Areal types and their development paths in rural China
Received date: 2018-09-14
Request revised date: 2019-02-02
Online published: 2019-03-20
Copyright
Rural revitalization strategy is the general starting point for China's agriculture, rural areas and farmers in the new era. Because of the significant differences in rural areas in China, it is necessary to promote rural revitalization strategy according to local conditions, regional guidance and classification. Based on the theory of regional system of human-land relationship, this study constructs a comprehensive index system and measurement model to measure the level of rural development from the perspectives of resource endowments, geographical environment, humanistic elements and economic level, divides the areal types in rural China, and suggests the regional development ways. The results show that the level of rural comprehensive development in China varies significantly from east to west and that level in the eastern region is generally higher than that in the central and western regions. China's rural areal types can be divided into 11 first-class zones and 45 second-class zones, and there are distinct regional differences among different types. Geographical environment is the decisive factor for the differentiation of rural areal types, and resource endowment or resource type is the key factor for rural regional differentiation, and human and economic factors play an important role in the transformation and development of rural areal system. The connotation of rural areal differentiation lies in the difference of development level and industrial structure. The difference of rural development level is the comprehensive reflection of the interaction of many factors such as resource endowment, function orientation, location condition, national or regional policy, and historical background. From the perspective of human-land relationship, this study analyzes the characteristics, problems and development strategies in different types of rural areas so as to provide theoretical basis and decision-making guidance for the smooth promotion of the rural revitalization strategy in the new period.
ZHOU Yang , GUO Yuanzhi , LIU Yansui . Areal types and their development paths in rural China[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019 , 38(3) : 467 -481 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020180981
Tab. 1 Comprehensive evaluation index system for the level of rural development表1 乡村综合发展水平评价指标体系 |
| 准则层 | 指标层(变量) | 指标说明(单位) | 权重 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 环境 | 海拔(S1) | 地区平均高程(m) | 0.1277 |
| 坡度(S2) | 坡度大于15°面积/地区总面积(%) | 0.1281 | |
| 地表破碎度(S3) | 不同栅格高程的标准差 | 0.0915 | |
| 净初级生产力NPP(S4) | 利用光能利用率模型GLO_PEM计算获取(gC/m2) | 0.0398 | |
| 资源 | 人均耕地面积(R1) | 耕地总面积/农村户籍人口(亩/人) | 0.1263 |
| 年降雨量(R2) | 地区多年平均降雨量(ml) | 0.0322 | |
| 人文 | 农村人口老龄化(H1) | 农村65岁及以上人口/农村常住总人口(%) | 0.0172 |
| 农村人口外流率(H2) | 农村常住总人口/农村户籍总人口 | 0.0110 | |
| 受教育程度(H3) | 地区人口平均受教育年限(年) | 0.0039 | |
| 城镇化率(H4) | 城镇常住人口/地区常住总人口(%) | 0.0169 | |
| 城乡居民收入差异(H5) | 农民人均可支配收入/城镇居民人均支配收入 | 0.0140 | |
| 道路交通密度(H6) | 道路总长度/地区总面积(km/km2) | 0.1034 | |
| 农业机械化水平(H7) | 农业机械总动力/耕地面积(万kW/km2) | 0.0628 | |
| 经济 | 人均GDP(E1) | 地区生产总值/总人口数(元/人) | 0.0561 |
| 地方财力状况(E2) | 地方一般公共预算收入/总人口数(元/人) | 0.0964 | |
