Urban-rural development and occupation of cultivated land in China: Trends, geography, and drivers
Received date: 2018-03-08
Request revised date: 2018-05-15
Online published: 2018-08-20
Copyright
This paper, using the national land survey and the annual land use change survey, depicts the spatio-temporal patterns of urban-rural construction land expansion and its occupation of cultivated land. It also explores the mechanisms through which the cultivated land was occupied. Results showed that construction land in both urban and rural areas expanded over the period 1996-2006 despite a large number of rural-urban migrants - the major contributor to the rapid urbanization in China. This dual expansion could mainly be attributed to the tendency of these migrants to keep or even enlarge their rural construction land, which also resulted in a severer cultivated land loss than that caused by the expansion of urban construction land. In other words, urbanization in current China has contributed to more construction land per person, rather that the opposite as in many other countries. Within the urban construction land, it was mainly the industrial and mining land used for the development of Economic Development Zones (EDZs) that expanded at the highest rate and that occupied the most cultivated land. By contrast, construction land for cities and towns had a relatively slow growth rate and more diverse sources. In addition, influencing factors for construction land expansion could be better discerned if only the occupation of cultivated land was taken into account. Among the factors that influenced the spatio-temporal patterns of the occupation of cultivated land, it was the inter-regional difference in the stage of development that stood out. Infrastructure development was the leading force that drove construction land expansion in inland regions, while its positive effect on regional economic development and population agglomeration remained limited, leading to inefficient utilization of urban and rural construction land. The establishment of EDZs was conducive to efficient utilization of construction land through facilitating a concentrated spatial model of development in inland regions. By contrast, it has to a great extent become a new form of enclosure movement and led to wasteful usage of urban land resources in coastal regions. It is suggested that the problem of occupying construction land in both rural and urban areas by migrants should be prioritized, the utility of the market should be maximized, and the regional differences should be considered when policies targeted at intensive land use and cultivated land protection are to be formualted.
LIU Tao , SHI Qiujie , WANG Yu , YANG Yu . Urban-rural development and occupation of cultivated land in China: Trends, geography, and drivers[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2018 , 37(8) : 1609 -1623 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201808011
Tab. 1 China's SIM land use pattern and its change, 1996-2006表1 1996-2006年中国城乡建设用地结构及其变化 |
| 面积(千hm2) | 变化 | 结构(%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | 2006 | 面积(千hm2) | 百分比(%) | 1996 | 2006 | 变化 | |||
