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GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH >

2019 , Vol. 38 >Issue 3: 482 - 495

DOI: https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj020170647

Types and approaches of rural revitalization

Spatial differentiation and type identification of rural territorial multi-functions in Liaoning Province

  • XU Kai ,
  • FANG Yangang
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  • School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China

Received date: 2017-07-06

  Request revised date: 2019-01-25

  Online published: 2019-03-20

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《地理研究》编辑部
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Abstract

In the new era, China is promoting integrated urban and rural areas. Rural territory is in the process of transformation, development and reconstruction. The features of rural territorial function diversification and multi-functionality have become more and more obvious. This paper takes Liaoning province, which is one of the national grain producing bases and old industrial bases in China, as the research area. It constructs an evaluation index system of rural territorial multifunctions from the following four aspects: agricultural production function, non-agricultural production function, dwelling and living function, and ecological service function. Jenks and Global Spatial Autocorrelation are used to explore the spatial pattern and spatial correlation of rural territorial functions. The Spearman's rho is used to analyze the interactions among rural territorial functions. This paper identifies the dominant function types of different counties in Liaoning province, and puts forward policy recommendations for their future development. The results of the study are reflected in the following three aspects: (1) The spatial distribution of rural territorial functions has obvious spatial heterogeneity and spatial agglomeration characteristics in Liaoning province. The highest and higher values of agricultural production function concentrate in the Liaohe River Plain. Non-agricultural production function decreases from the core urban areas, the highest, and higher values areas to the outside. The highest, higher, and middle values of dwelling and living function concentrate in municipal districts. The highest and higher values of ecological service function are observed in the mountainous areas. (2) According to the correlation among rural territorial functions and the actual interaction among functions, the types of interaction among functions have been clearly identified, which can provide guidance for the regulation of functions. (3) Based on the status and interactions of different functions, eight types of rural territorial functions have been identified. According to the types, preliminary proposals are put forward for the future development of rural areas in Liaoning province, which would provide references for the promotion of the rural transformation and the balanced urban and rural development.

Key words： rural territorial multi-functions; functional interactions; type identification; development countermeasures; Liaoning Province

Cite this article

XU Kai , FANG Yangang . Spatial differentiation and type identification of rural territorial multi-functions in Liaoning Province[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019 , 38(3) : 482 -495 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020170647

1 引言

乡村是介于城市之间,由多层次的集镇、村庄及其所管辖的区域组合而成的空间系统[1]。城市与乡村相互依存、相辅相成,共同构成完整的城乡互动关系系统。相比城市,乡村往往处于从属地位,但乡村也有其自身的独特性,是一个具有生产、生活、生态等多元功能的地域空间类型。从功能角度探讨农业部门、乡村景观和乡村空间为社会提供多元物品和服务的多功能性（multi-functionality）研究[2,3,4],已经成为西方描述乡村地区差异特征,解释乡村变化和发展过程,支持或驳斥政府政策和行动的一个核心理论工具。国外学者对乡村景观功能空间特征[5,6]、乡村类型[7,8]、政策对乡村景观功能的影响[9,10]以及乡村景观功能的交互作用[11]等进行了大量研究。最新的发展是运用演化理论、情景分析等方法从功能的视角,分析探索乡村发展路径的复杂性与不确定性[12]。但西方主流研究核心关注的是处于后工业社会、逆城市化阶段的农业政策与乡村复兴问题[13,14]。
伴随着中国经济的持续发展,城市经济不断对乡村地域进行渗透,乡村地域处于转型发展与重构进程中[15,16,17,18],其功能多元化和多功能化特征日趋显著[19,20]。近几年,中国的多功能乡村研究也快速发展并取得很多成果。理论研究方面,国内学者在乡村地域多功能的内涵及其政策启示[21]、乡村发展的多元目标与发展路径[22]等方面逐步深入。实证研究方面,强调功能区划[23,24,25],如刘彦随等综合人地关系地域系统思想,提出多功能乡村理论,深入研究了中国地域多功能性及其多元化发展定位[23]。同时,注重对乡村地域功能演化[26,27]及影响因素[28,29]的研究,发现乡村地域功能演化分异显著,经济社会发展及政策导向是主要驱动因素[29]。本研究在分析乡村地域功能空间分异的基础上,借鉴景观生态学中景观功能交互作用[11,30,31]的研究,定量分析乡村地域功能间的交互作用,结合功能间的互动实际明确功能间的交互作用类型是属于冲突、协同还是兼容[11,30],综合识别出乡村地域功能类型,并提出乡村地域差异化发展的政策建议,以期促进乡村转型与城乡统筹。
辽宁省作为国家粮食基地和老工业基地,同时具有城市化水平高与乡村非农经济不发达的特征。十八大以来,伴随国家加快推进粮食生产功能区建设和老工业基地振兴,以及辽宁沿海经济带开发开放、沈阳经济区新型工业化等深入实施[32],辽宁省的区域经济发展面临新的机遇与挑战,未来实现区域协调与城乡统筹是辽宁经济发展的关键环节。因此,探究辽宁省乡村地域功能多元化及其交互作用的经验规律和特征,具有重要实践价值。

