Different influences of temperature on snow cover and sea ice area in the Northern Hemisphere
Received date: 2018-01-06
Request revised date: 2018-03-05
Online published: 2018-05-20
Copyright
Snow and sea ice are two of the most important sources of water, which play significant roles in regional and global climate change and hydrological cycle. The MK test and lag analysis methods were employed to study the spatio-temporal characteristics of relationship between temperature and snow cover and relationship between temperature and sea ice based on NCEP reanalysis temperature data and NSIDC weekly snow and ice data. The results indicate that during the period of 1979-2013, the annual average temperature over the Northern Hemisphere and the Arctic showed a significant increasing trend, while the area of snow and sea ice showed a decreasing trend. Snow cover frequency decreased with the increase of temperature in most parts of the Northern Hemisphere, but increased with the increase of temperature in the lower Yangtze River Basin and Tibetan Plateau. In much of the near land sea, sea ice cover frequency significantly decreased with the increase of temperature. The variation of sea ice area was mainly attributed to the temperature change, and the highest negative correlation occurred when temperature change was 1-2 months ahead of the change of sea ice area. For snow cover, the temperature change is also the main reason. When the temperature change was 1-4 months ahead of the change of snow cover, the negative correlation index was the highest. Compared with snow, response of sea ice to the change of temperature is 1-2 months later, which was mainly caused by larger density of sea ice than that of snow. In general, the effect of temperature change on sea ice and snow cover has consistency with different response time to temperature and shows a strong spatial variability.
Key words: Northern Hemisphere; snow cover area; sea ice area; temperature
REN Yanqun , LIU Suxia . Different influences of temperature on snow cover and sea ice area in the Northern Hemisphere[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2018 , 37(5) : 870 -882 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201805002
Fig. 1 The long-term change of different paremeters after deseasonalisation and its MK test图1 去季节后的各参数的多年尺度变化及MK检验 |
Fig. 2 The seasonal change of temperature and snow cover area (a), and temperature and sea ice area (b)图2 温度与积雪面积和温度与海冰面积的季节变化 |
Fig. 3 The scatter plots of snow cover area and temperature图3 北半球积雪区温度与积雪面积的散点图 |
Fig. 4 The scatter plots of sea ice area and temperature图4 温度与海冰面积的散点图 |
Fig. 5 The lag correlation of temperature and snow area (a) and sea ice area (b)图5 温度和积雪面积、海冰面积的滞后相关分析 |
Fig. 6 The interannual change of correlation in the study period图6 相关性的年际变化特征 |
Fig. 7 The spatial distribution of correlation coefficient at the 95% confidence level图7 置信度为95%的相关系数的空间分布 从图7可以看出,1979-2013年,仅在中国东部、青藏高原等地以及北美洲南部等极少数地区是随着温度的上升积雪覆盖频率是增加的,且只有中国的华北、内蒙古、长江中下游、青藏高原北部柴达木盆地等局部地区等地通过了95%置信度检验。绝大部分地区温度与积雪覆盖频率是呈负相关关系,其中通过95%置信度检验的区域主要集中在北美洲中部以及北部、欧亚大陆中部以及欧洲的芬兰瑞典等地。 |
Fig. 8 The comparison of different temperature data sets图8 不同温度数据对比 |
Fig. 9 The trends of annual mean temperature in different zones and relationship between temperature and sea ice area图9 不同范围的温度变化趋势和与海冰面积的关系对比 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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