Development pattern of scientific and technological innovation and typical zone in China based on the analysis of scale and efficiency
Received date: 2017-12-25
Request revised date: 2018-03-06
Online published: 2018-05-20
Copyright
The increasing influence of scientific and technological (S&T) innovation on the regional development spatial structure in China promotes the Chinese economy into a new era of endogenous growth driven by innovation. A large capital investment, from central to local, has been provided to enhance the capacity for innovation. Such an investment is important for the regional development within the transitional period. However, the S&T innovation efficiency is recognized as a more crucial factor affecting sustainable development in the long run. From the input-output perspective, this study develops a comprehensive framework for measuring the S&T innovation efficiency of 30 provinces in China. A methodology combining the distributed lag models of Almon and the variable returns to scale model is set up to assess the effective cumulative total investment scale of technological innovation and S&T innovation efficiency in China at the provincial level. Based on this assessment, the spatial variation and evolution of the S&T innovation efficiency are examined. Further, the type of region is identified by synthetically considering its investment scale and the S&T innovation efficiency, followed by several policy suggestions. The results are obtained as follows: (1) a large innovational investment gap, which is larger than the economic gap among regions, exists between coastal and inland areas; (2) the total S&T innovation efficiency of China is comparatively low, but the rising trend is continuous; (3) the S&T innovation efficiency shows an obvious spatial heterogeneity as high-efficiency provinces are mainly concentrated in wealthier coastal areas such as cities of Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai, as well as provinces of Zhejiang and Guangdong; the S&T innovation efficiency experiences a gradual decline from east to west within China; (4) a high spatial coupling between the S&T innovation efficiency and the level of economic development is observed as the S&T innovation efficiency decreases with the decline in the economic level; and (5) the 30 provinces can be classified into four types in terms of their investment scale and S&T innovation efficiency: the regions that are leaders, those that need to make a breakthrough, need to be promoted, and need to develop fast. Thus, policy suggestions could be put forward according to the strength and weakness of each type of region.
LIU Hanchu , FAN Jie , ZHOU Kan . Development pattern of scientific and technological innovation and typical zone in China based on the analysis of scale and efficiency[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2018 , 37(5) : 910 -924 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201805005
Tab. 1 Evaluation index of regional scientific and technological (S&T) innovation efficiency表1 区域科技创新效率评价指标 |
| 一级指标 | 二级指标 | |
|---|---|---|
| 投入指标 | 科技经费投入 | 科技活动经费内部支出总额/亿(FUND) |
| 科技人员投入 | 科技活动人员总数/万人(EMPLOYEE) | |
| 产出指标 | 科技产出 | 国外三大检索论文数/篇(PAPER)、国内专利申请受理量/件(PATENT)、技术市场成交额/亿元(MARKET) |
| 经济产出 | 高技术产品增加值/亿元(HITECH)、工业新产品销售收入总额/亿元(NPI)、社会全员劳动生产率/元(LABOR) |
Tab. 2 Lag coefficient of determination and values表2 滞后期的判定系数及取值 |
| PAPER | PATENT | MARKET | HITECH | NPI | LABOR | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PDL(X, 2, 2) | 0.9873 | 0.9701 | 0.9659 | 0.9916 | 0.9895 | 0.9974 |
| PDL(X, 3, 2) | 0.9874 | 0.9841 | 0.9786 | 0.9928 | 0.9950 | 0.9984 |
| PDL(X, 4, 2) | 0.9880 | 0.9943 | 0.9915 | 0.9926 | 0.9956 | 0.9977 |
| PDL(X, 5, 2) | 0.9859 | 0.9972 | 0.9949 | 0.9912 | 0.9933 | 0.9975 |
| 滞后期取值 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
注:PDL(X, m, n)中X表示创新投入;m表示滞后期数;n表示二阶差分。 |
Fig. 1 Cumulative effective S&T innovation investment of each provinces in China in 2013图1 2013年中国各省区科技创新累计有效投入 |
Tab. 3 S&T innovation efficiency of each province of China in 2001, 2007 and 2013表3 2001年、2007年、2013年中国各省份科技创新效率 |