2 研究方法与数据来源

2.1 基本思路

乡村地域功能是特定社会经济发展阶段的产物,是乡村地域根据其自身的属性及其与城市的互动,所获得的在城乡关系中得以稳定存在的功能。改革开放后,中国由计划经济体制向市场经济体制转型,之前受压制的生产力得以解放,乡村的农业生产和非农生产功能得到迅速恢复和增强。20世纪90年代中期以后,随着全球化、城镇化和工业化的快速发展,人流、物流、资金流、信息流等向城镇汇聚,受此极化效应影响,乡村地域的发展处于弱势地位。新农村建设战略实施以来,乡村复兴的政策动力明显增强,同时在城市消费需求外溢、产业扩散和资本过剩的综合作用下,乡村的旅游功能与生态服务功能日益凸显,非农生产功能再度增强。国家和社会迫切期待乡村地域提供除了粮食等农副产品之外的更多产品和服务。
乡村地域的功能互动机理存在动态性和阶段性。在传统农业社会,乡村地域的农业生产、非农业生产、居住生活和生态保障功能存在低水平的协调。在经济发达的西方国家,乡村地域的各种功能呈现出很大的分离或专业化特征,如以居住生活功能为主的乡村绅士化地域、以生态保障功能为主的边缘化地域、以单一作物或动物生产为主的农业区等[33,34,35];同时某种功能的多元价值日益显性化,如农业生产功能的环境价值、生态价值、社会文化传承价值等[36]。在转型国家和地区,乡村地域的各种功能存在较复杂的互动机理,比如非农业生产功能的发展可能破坏生态环境[37],农业生产功能的定位可能限制非农产业的壮大,居住生活功能可能仍依附于农业生产,这取决具体乡村地域的发展阶段和状态。因此,本文以辽宁省78个区县[38]为基本研究单元,基于提高经济效率、维护社会公平、保护生态环境、实现资源的可持续利用的价值取向和目标定位[39],从农业生产、非农生产、居住生活、生态保障4个方面（表1,见第485页）进行乡村地域多功能评价。
Tab. 1 Evaluation index system of rural territorial multi-functions

