Tourism entrepreneurial migrants' micro-motivations in Chinese natural scenery sightseeing places: A case study of Tangkou town in Huangshan city
Received date: 2017-11-06
Request revised date: 2018-02-05
Online published: 2018-05-20
Copyright
The group of tourism entrepreneurial migrants (TEMs) is an important part of tourism-led migrants, which has specific features. This subgroup plays a critical role in solving the problems of shortage of tourism talents, insufficient tourism supply, the instability of tourism-dependent economies and so on. It is predictable that, with the continuous evolution of the relationship between tourism and migration, this form of migrants is becoming more and more important. However, it has been relatively neglected in mainstream tourism and migration research. The existing foreign studies are mainly involved in three aspects: behavioral theoretical researches, motivational theoretical researches and social impacts researches. Among these, the driving force of TEMs' relocation is the focus of most studies. Research findings on this topic are relatively fruitful. However, most of current studies committed so much to the empirical exploration of different cases that they rarely produce more general conclusions, which are applicable to common phenomena. Thus, Taking Tangkou Town in Huangshan city as a case, this paper explores the structure and intensity of the driving force that leads to the relocation of TEMs in China. Based on that, the research applies continuum method to analyze the complexity and gradual variability of TEMs' micro-motivations from a macroscopic prospect. Results show that: (1) Different with foreign life-style entrepreneurial migrants, TEMs in Tangkou are mainly male, less educated and early married. Most of them belong to adult type (35-44), followed by young type (34 or below) and have children. Comparing migrant entrepreneurs with native, we find the differences in gender, age structure and household income structure. Relatively speaking, TEMs' motivation of operating business is more obvious and the current business is the sole work that constitutes the most important source of income of the whole household. (2) Exploratory factor analysis finds that the micro driving force of TEMs' relocation consists of ten factors, which can be summarized into six dimensions: the attraction of tourism destination, positive intrinsic values of tourism, entrepreneurship, instrumental utility, social capital and lifestyle. Compared with previous studies, this finding not only verified the hypotheses of TEMs' motivation, but also extended the theoretical implication. (3) Unlike entrepreneurial migrants in foreign developed regions who focus on "searching for a better way of life", the micro driving force of TEMs' relocation to Tangkou is very complex, which is the combination of productive and consumptive motivations. At the same time, it is also gradually changeable because of being influenced by macro socio-economic factors and values about work and life. In conclusion, this paper enriches international empirical research on the driving forces of TEMs and tries to draw a theoretical analysis framework that is applicable to more general situations.
YANG Zhao , CHENG Hao . Tourism entrepreneurial migrants' micro-motivations in Chinese natural scenery sightseeing places: A case study of Tangkou town in Huangshan city[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2018 , 37(5) : 954 -966 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201805008
Fig. 1 The spatial distribution of tourism labor migrants within Anhui province in Tangkou town in 2009 and 2015图1 2009年与2015年汤口镇省内旅游劳工移民源空间分布 |
