Spatial differentiation and its influencing factors of settlements evolution in mountainous counties: A case study of Songxian county in western Henan province
Received date: 2018-06-15
Request revised date: 2018-09-05
Online published: 2018-12-20
Copyright
Combining GIS spatial analysis, topographic relief degree, terrain niche index and other methods, this paper analyzes the spatial differentiation of settlements evolution in Songxian, based on the settlement patches data of the county in 1975, 1995 and 2015. We then examine their influencing factors as well as their changes by using factor analysis, geographic detector and multiple regression analysis method. The results showed that: (1) The number of settlements decreased nearly a quarter while their scale increased more than 1.2 times over the past 40 years, however, the number during 1975-1995 reduced more than that from 1995 to 2015, while the scale expansion was more significant during the period 1995-2015. (2) Restricted by mountain topography, the settlements were mainly distributed along the main roads and rivers like ribbons, as well as distributed along the county seat and township sites forming massive texture, and their evolution followed strong path dependence; The settlements tended to be located on low land, smaller topography, gentle slope and small relief, or more settlements concentrated in the hilly region, flat and slightly undulating topography, and the areas where the slope degree is less than 6° and the terrain niche index less than 0.4. In addition, the south slope directivity of settlements' location and the south slope, southeast slope and southwest slope directivity of settlement scale's spatial distribution was gradually strengthened. (3) The location of settlements was mainly affected by topography, production conditions and the radiation effects of roads, town centers, township sites as well as proximity to industrial and mining enterprises. However, with the passage of time, the effects of topography were weakened while the impact of roads and township centers was gradually strengthened. (4) The spatial distribution of settlements scale was obviously affected by natural, social and economic factors, but the explanation effect of each factor changes over time; Among them, the influence of topography standed at the top, followed by the distance to township sites and county seat in social economic factors, but with the accelerating process of urbanization, the influence of the county center was gradually strengthened, while the influence of township sites and terrains was gradually weakened. Finally, based on the above research, some suggestions were proposed for future development and planning of the mountainous rural settlements.
DUAN Xiaowei , LI Xiaojian . Spatial differentiation and its influencing factors of settlements evolution in mountainous counties: A case study of Songxian county in western Henan province[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2018 , 37(12) : 2459 -2474 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201812008
Fig. 1 Scope of the study area图1 研究区范围 |
Fig. 2 Spatial distribution of location and density of settlements in Songxian during 1975-2015图2 1975-2015年嵩县聚落区位和密度空间分布图 |