表1 乡村地域多功能评价指标体系

决策层 目标层 指标层 正逆 权重 指标解释与计算方法 指标来源
乡村地域多功
能评价		 农业生产功能 人均耕地面积(hm2/人) + 0.034 耕地面积/农业户籍人口 洪惠坤等[25]
粮食单产(t/hm2) + 0.023 粮食总产量/粮食作物播种面积 谭雪兰等[42]
土地垦殖率(%) + 0.039 耕地面积/区县行政区域面积 洪惠坤等[25]
人均粮食产量(t/人) + 0.063 粮食总产量/农业户籍人口 谭雪兰等[42]
人均蔬菜产量(t/人) + 0.080 蔬菜产量/农业户籍人口
人均油料产量(t/人) + 0.277 油料产量/农业户籍人口
人均林牧渔产值(元/人) + 0.483 林牧渔总产值/农业户籍人口
非农生产功能 乡村从业人员非农就业比例(%) + 0.086 乡村从业人员就业非农化程度 李裕瑞等[43]
第二、第三产业产值占GDP比例(%) + 0.047 （二三产业产值之和×A×100）/（GDP×A）
人均第二、第三产业产值(元/人) + 0.379 （二三产业产值之和×A）/乡村地域常住人口
财政收入占GDP比例(%) + 0.168 （财政收入×A×100）/（GDP×A）
人均固定资产投资(元/人) + 0.321 （固定资产投资×A）/乡村地域常住人口
居住生活功能 地区人口密度(人/km2) + 0.248 乡村地域常住人口/乡村地域面积
公路交通密度(km/km2) + 0.263 公路里程/区县行政区域面积 唐林楠等[24]
万人拥有卫生机构床位数(床) + 0.160 卫生机构床位数/区县常住人口 刘彦随等[23]
农村居民人均纯收入(元) + 0.221 农村居民实际收入水平 刘彦随等[23]
农村居民人均生活消费支出(元) + 0.108 农村居民实际生活消费水平
生态保障功能 森林覆盖率(%) + 0.583 森林面积/区县行政区域面积 刘彦随等[23]
地均化肥使用量(kg/hm2) - 0.125 化肥施用强度 王明等[44]
地均农药使用量(kg/hm2) - 0.053 农药施用强度 王明等[44]
地均地膜使用量(kg/hm2) - 0.060 地膜使用水平
NDVI均值 + 0.180 2015年12个月NDVI最大值的均值

注：“+”表示正向指标,“-”表示逆向指标。二三产业产值、GDP、财政收入、固定资产投资是整个区县行政区的指标,因此需要从指标数据中拆解出乡村地域指标数据。夜间灯光数据可以准确地反映当地经济发展水平[45],中国作为发展中国家夜间灯光数据很少存在取值上限问题[46],故采用2013年的稳定灯光数据提取乡村地域指标数据,通过用乡村地域范围内每个像元的灰度值（DN值）之和除以区县行政区范围内每个像元的灰度值之和获得比值A,然后用A与相应的指标数据相乘即可获取乡村地域指标数据。灯光数据来源为https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/eog/dmsp/downloadV4composites.html。

2.2 数据来源

辽宁省区县、乡镇街道行政区划基于辽宁省现代测绘基准体系,通过截取图片矢量化后形成行政区边界（http://www.lnditu.gov.cn/TypicalApplications/SurveyingDatum/）。核心市区是中国城镇发展已然形成的城市主体区域,首先去除部分基本不拥有农业的22个核心市区①(① 沈阳市和平区、沈河区、大东区、皇姑区、铁西区,大连市中山区、西岗区、沙河口区,鞍山市铁东区、铁西区、立山区,抚顺市新抚区、东洲区、望花区,丹东市元宝区、振兴区,锦州市古塔区、凌河区,营口市站前区、西市区,辽阳市白塔区、宏伟区。)。其次,对其余县域进行调整,去除城镇核心区,进而提取乡村地域。县城行政区划为镇的,根据乡镇街道行政区划和《中国县域统计年鉴2016（乡镇卷）》中的城镇建成区面积及其常住人口,结合Google Maps卫星影像目视解译去除城镇建成区及其常住人口;区、县、县级市核心区为街道的,根据乡镇街道行政区划去除核心区的街道,通过政府网站或电话咨询区县统计局和街道办获取街道常住人口数据,街道常住人口缺失数据由《中国2010年人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料》补充,最后也去除街道常住人口数据;乡村地域面积=区县行政区域面积-县城建成区面积或区、县、县级市的核心区街道面积;乡村地域常住人口=区县常住人口-县城建成区常住人口或区、县、县级市的核心区街道常住人口。社会经济数据主要来源于《辽宁统计年鉴2016》,其次为《辽宁统计年鉴2011—2015》《中国县域统计年鉴2011—2016》和各区县统计公报,NDVI数据来源于地理空间数据云网站[40]。