| 城乡建设用地 | 21875 | 24183 | 2309 | 10.6 | 100.0 | 100.0 | |||
| 城镇建设用地 | 5418 | 7623 | 2205 | 40.7 | 24.8 | 31.5 | 6.8 | ||
| 城市用地 | 1386 | 1999 | 612 | 44.2 | 6.3 | 8.3 | 1.9 | ||
| 建制镇用地 | 1263 | 1817 | 554 | 43.9 | 5.8 | 7.5 | 1.7 | ||
| 独立工矿用地 | 2769 | 3807 | 1038 | 37.5 | 12.7 | 15.7 | 3.1 | ||
| 农村居民点用地 | 16457 | 16561 | 104 | 0.6 | 75.2 | 68.5 | -6.8 | ||
资料来源:第一次全国土地利用调查,2006年全国土地利用变更调查。 |
Fig. 1 Annual change of SIM in China, 1996-2006图1 1996-2006年中国城乡建设用地的增长趋势 |
Fig. 2 Numbers of additional EDZs in China, 1996-2006图2 1996-2006年中国历年开发区数量增量 |
Fig. 3 SIM and its change in provinces of China, 1996-2006图3 1996-2006年中国各省城乡建设用地的规模及增长 |
Fig. 4 Spatial pattern of SIM land growth rate in China, 1996-2006图4 1996-2006年中国城乡建设用地增速的空间差异 |
Tab. 2 OCL by SIM land expansion, 1997-2004表2 1997-2004年中国城乡建设用地占用耕地情况 |
| 城乡建设用地增长(千hm2) | 其中:占用耕地 | 城乡建设用地增量中占用耕地的比例(%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 面积(千hm2) | 结构(%) | |||
| 城乡建设用地 | 1453.5 | 1011.6 | 100.0 | 69.6 |
| 城镇建设用地 | 1404.7 | 795.1 | 78.6 | 56.6 |
| 城市用地 | 319.1 | 127.7 | 12.6 | 40.0 |
| 建制镇用地 | 343.8 | 143.4 | 14.2 | 41.7 |
| 独立工矿用地 | 741.8 | 524.0 | 51.8 | 70.6 |
| 农村居民点用地 | 48.9 | 216.5 | 21.4 | 443.1 |
Fig. 5 OCL for SIM and its role in SIM expansion and cultivated land loss图5 城乡建设用地占用耕地情况的变化 |
Fig. 6 Changing structure of cultivated land occupied by different kinds of SIM land图6 城乡建设用地占用耕地的结构及其变化 |
Fig. 7 Spatial patterns of OCL by SIM and its share in cultivated land loss图7 城乡建设用地占用耕地及其对耕地流失贡献的空间差异 |
Tab. 3 Definition of independent variables表3 城乡建设占用耕地的解释变量 |
| 指标 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 发展速度和水平 | 经济增长 | GDP增量 | GDP |
| 人口集聚 | 人口增量 | POP | |
| 投资强度 | 固定资产投资额(对数) | INV | |
| 发展水平 | 人均GDP(对数) | PCGDP | |
| 发展模式 | 主导产业 | GDP中第二产业占比变化 | IND |
| GDP中第三产业占比变化 | SER | ||
| 外向经济 | 出口额增量 | EXP | |
| 城乡布局 | 人口城镇化率提高百分点 | URB | |
| 乡村就业与一产就业比值 | RUR | ||
| 政策 | 区域战略 | 是否为三大区域政策覆盖省份 | REG |
| 开发区 | 新增国家级开发区数量 | EDZN | |
| 新增省级开发区数量 | EDZP |
Tab. 4 Estimation results of panel data models表4 面板数据回归估计结果 |
| I全样本 | II沿海省份 | III内陆省份 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| GDP | 26.90 (10.54)** | -11.73 (21.01) | 33.91 (12.53)*** |
| POP | -6.32 (62.01) | 104.44 (101.34) | 25.98 (106.06) |
| INV | 7.13 (1.79)*** | 21.21 (4.91)*** | 1.11 (1.49) |
| PCGDP | -3.98 (2.29)* | -13.50 (4.58)*** | 2.40 (2.31) |
| IND | 10.00 (22.92) | 28.56 (81.94) | 19.92 (16.56) |
| SER | 60.13 (23.13)*** | 113.06 (95.77) | 46.21 (15.94)*** |
| EXP | 0.09 (0.01)*** | 0.10 (0.02)*** | -0.07 (0.04) |
| URB | -0.46 (0.26)* | -0.77 (0.44)* | 0.23 (0.28) |
| RUR | -6.35 (1.19)*** | -6.72 (1.71)*** | -0.08 (2.96) |
| REG | -1.59 (0.77)** | -1.96 (2.50) | -1.84 (0.58)*** |
| EDZN | -0.77 (0.42)* | -0.62 (0.85) | -0.82 (0.36)** |
| EDZP | 0.13 (0.06)** | 0.48 (0.16)*** | 0.00 (0.04) |
| 常数项 | 0.25 (13.46) | -13.42 (29.44) | -26.80 (13.43)** |
| 观测数 | 217 | 77 | 140 |
| 调整后R2 | 0.542 | 0.552 | 0.466 |
| F | 18.29*** | 11.05*** | 4.96*** |
注:因变量为城乡建设用地占用耕地面积(千hm2);沿海省份包括辽宁、天津、河北、山东、江苏、上海、浙江、福建、广东、海南、广西,其他为内陆省份;括号内为标准误;*、**、***分别表示该系数在0.1、0.05和0.01的水平上显著。 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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