On the social space evolution of Shanghai: In dual dimensions of the Hukou and the occupation
Received date: 2018-07-17
Request revised date: 2018-09-20
Online published: 2018-11-20
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In the study of urban socio-spatial evolution, the residents committee could be taken as the basic unit of analysis because it has a relatively similar socio-economic status. It might be more accurate to assess the residential differentiation and segregation degree and reduce the underestimation effect using the data of residential committees. Based on the Shanghai population geographic information database and census data obtained from 2000 and 2010 with statistical units of the residents committee, the present study used the local differentiation index and spatial analysis methods to describe the characteristics of urban residential differentiation and social space evolution in Shanghai under the background of globalization and marketization in dual dimensions of the Hukou and the occupation. The results demonstrated that in Shanghai, the residential differentiation characteristics were apparent and the "core-periphery" socio-spatial structure formed before 1949 was largely unchanged. Consequently, inner city of Shanghai experienced rapid gentrification and white-collar gathering during the last two censuses. The residential space of the elite class was closer to the city center, and the residential space of ordinary white-collar social classes were further marginalized with urban expansion. This confirmed other scholars' opinions on the marginalization of white-collar workers and the differentiation of the middle class based on case studies. The inter-provincial immigrant residential areas shifted from the edge of the central urban area to the area outside the central city, and further to the outer suburbs. Transnational and native elites dominated the space production - the reproduction of social relations, which brought about long-term stability of urban social space in Shanghai. At macro-scale, the residential differentiation in the occupation dimension was more obvious than that of the Hukou dimension. At micro-scale, the urban residential segregation index climbed quickly, while the residential differentiation in the Hukou dimension truly existed, which was independent of the occupation difference. The disadvantaged group gathered in the marginal social space and social inequality might be more severe in the future. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the social equality governance in the urban space and further analysis should be made on the social space characteristics, space power relations, and space logic of Chinese large cities.
Key words: residential differentiation; social space structure; evolution; Shanghai
WANG Chunlan , YANG Shangguang , HE Jun , LIU Luxue . On the social space evolution of Shanghai: In dual dimensions of the Hukou and the occupation[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2018 , 37(11) : 2236 -2248 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201811009
Fig. 1 Spatial differences of inter-provincial immigrant local differentiation index of Shanghai between 2000 and 2010图1 2000年、2010年上海市跨省移民局部分异指数的空间差异 |
Fig. 2 Spatial variations curve of the inter-provincial immigrant percentage in Shanghai's resident population图2 上海市跨省移民占常住人口比例的空间变化 注:图中的数值为各城市环带内的跨省移民占同一环带内常住人口的比例。 |
Fig. 3 The spatial differences of local differentiation index of cross-border immigrants of Shanghai communities in 2010图3 2010年上海市社区跨境移民局部分异指数的空间差异 |
Fig. 4 Spatial difference of average occupational index of Shanghai communities in 2000-2010图4 2000年、2010年上海市社区平均职业指数的空间差异 |
Fig. 5 Distribution and change of population of different occupations in different city locations of Shanghai in 2000-2010图5 2000-2010年上海市不同职业地位人群在各城市区位分布及其变化 注:图中的数值为各城市环带内的管理人员、专业技术人员、办事人员分别在全市管理人员、专业技术人员、办事人员总数中所占的比例。 |
Fig. 6 During the period 2000-2010, the proportion of managerial, professional and administrative support in Shanghai图6 2000-2010年上海市各居村委管理人员、专业技术人员和办事人员占比变化 |
Fig. 7 The distribution and change of Shanghai permanent residents and inter-provincial immigrants with different occupations in the circle areas in 2000-2010图7 2000-2010年上海市户籍居民、跨省移民各类职业从业人员在环带区域的分布及变化 |
Fig. 8 The occupational structure of inter-provincial immigrants in Shanghai community图8 2010年上海市各社区跨省移民的职业构成状况 注:图中横轴为2010年上海市跨省移民在社区常住人口中的占比,全市居村委按照跨省移民占比由大到小依次排列,图中仅列出了跨省移民占比超过80%的居村委。 |
Fig. 9 The structure of inter-provincial immigrants and house hold residents in Shanghai community production and transportation equipment operators图9 2010年上海市各社区生产运输设备操作人员中跨省移民与户籍居民的构成 注:图中横轴数据为2010年上海市生产运输设备操作人员在社区各类职业从业人员中的占比,全市居村委按照这类职业从业人员占比由大到小依次排列。 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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