| 2001年各省市科技投入产出 | 2007年各省市科技投入产出 | 2013年各省市科技投入产出 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 综合效率 | 纯技术效率 | 规模效率 | 综合效率 | 纯技术效率 | 规模效率 | 综合效率 | 纯技术效率 | 规模效率 | |||
| 北京 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 天津 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 河北 | 0.553 | 0.571 | 0.968 | 0.498 | 0.502 | 0.993 | 0.748 | 0.817 | 0.916 | ||
| 山西 | 0.476 | 0.487 | 0.979 | 0.399 | 0.399 | 0.999 | 0.458 | 0.582 | 0.787 | ||
| 内蒙古 | 0.790 | 0.826 | 0.957 | 0.539 | 0.576 | 0.935 | 0.419 | 0.648 | 0.647 | ||
| 辽宁 | 0.698 | 0.796 | 0.878 | 0.738 | 0.778 | 0.948 | 0.863 | 0.875 | 0.986 | ||
| 吉林 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.868 | 0.871 | 0.996 | ||
| 黑龙江 | 0.978 | 0.992 | 0.986 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 上海 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 江苏 | 0.646 | 0.824 | 0.784 | 0.845 | 1.000 | 0.845 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 浙江 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 安徽 | 0.858 | 0.869 | 0.987 | 0.694 | 0.700 | 0.991 | 0.924 | 0.940 | 0.983 | ||
| 福建 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.876 | 0.881 | 0.994 | 0.740 | 0.746 | 0.992 | ||
| 江西 | 0.593 | 0.608 | 0.975 | 0.658 | 0.671 | 0.981 | 0.638 | 0.677 | 0.943 | ||
| 山东 | 0.666 | 0.833 | 0.800 | 0.780 | 0.913 | 0.854 | 0.835 | 0.935 | 0.893 | ||
| 河南 | 0.495 | 0.624 | 0.793 | 0.607 | 0.608 | 0.997 | 0.651 | 0.652 | 0.998 | ||
| 湖北 | 0.682 | 0.688 | 0.991 | 0.831 | 0.990 | 0.839 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 湖南 | 0.825 | 0.893 | 0.924 | 0.826 | 0.840 | 0.983 | 0.875 | 0.892 | 0.981 | ||
| 广东 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 广西 | 0.714 | 0.714 | 1.000 | 0.640 | 0.649 | 0.986 | 0.755 | 0.785 | 0.962 | ||
| 海南 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.794 | 1.000 | 0.794 | 0.688 | 1.000 | 0.688 | ||
| 重庆 | 0.751 | 1.000 | 0.751 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 四川 | 0.416 | 0.423 | 0.983 | 0.538 | 0.575 | 0.936 | 0.742 | 0.840 | 0.883 | ||
| 贵州 | 0.628 | 0.634 | 0.991 | 0.567 | 0.620 | 0.915 | 0.692 | 0.816 | 0.850 | ||
| 云南 | 0.736 | 1.000 | 0.736 | 0.524 | 0.552 | 0.949 | 0.560 | 0.584 | 0.959 | ||
| 陕西 | 0.615 | 0.620 | 0.991 | 0.730 | 0.758 | 0.963 | 0.937 | 0.941 | 0.996 | ||
| 甘肃 | 0.765 | 0.826 | 0.926 | 0.853 | 0.906 | 0.942 | 0.835 | 0.970 | 0.861 | ||
| 青海 | 0.239 | 0.263 | 0.910 | 0.558 | 1.000 | 0.558 | 0.544 | 1.000 | 0.544 | ||
| 宁夏 | 0.398 | 0.411 | 0.968 | 0.358 | 0.600 | 0.598 | 0.518 | 1.000 | 0.518 | ||
| 新疆 | 0.553 | 0.627 | 0.881 | 0.494 | 0.589 | 0.839 | 0.412 | 0.556 | 0.741 | ||
| 全国平均 | 0.736 | 0.784 | 0.939 | 0.745 | 0.804 | 0.928 | 0.790 | 0.871 | 0.904 | ||
Fig. 2 Comprehensive efficiency of S&T innovation of each province of China in 2001, 2007 and 2013图2 2001年、2007年、2013年中国各省区科技创新综合效率 |
Fig. 3 Comparison of S&T innovation efficiency in different regions of China图3 中国“四大板块”科技创新效率比较 |
Tab. 4 Comparison of S&T innovation efficiency in areas of China with different developing levels表4 中国不同经济发展水平地区创新效率比较 |
| 2001年各省市科技投入产出 | 2007年各省市科技投入产出 | 2013年各省市科技投入产出 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 综合效率 | 纯技术效率 | 规模效率 | 综合效率 | 纯技术效率 | 规模效率 | 综合效率 | 纯技术效率 | 规模效率 | |||
| 发达地区 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.974 | 1.000 | 0.974 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 较发达地区 | 0.798 | 0.889 | 0.890 | 0.746 | 0.783 | 0.953 | 0.818 | 0.868 | 0.931 | ||
| 一般发展区 | 0.761 | 0.816 | 0.935 | 0.733 | 0.787 | 0.933 | 0.772 | 0.921 | 0.838 | ||
| 欠发达地区 | 0.597 | 0.644 | 0.936 | 0.642 | 0.729 | 0.892 | 0.696 | 0.762 | 0.914 | ||
Fig. 4 Typical areas based on input and efficiency of S&T innovation in China图4 中国科技创新投入—效率类型区划分 |
Tab. 5 Evaluation matrix of S&T innovation development pattern in China表5 中国科技创新发展格局评价矩阵 |
| 综合效率 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 高效率 | 中效率 | 低效率 | ||
| 投入规模 | 高投入 | 北京、天津、上海、江苏、浙江、广东 | 山东 | |
| 中投入 | 重庆、陕西、湖北、安徽、黑龙江 | 辽宁、吉林、河北、 湖南、福建、四川 | 山西、河南、江西 | |
| 低投入 | 广西、甘肃 | 云南、新疆、青海、宁夏、内蒙古、海南、贵州 | ||
Fig. 5 Different types of areas of S&T innovation in China图5 中国科技创新发展类型区 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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