| 人均消费水平(E3) | 地区社会消费品零售总额/总人口数(元) | 0.0498 | |
| 农业发展优势度(E4) | 2010—2015年第一产业增速/GDP增速 | 0.0004 | |
| 农民收入水平(E5) | 农村居民人均可支配收入(元) | 0.0225 |
Fig.1 Classification of regional types for rural development图1 乡村地域类型二级分区命名方法 |
Fig. 2 The distribution of rural comprehensive development level in China图2 中国乡村综合发展水平空间分布 注:此图根据国家测绘地理信息局标准地图(审图号:GS(2016)1569号)绘制而成,底图无修改。 |
Tab. 2 The basic features of different rural development zonings表2 乡村地域类型一级区基本特征 |
| 乡村发展一级分区 | 区县数量 占比(%) | 综合发展水平 | 环境 子系统 | 资源 子系统 | 人文 子系统 | 经济 子系统 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ新疆区 | 3.11 | 0.43 | 0.63 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.11 |
| Ⅱ青藏高原区 | 6.59 | 0.16 | 0.24 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.07 |
| Ⅲ内蒙古高原区 | 4.05 | 0.53 | 0.75 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.20 |
| Ⅳ东北区 | 9.09 | 0.62 | 0.90 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.13 |
| Ⅴ黄土高原区 | 10.12 | 0.45 | 0.70 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.08 |
| Ⅵ黄淮海平原区 | 19.99 | 0.62 | 0.92 | 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.13 |
| Ⅶ东南沿海区 | 8.88 | 0.66 | 0.84 | 0.15 | 0.31 | 0.24 |
| Ⅷ长江中下游区 | 13.27 | 0.58 | 0.85 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.11 |
| Ⅸ华南区 | 6.42 | 0.63 | 0.89 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.13 |
| Ⅹ四川盆地区 | 8.66 | 0.49 | 0.72 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.11 |
| Ⅺ云贵高原区 | 9.82 | 0.39 | 0.60 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.07 |
| 全国 | 100 | 0.53 | 0.77 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.12 |
注:各分区数值特征统计不考虑缺失值,综合发展水平与各子系统值均为标准化值,故综合发展水平不等于各子系统之和。 |
Tab. 3 The first-class and the second-class zones of the rural areas in China表3 中国乡村地域类型一级区和二级区 |
| 一级区 | 二级区 | 一级区 | 二级区 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 新疆区(I) | 北疆自然资源制约型中等水平区(Ⅰ1) | 黄淮海平原区(Ⅵ) | 山东半岛综合主导型较高水平区(Ⅵ2) |
| 天山综合制约型较低水平区(Ⅰ2) | 燕山太行山地理环境制约型中等水平区(Ⅵ3) | ||
| 南疆自然条件制约型中等水平区(Ⅰ3) | 豫西地理环境制约型中等水平区(Ⅵ4) | ||
| 昆仑山麓综合制约型低水平区(Ⅰ4) | 黄淮海平原地理环境主导型较高水平区(Ⅵ5) | ||
| 青藏高原区(Ⅱ) | 青藏高原腹地综合制约型低水平区(Ⅱ1) | 东南沿海区(Ⅶ) | 长三角综合主导型高水平区(Ⅶ1) |
| 西藏南部自然条件制约型低水平区(Ⅱ2) | 浙闽丘陵地理环境制约型中等水平区(Ⅶ2) | ||
| 柴达木盆地自然条件制约型较低水平(Ⅱ3) | 东南沿海综合主导型较高水平区(Ⅶ3) | ||
| 青海东部综合制约型较低水平区(Ⅱ4) | 长江中下游区(Ⅷ) | 两湖平原自然条件主导型较高水平区(Ⅷ1) | |
| 川西高原综合制约型低水平区(Ⅱ5) | 大别山自然条件主导型较高水平区(Ⅷ2) | ||
| 内蒙古高原区(Ⅲ) | 内蒙古西部经济主导型较高水平区(Ⅲ1) | 鄱阳湖平原自然条件主导型较高水平区(Ⅷ3) | |
| 河西走廊自然条件制约型较低水平区(Ⅲ2) | 南岭自然资源制约型中等水平区(Ⅷ4) | ||
| 内蒙古中部人文环境制约型中等水平区(Ⅲ3) | 华南区(Ⅸ) | 珠三角综合主导型高水平区(Ⅸ1) | |
| 锡林郭勒高原经济主导型较高水平区(Ⅲ4) | 珠三角外围自然条件主导型较高水平区(Ⅸ2) | ||
| 东北区(Ⅳ) | 大兴安岭西侧资源主导型较高水平区(Ⅳ1) | 广西盆地自然条件主导型较高水平区(Ⅸ3) | |
| 三江平原自然条件主导型高水平区(Ⅳ2) | 海南自然条件主导型较高水平区(Ⅸ4) | ||
| 辽河平原地理环境主导型较高水平区(Ⅳ3) | 四川盆地区(Ⅹ) | 四川盆地综合主导型较高水平区(Ⅹ1) | |
| 长白山地理环境主导型较高水平区(Ⅳ4) | 陕南地理环境制约型较低水平区(Ⅹ2) | ||
| 松嫩平原地理环境主导型较高水平区(Ⅳ5) | 环四川盆地地理环境制约型较低水平区(Ⅹ3) | ||
| 黄土高原区(Ⅴ) | 陇南地理综合型较低水平区(Ⅴ1) | 云贵高原区(Ⅺ) | 滇桂黔地理环境制约型低水平区(Ⅺ1) |
| 黄河河谷综合制约型较低水平区(Ⅴ2) | 云南南部综合制约型较低水平区(Ⅺ2) | ||
| 黄土高原地理环境制约型中等水平区(Ⅴ3) | 贵州北部地理环境制约型中等水平区(Ⅺ3) | ||
| 关中平原自然资源制约型中等水平区(Ⅴ4) | 川滇综合制约型较低水平区(Ⅺ4) | ||
| 黄淮海平原区(Ⅵ) | 京津冀综合主导型较高水平区(Ⅵ1) |
Fig. 3 Regionalization of the types of rural development in China图3 中国乡村地域类型分区 注:此图根据国家测绘地理信息局标准地图(审图号:GS(2016)1569号)绘制而成,底图无修改。 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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