28家酒店的TWINSPAN分类 |
Tab.4 The difference of carbon emission efficiency of different hotel types表4 不同酒店类型碳排放效率的差异 |
| 技术效率值 | 纯技术效率值 | 规模效率值 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 第Ⅰ组 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 第Ⅱ组 | 0.91 | 0.99 | 0.92 |
| 第Ⅲ组 | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.90 |
| 第Ⅳ组 | 0.55 | 0.96 | 0.58 |
Fig. 2 The CCA ordination of different types of hotels' carbon emission efficiency图2 不同酒店碳排放效率类型的CCA排序 |
Tab.5 The relationship between the ordination axes of CCA and key indices表5 CCA排序轴与关键性指标之间的关系 |
| 耗煤量 | 耗电量 | 耗水量 | 注册资本 | 建筑面积 | 客房数 | 从业者人数 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 典范系数 | CCA第一轴 | 0.76 | 0.48 | 0.73 | 0.38 | 0.66 | 0.71 | 0.65 |
| CCA第二轴 | -0.04 | -0.11 | -0.15 | -0.28 | 0.27 | 0.39 | 0.34 | |
| 相关系数 | CCA第一轴 | 0.42 | 0.26 | 0.41 | 0.21 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.35 |
| CCA第二轴 | -0.03 | -0.09 | -0.12 | -0.22 | 0.21 | 0.30 | 0.26 |
Fig. 3 The relationship between hotels' technical efficiency and main indicators图3 酒店技术效率与主要指标之间的关系 |
Fig. 4 The relationship between hotels' pure technical efficiency and main indicators图4 酒店纯技术效率与主要指标之间的关系 |
Fig. 5 The relationship between hotels' scale efficiency and main indicators图5 酒店规模效率与主要指标之间的关系 |
Tab.6 The low-carbon service and management awareness of hotel operators (%)表6 酒店从业者的低碳服务和经营意识(%) |
| 非常不同意 | 不同意 | 无所谓 | 同意 | 非常同意 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 不同星级酒店的碳排放是不相同的 | 第Ⅰ组 | 0 | 1.75 | 8.77 | 56.14 | 33.33 |
| 第Ⅱ组 | 4.41 | 11.76 | 30.88 | 41.17 | 11.76 | |
| 第Ⅲ组 | 0 | 7.69 | 33.85 | 47.69 | 10.77 | |
| 第Ⅳ组 | 0 | 0 | 25.89 | 53.57 | 20.54 | |
| 坚持低碳服务有利于酒店可持续经营 | 第Ⅰ组 | 1.75 | 8.77 | 5.26 | 54.39 | 29.82 |
| 第Ⅱ组 | 0 | 4.41 | 11.76 | 50 | 33.82 | |
| 第Ⅲ组 | 0 | 1.54 | 24.62 | 58.46 | 15.38 | |
| 第Ⅳ组 | 0 | 2.68 | 21.61 | 56.96 | 18.75 | |
| 愿意配合酒店低碳措施去提供服务 | 第Ⅰ组 | 0 | 3.51 | 14.04 | 57.89 | 24.56 |
| 第Ⅱ组 | 0 | 7.35 | 17.65 | 58.82 | 16.18 | |
| 第Ⅲ组 | 0 | 6.15 | 36.92 | 33.85 | 23.08 | |
| 第Ⅳ组 | 0 | 2.68 | 23.21 | 60.71 | 13.39 | |
| 愿意向顾客宣传节能减排的重要性 | 第Ⅰ组 | 0 | 5.26 | 21.05 | 56.14 | 17.54 |
| 第Ⅱ组 | 0 | 1.47 | 20.59 | 50 | 27.94 | |
| 第Ⅲ组 | 0 | 10.77 | 43.08 | 35.38 | 10.77 | |
| 第Ⅳ组 | 0 | 2.68 | 22.32 | 59.82 | 15.18 |
Tab. 7 Utilization situation of energy-saving facilities and equipment in hotels表7 酒店节能设施设备的使用情况 |
| 节能设施设备的使用 | 第Ⅰ组 | 第Ⅱ组 | 第Ⅲ组 | 第Ⅳ组 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 制冷设备的 使用情况* | 电风扇 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 冷风机 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| 水空调 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| 电空调 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| 未采用 | 8 | 1 | 6 | 3 | |
| 制暖设备的 使用情况* | 电暖 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 水暖 | 7 | 3 | 6 | 6 | |
| 空调制暖 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | |
| 热水供应设备的使用情况 | 太阳能 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 用电 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | |
| 余热回收 | 7 | 2 | 6 | 5 | |
| 锅炉 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 节水系统的 使用情况 | 雨水收集利用系统 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| 蒸汽系统冷凝水回收 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 中水系统 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| 使用节水器具 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |
| 没采用 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 4 | |
注:*表示该题项属于多项选择。 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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