2.3 构建基础

农业生产是乡村地域的主要生产活动之一,是乡村聚落得以存在的原始基础。农业生产功能是指乡村地域农业生产活动的产出能力,是乡村地域重要的基本功能。农业生产具有保证国家粮食安全、保障农民就业与生存、产生生态环境效应等功能。林业、牧业、渔业也是乡村地域农业生产活动的重要组成部分和农民增收的主要途径。考虑到辽宁省作为国家粮食生产基地的功能定位,农林牧结合的区域发展特征,本研究结合前人的研究成果选取7个指标进行核算（表1）。
非农生产功能是指乡村地域除农业生产功能之外的生产能力[27]。考虑农业产值和就业比例下降的一般规律和区域工业化、城镇化处于“进行时”的阶段性特征,笔者希望通过单独测度此功能以辨识乡村发展活力。借鉴相关研究成果,确定乡村地域非农生产功能主要涉及乡村非农就业程度、产业非农化程度、非农产值水平、财政收入支撑能力和固定资产投资状况,选取5个指标进行核算（表1）。
乡村地域传统上是农村居民居住和生活的空间。中国2.47亿（2015年）流动人口的现实说明乡村的居住功能及其实现人口再生产的功能依然非常重要。随着新型城镇化的深入推进,居乡兼业将是一个很重要的乡村发展方向[22]。本文对居住生活功能的衡量,主要考虑与乡村居住生活密切相关的居住的适宜性、交通的便捷性、医疗保障水平,以及农村居民的收入、支出情况,选取5个指标进行核算（表1）。
生态保障功能是指乡村地域生态环境的相对重要性程度和自我调节能力,具有公共物品性质。对于生态保障功能的核算,很多研究根据主要空间载体的价格将生态保障功能货币化,进而体现其价值[23,28,41]。该种方式不仅需要考虑不同空间载体服务供给的量,而且需要考虑相应的价格水平（采用的是一种替代价格[41]）,并未充分考虑生态因素的需求与供给关系,该价格仅能反映生态保障功能的部分价值[9],核算标准的设定受到人为因素影响[28]。辽宁是国家粮食生产基地之一,其生态重要性也比较突出。基于此,选取5个指标进行核算（表1）。

2.4 研究方法

由表1可知,乡村地域功能的计算共涉及多项指标,指标单位存在差异,为消除量纲的影响,运用极值法对指标数据进行标准化处理,采用熵值法计算指标权重和各功能的评价值,通过ArcGIS 10.2进行空间可视化处理。
全局空间自相关。采用全局Moran's I测度各类乡村地域功能在相邻区县间的空间自相关性程度,进而确定其在省域层面上的总体空间特征。计算公式为[47]：
Moran's I = n ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n w ij x i - x ̅ x j - x ̅ ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n w ij ∑ i = 1 n x i - x ̅ 2 （1）
式中： x ̅ = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n x i ; j ≠ i ;n为空间单元数目;xi为乡村地域功能x在i区县的得分;wij为空间权重矩阵。Moran's I接近0,表示该类乡村地域功能得分的空间自相关越弱;Moran's I接近1或-1,表示该类乡村地域功能得分的空间自相关越强或集聚性越强。
功能交互作用。在四类乡村地域功能空间可视化的结果中,在一定程度上可以反映出功能间的交互作用。乡村地域功能间的交互作用是指一种乡村地域功能对其他乡村地域功能的影响,可以分为三类：冲突、协同和兼容[11,30]。冲突是指两种功能间存在竞争关系,一种功能增强另一种功能则相应减弱;协同是指两种功能间可以相互增强;兼容是指两种功能共存时不会减弱或增强彼此的功能[11]。在本研究中,由于数据分布存在不满足正态分布的情况,故采用Spearman等级相关系数[11]定量描述乡村地域功能间的交互作用。