Tab. 1 The distribution of tourism labour migrants in Tangkou town in 2009 and 2015表1 2009年、2015年汤口镇旅游劳工移民分布 |
| 年份 | 总人数(人) | 以省/直辖市为来源地 | 以地级市为来源地 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 安徽省内 | 省外 | 黄山市内 | 市外 | |||
| 2009年 | 3427 | 3076(89.76%) | 351(10.24%) | 2180(63.61%) | 1247(36.39%) | |
| 2015年 | 3738 | 3450(92.29%) | 288(7.71%) | 2543(68.03%) | 1195(31.97%) | |
注:资料来源于汤口镇派出所2010年和2016年统计数据。 |
Tab. 2 Comparison of demographic characteristics between migrant and native表2 主客之间的人口学特征比较 |
| 人口学特征 | 本地(%) | 移民(%) | 全体(%) | 人口学特征 | 本地(%) | 移民(%) | 全体(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ***性别 男性 女性 | N=138 55.8 44.2 | N=146 71.9 28.1 | N=284 64.1 35.9 | 培训经历 有 无 | N=134 43.3 56.7 | N=131 48.9 51.1 | N=265 46.0 54.0 |
| *年龄(岁) ≤24 25~34 35~44 45~54 ≥55 均值 | N=137 4.4 25.5 57.7 10.9 1.5 37.39 | N=143 2.8 26.6 46.9 23.1 0.7 38.49 | N=280 3.6 26.1 52.1 17.1 1.1 37.95 | 学历 小学及以下 初中 高中/职高/中专 大学专科 大学本科及以上 | N=135 9.6 54.1 31.9 3.7 0.7 | N=136 11.8 55.9 22.8 6.6 2.9 | N=271 10.7 55.0 27.3 5.2 1.8 |
| 婚否 已婚 未婚 | N=137 89.8 10.2 | N=143 92.3 7.7 | N=280 91.1 8.9 | **家庭主要收入来源 是 否 | N=137 76.6 23.4 | N=131 87.8 12.2 | N=268 82.1 17.9 |
| 子女 没有 1个 ≥2个 | N=138 12.3 59.4 28.3 | N=132 9.8 51.5 38.7 | N=270 11.1 55.6 33.3 | 当前工作 全职工作 主要工作 兼职工作 | N=138 91.3 0.7 8.0 | N=131 90.8 3.1 6.1 | N=269 91.1 1.9 7.1 |
注:*:表示在0.1水平上统计差异具有显著性;**:表示在0.05水平上统计差异具有显著性;***:表示在0.01水平上统计差异具有显著性。“年龄”和“子女数”为填写数据,为便于研究进行了定序转化。 |
Tab. 3 Varimax rotation factor analysis for motivations表3 迁移动机正交旋转因子分析 |
| 动力因子 | 因子 负荷 | 特征根 | 变异 解释率(%) | 因子 信度 | 因子 均值 | 均值 排序 | 因子维度 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 因子1:社区吸引 汤口镇服务功能较好 汤口镇生活较方便 政府优惠政策多 本地商机多 黄山游客多 | 0.7803 0.7266 0.7004 0.6212 0.4363 | 2.87 | 9.26 | 0.780 | 2.790 | 6 | 旅游地吸引 |
| 因子2:自然吸引 风景优美 夏天气候凉爽 空气质量好 | 0.9043 0.8166 0.8160 | 2.51 | 8.11 | 0.863 | 1.959 | 1 | 旅游地吸引 |
| 因子3:职业避风港 先前工作单位衰退了 别的地方工作难找 需要一份工作 原来职业收入太低 | 0.8552 0.6930 0.6855 0.6034 | 2.39 | 7.71 | 0.751 | 3.512 | 10 | 积极特性 |
| 因子4:收入 做旅游生意赚钱快 提高收入 | 0.7810 0.6283 | 2.04 | 6.59 | 0.596 | 2.556 | 4 | 经济收益 |
| 因子5:亲友 本地亲友多 亲友的积极建议 | 0.8473 0.7186 | 1.96 | 6.33 | 0.711 | 2.859 | 7 | 社会资本 |
| 因子6:生意优势 给家人提供就业机会 做旅游生意挑战性强 好的投资方向 | 0.8202 0.7118 0.4964 | 1.82 | 5.87 | 0.657 | 2.658 | 5 | 积极特性 |
| 因子7:个性价值 偶然因素 想离开原来居住地 追求自己的生活方式 与所学专业专业吻合 | 0.7227 0.5957 0.5618 0.4516 | 1.76 | 5.69 | 0.564 | 2.900 | 8 | 生活方式 |
| 因子8:生意追求 积累生意经验 发挥自己经商才能 | 0.8288 0.7258 | 1.75 | 5.63 | 0.650 | 2.085 | 2 | 企业家愿望 |
| 因子9:做老板 工作时间相对自由 想自己做老板 当老板名声好 与人交往机会多 | 0.7685 0.5812 0.5276 0.4536 | 1.69 | 5.45 | 0.579 | 2.449 | 3 | 企业家愿望+积极特性 |
| 因子10:门槛低 旅游生意风险小 旅游生意起步较容易 | 0.8009 0.7439 | 1.68 | 5.42 | 0.631 | 3.314 | 9 | 积极特性 |
Tab. 4 Comparison of dimensions of tourism labor migrants' driving forces in different typical cases表4 国内外典型案例地旅游劳工转移驱动力维度比较 |
| 公因子 | 理论假设与驱动力维度 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 匈牙利 | 英国Somerset和Conventry | 中国九华山 | 中国九寨沟 | |
| 1 | 获利手段1 | 获利手段1 | 企业家愿望 + 获利手段 | 职业特性1 |
| 2 | 积极特性1 | 职业避难所1 | 获利手段+积极特性 | 旅游地吸引1 + 职业特性2 |
| 3 | 企业家愿望1 | 企业家愿望 + 获利手段 | 积极特性1 | 职业收益1 |
| 4 | 职业避难所1 | 获利手段2 | 职业避难所1 | 社会资本 |
| 5 | 企业家愿望2 | 积极特性 | 职业避难所2 | 旅游地吸引2 |
| 6 | 职业避难所2 | 职业避难所2 | 尝试者 | 旅游地吸引3 + 职业特性3 |
| 7 | 积极特性2 | 企业家愿望 | 积极特性2 | 职业收益2 |
| 8 | 获利手段2 | 尝试者 | 职业收益4 | |
| 9 | 尝试者 | 生活方式 | ||
| 总变异解释率(%) | 63.90 | 63.58 | 60.50 | 62.58 |
Fig. 2 The continuum of driving forces of TEMs图2 TEMs入迁驱动力变化连续体 |
Fig. 3 The age distribution of TEMs in Tangkou town图3 汤口镇TEMs年龄分布 |
Fig. 4 Average factor scores of different age groups图4 不同年龄组因子平均得分 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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