Fig. 3 The spatial variation of settlement plaques in Songxian County during 1975-1995 and 1995-2015图3 1975-1995年和1995-2015年嵩县聚落斑块空间变化 |
Fig. 4 Distribution of Kernel density and Getis-OrdGi about settlement scale of Songxian during 1975-2015图4 1975-2015年嵩县聚落规模密度和冷热点分布图 |
Tab. 1 The proportion of Songxian settlement quantity and scale as well as the expanding index of settlement scale under different terrains during 1975-1995表1 1975-2015年不同地形条件下嵩县聚落数量和斑块面积占比及斑块规模扩展指数 |
| 地形因素 | 分级 | 占比(%) | 聚落扩展指数(%) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1975年 | 1995年 | 2015年 | 两阶段 | |||||||||
| 数量 | 面积 | 数量 | 面积 | 数量 | 面积 | 1995-1975年 | 2015-1995年 | |||||
| 高程 | 丘陵 | 26.27 | 53.87 | 28.09 | 59.50 | 28.29 | 61.52 | 3.098 | 3.647 | |||
| 低山 | 65.83 | 43.38 | 66.07 | 39.49 | 66.09 | 37.35 | 0.551 | 0.680 | ||||
| 中山 | 7.91 | 2.75 | 5.84 | 1.01 | 5.62 | 1.13 | -0.087 | 0.074 | ||||
| 地形起伏度 | 平坦起伏 | 2.45 | 9.68 | 2.21 | 10.96 | 2.17 | 11.54 | 5.270 | 2.632 | |||
| 微起伏 | 40.81 | 61.65 | 43.59 | 66.39 | 45.09 | 67.83 | 2.466 | 3.386 | ||||
| 小起伏 | 54.70 | 28.00 | 52.75 | 22.29 | 51.55 | 20.35 | 0.186 | 0.300 | ||||
| 中起伏 | 2.05 | 0.68 | 1.45 | 0.36 | 1.18 | 0.28 | -0.018 | 0.011 | ||||
| 坡度 | 0°~6° | 35.07 | 61.14 | 36.29 | 65.66 | 37.73 | 68.13 | 3.502 | 4.337 | |||
| 6°~15° | 49.45 | 33.46 | 50.63 | 31.22 | 49.72 | 28.94 | 0.660 | 0.713 | ||||
| 15°~25° | 15.04 | 5.28 | 12.79 | 3.07 | 12.42 | 2.90 | -0.023 | 0.091 | ||||
| 25°~35° | 0.45 | 0.13 | 0.29 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.02 | -0.012 | -0.006 | ||||
| 35°~62° | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| 地形位指数 | 0~0.2 | 1.41 | 7.83 | 0.70 | 12.32 | 0.87 | 13.59 | 1.019 | 12.664 | |||
| 0.2~0.4 | 34.88 | 58.83 | 36.52 | 59.76 | 38.54 | 60.76 | 3.878 | 3.000 | ||||
| 0.4~0.6 | 45.73 | 27.72 | 48.59 | 25.08 | 47.20 | 23.21 | 0.593 | 0.683 | ||||
| 0.6~0.8 | 17.53 | 5.52 | 13.87 | 2.81 | 13.17 | 2.41 | -0.053 | 0.051 | ||||
| 0.8~1 | 0.45 | 0.10 | 0.32 | 0.025 | 0.22 | 0.035 | -0.008 | 0.005 | ||||
| 1~1.21 | 0 | — | 0 | — | 0 | — | 0 | 0 | ||||
Fig. 5 The distribution differences and changes of settlements in various affected zone of different terrains, roads, rivers, county towns and township centers图5 不同地形、道路、河流、县城和乡镇中心影响范围内聚落分布差异及变化 |
Fig. 6 The distribution differences and changes of settlement scale in various affected zone of different terrains, roads, rivers, county towns and township centers图6 不同地形、道路、河流、县城和乡镇中心影响范围内聚落规模分布及其变化 |
Tab. 2 The main factors influencing settlement location in three periods of 1975, 1995 and 2015表2 1975年、1995年和2015年三个时期聚落区位选址主要影响因子 |
| 年份 | 因子 | 相关性较高的变量 | 表征 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1975年 | 1 | 地形起伏(X2)、坡度(X3)和地形位(X4) | 地形的影响作用 |
| 2 | 道路可达性(X6)和乡镇中心可达性(X9) | 道路和乡镇中心的辐射作用 | |
| 3 | 劳动力(X13)和耕地面积(X14) | 生产条件 | |
| 4 | 县城中心可达性(X8) | 县城的辐射作用 | |
| 1995年 | 1 | 县城可达性(X8)、工矿企业可达性(X10) | 县城中心和工矿企业的辐射作用 |
| 2 | 坡度(X3)和地形位(X4) | 地形的影响作用 | |
| 3 | 道路可达性(X6)和乡镇中心可达性(X9) | 道路和乡镇中心的辐射作用 | |
| 4 | 劳动力(X13)和耕地面积(X14) | 生产条件 | |
| 2015年 | 1 | 道路可达性(X6)、乡镇中心可达性(X9)和工矿企业可达性(X10) | 道路、乡镇中心和工矿企业的辐射作用 |
| 2 | 地形起伏(X2)、坡度(X3)和地形位(X4) | 地形的影响作用 | |
| 3 | 劳动力(X13)和耕地面积(X14) | 生产条件 | |
| 4 | 县城中心可达性(X8) | 县城的辐射作用 |
Tab. 3 The analytical results of factors influencing spatial distribution of Songxian settlement scale in three periods based on geographical detectors表3 三个时期嵩县聚落规模空间分布影响因子地理探测器分析结果 |