3 结果分析

3.1 乡村地域功能空间格局

结合ArcGIS 10.2将县域尺度乡村地域功能进行空间可视化,运用自然间断点分级法（Jenks）将农业生产、非农生产、居住生活和生态保障四类功能由低到高分别定义为低、较低、中、较高、高5个等级（图1）。从乡村地域功能的全局Moran's I来看,空间自相关强度生态保障功能（0.436）>居住生活功能（0.250）>非农生产功能（0.164）>农业生产功能（0.135）,表明各功能在空间上均存在显著的集聚分布特征。
Fig. 1 Spatial pattern of rural territorial functions

图1 乡村地域功能空间格局

注：图中各单元的区县名详见图2。

农业生产功能的高值区和较高值区主要位于辽宁中部的辽河平原,呈现明显的集中分布态势。此外,辽宁南部沿海也有分布。除长海县②(② 2015年长海县渔业产值占GDP的53.84%,渔业是该县的支柱产业,人均林牧渔产值居辽宁省首位,农业生产功能突出。)外,这两类区县地势低平,水土光热条件相对适宜,耕地资源集中分布,农牧结合较好,形成了辽宁省的农业主产区。中值区位于较高值区外围,大部分集中在辽宁西部和中部。辽宁西部中值区分散分布在有河流谷地和沿海平原的地区。辽宁中部受经济发展的影响,城乡建设用地占用耕地的情况较多,抑制了该区农业生产功能的充分发挥。较低值和低值区范围较广,集中在辽宁东部、西部和南部沿海。辽宁东部受地形条件的影响,存在大面积的自然保护区,也是重要的水源保护地,土地垦殖率低,农业生产功能薄弱。辽宁西部受气候和地形条件影响,生态环境脆弱,水土光热组合条件较差,土地垦殖率较低,耕地产出能力有限,畜牧业、设施农业、特色林果业等发展不足,农业生产功能较低。辽宁南部沿海农业户籍人口较多,土地产出能力有限,土地垦殖率不高,同时受经济发展的影响,农业生产功能较低。
非农生产功能的高值区为营口市老边区,该地区靠近核心市区,属于城市功能拓展区,区位优越,第二、第三产业充分发展,财政支撑能力强,固定资产投资活跃。较高值区主要位于核心市区外围,区位较好,第二、第三产业发展较好,财政支撑能力较强,固定资产投资较为活跃,包括辽阳市弓长岭区,大连市金州区,沈阳市于洪区、浑南区,本溪市平山区,葫芦岛市龙港区。非农生产功能的中值区位于核心市区、高值区和较高值区外围,主要分布在辽宁中部城市群和辽宁南部沿海。较低值区大部分位于辽宁中部,其余位于辽宁西部和东南部,依托主要交通轴线发展。低值分布区面积最大,范围最广,呈现东西两大连片区,主要集中在辽宁西部山地生态脆弱区、西部沿海及西北部农业区和东部长白山地重点生态功能区。总体来看,非农生产功能具有很高的空间集聚性,高值、较高值和中值区主要分布在市辖区,存在从核心市区、高值区和较高值区向外降低的趋势,受地理区位、交通条件、政府政策和地形状况的显著影响。
居住生活功能的高值区有6个,其中包括5个市辖区和1个县（长海县）。若不考虑海岛和大陆间海陆交通的不便性,长海县还是非常适宜居住的。居住生活功能的较高值区和中值区共有25个,其中包括20个市辖区和5个县级市。总体来看,居住生活功能的高值区、较高值区和中值区大部分集中在市辖区范围内,部分集中在县级市,紧邻核心市区,呈现团簇状空间分布格局。市辖区通常距离城市核心区较近,能够分享到更多的发展机会,居住生活功能相对突出。较低值区大部分集中在辽宁中部,其余位于辽宁西部和南部,范围较广,呈现连片分布的格局特征。受农业生产发展和中部城市群非农产业发展外溢影响,辽宁中部连片分布格局特征最为显著。低值区主要集中在辽宁东部长白山地、西北部农业区和西部山地,呈现三大连片分布区,区域特征差异明显。受区位条件、地形状况和产业基础等因素的影响,不同地区所提供的公共基础设施水平不同,吸纳人口聚居的能力存在差异,这也就导致了居住生活功能的空间异质性。
生态保障功能的高值区和较高值区主要集中在辽宁东部长白山地和西部山地。东部长白山地作为辽宁省重要的水源涵养地,拥有大面积的自然保护区,有较高的森林覆盖率和较多的森林公园,风景名胜区面积广大,其生态保障功能非常突出。辽宁西部山地拥有大面积的水土保持型自然保护区,森林覆盖率较高,故生态保障功能突出。长海县风景名胜区、森林公园和自然保护区面积较大,拥有较高的森林覆盖率,属于生物多样性保护区域,生态环境的重要性突出。中值区和较低值区主要分布在辽宁中部和中西部,这些区域受农业生产和经济发展影响较大。低值区面积总体相对较小,除盘锦市盘山县、大洼县和锦州市北镇市外,大部分集中在市辖区,受经济发展影响较大。中部辽河、大辽河下游（盘锦市兴隆台区、大洼县）和大洋河下游、鸭绿江口（丹东市东港市）属于河流入海口,地势低平,森林覆盖率较低,NDVI值也不突出,生态环境脆弱,但河口生态系统也具有较高的生态重要性,应加强保护力度。