| 指标 | 1975年 | 1995年 | 2015年 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| q statistic | p value | q statistic | p value | q statistic | p value | |||
| X1 | 0.1071 | 0.000 | 0.0761 | 0.000 | 0.0349 | 0.000 | ||
| X2 | 0.1357 | 0.000 | 0.1272 | 0.000 | 0.0460 | 0.000 | ||
| X3 | 0.0833 | 0.000 | 0.0592 | 0.000 | 0.0257 | 0.000 | ||
| X4 | 0.1637 | 0.000 | 0.1308 | 0.000 | 0.1393 | 0.000 | ||
| X5 | 0.0101 | 0.000 | 0.0190 | 0.000 | 0.0066 | 0.0196 | ||
| X6 | 0.0531 | 0.000 | 0.0263 | 0.000 | 0.0212 | 0.0034 | ||
| X7 | 0.0137 | 0.000 | 0.0144 | 0.000 | 0.0103 | 0.0173 | ||
| X8 | 0.1126 | 0.000 | 0.1012 | 0.000 | 0.1433 | 0.000 | ||
| X9 | 0.0980 | 0.000 | 0.0637 | 0.000 | 0.0469 | 0.000 | ||
| X10 | 0.0355 | 0.000 | 0.0446 | 0.000 | 0.0329 | 0.000 | ||
| X11 | 0.8106 | 0.000 | 0.9519 | 0.000 | 0.7284 | 0.000 | ||
| X12 | 0.8002 | 0.000 | 0.9395 | 0.000 | 0.7244 | 0.000 | ||
| X13 | 0.7307 | 0.000 | 0.9282 | 0.000 | 0.2954 | 0.000 | ||
| X14 | 0.4855 | 0.000 | 0.3936 | 0.000 | 0.2573 | 0.000 | ||
| X15 | 0.3463 | 0.000 | 0.2537 | 0.000 | - | - | ||
| X16 | 0.6967 | 0.000 | 0.6395 | 0.000 | - | - | ||
| X17 | 0.1080 | 0.000 | 0.1781 | 0.000 | - | - | ||
| X18 | - | - | 0.4416 | 0.000 | 0.2429 | 0.000 | ||
| X19 | - | - | 0.4833 | 0.000 | 0.2722 | 0.000 | ||
| X20 | - | - | 0.4532 | 0.000 | 0.2398 | 0.000 | ||
| X21 | - | - | 0.5273 | 0.000 | 0.2692 | 0.000 | ||
Tab. 4 The results of the multivariate regression analysis of influencing factors of settlement scale in three periods表4 三个时期聚落规模影响因素多元回归分析结果 |
| 年份 | 变量 | 系数 | t | Sig. | VIF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 非标准化系数 | 标准化系数 | |||||
| 1975年 | (常量) | 59830.72 | 28.903 | 0.000*** | ||
| X2 | -77.602 | -0.11 | -5.454 | 0.000*** | 2.032 | |
| X4 | -62745.609 | -0.261 | -11.896 | 0.000*** | 2.422 | |
| X5 | -2.55 | -0.007 | -0.465 | 0.642 | 1.032 | |
| X6 | -0.002 | 0 | -0.008 | 0.993 | 1.526 | |
| X7 | -0.313 | -0.004 | -0.243 | 0.808 | 1.049 | |
| X8 | -90.582 | -0.038 | -2.304 | 0.021** | 1.378 | |
| X9 | -477.239 | -0.067 | -3.744 | 0.000*** | 1.62 | |
| X10 | -0.005 | -0.001 | -0.081 | 0.935 | 1.315 | |
| 1995年 | (常量) | 133356.809 | 22.096 | 0.000*** | ||
| X2 | -227.895 | -0.12 | -5.469 | 0.000*** | 1.871 | |
| X4 | -140045.388 | -0.209 | -8.766 | 0.000*** | 2.221 | |
| X5 | -10.483 | -0.011 | -0.646 | 0.519 | 1.04 | |
| X6 | 0.31 | 0.008 | 0.42 | 0.674 | 1.477 | |
| X7 | 1.319 | 0.023 | 1.363 | 0.173 | 1.073 | |
| X8 | -389.179 | -0.063 | -3.036 | 0.002*** | 1.663 | |
| X9 | -1088.241 | -0.058 | -2.832 | 0.005*** | 1.653 | |
| X10 | 0.037 | 0.003 | 0.138 | 0.89 | 1.816 | |
| 2015年 | (常量) | 221556.591 | 14.302 | 0.000*** | ||
| X2 | -303.476 | -0.064 | -2.771 | 0.006*** | 1.825 | |
| X4 | -243319.58 | -0.151 | -5.903 | 0.000*** | 2.228 | |
| X5 | -29.317 | -0.012 | -0.695 | 0.487 | 1.035 | |
| X6 | 0.279 | 0.003 | 0.129 | 0.897 | 1.518 | |
| X7 | 2.17 | 0.017 | 0.912 | 0.362 | 1.129 | |
| X8 | -691.442 | -0.046 | -2.434 | 0.015** | 1.233 | |
| X9 | -1060.192 | -0.023 | -1.045 | 0.296 | 1.699 | |
| X10 | -1.756 | -0.027 | -1.222 | 0.222 | 1.635 | |
注:*、**、***分别表示在10%、5%、1%水平上显著。 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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