3.2 乡村地域功能交互作用

从表2乡村地域功能间的Spearman相关系数计算结果可知,多对乡村地域功能间存在显著相关,相关系数最小为0.266,最大为0.691。农业生产功能与非农生产功能、生态保障功能均为负向显著相关,相关系数依次为0.290、0.266。随着非农产业发展,非农建设用地占用耕地,农户以农为主的生计策略弱化并流向非农产业,造成农业从业人员结构性不足。粮食基地的功能定位和耕地红线的划定,会限制非农产业对耕地的占用,从而限制非农产业的发展。退耕还林还草政策的实施,限制了毁林开荒等活动的进行,促使生态功能提升,但减少了可利用的耕地面积,短期内会限制农业生产。农业生产中化肥、农药、地膜的滥用会产生农业面源污染,不合理的灌溉会造成土壤盐渍化,毁林开荒等破坏性的农业生产活动会造成土壤有机质流失、降低地下水位,引起土地沙化,从而损坏生态环境。因此,这也就形成了农业生产功能与非农生产功能、农业生产功能与生态保障功能的冲突效应。
Tab. 2 The Spearman's rho among the rural territorial functions

表2 乡村地域功能间的Spearman相关

农业生产功能 非农生产功能 居住生活功能 生态保障功能
农业生产功能 相关系数 1.000 -0.290* -0.090 -0.266*
显著性（双侧） - 0.010 0.431 0.018
非农生产功能 相关系数 -0.290* 1.000 0.691** -0.177
显著性（双侧） 0.010 - 0.000 0.121
居住生活功能 相关系数 -0.090 0.691** 1.000 -0.427**
显著性（双侧） 0.431 0.000 - 0.000
生态保障功能 相关系数 -0.266* -0.177 -0.427** 1.000
显著性（双侧） 0.018 0.121 0.000 -

注：*、** 分别表示在0.05、0.01水平显著。

非农生产功能与居住生活功能为正向显著相关,相关系数为0.691,相关系数为正且最大,表明居住生活功能对非农生产功能为正向协同效应,这也从图1中两类功能空间格局特征的相似性上反映出来。这是因为非农生产功能较强的地区易产生人口集聚,非农生产活动也能支撑较大的人口规模,集聚的人口又能产生一定的空间经济效应。居住生活功能与生态保障功能为负向显著相关,相关系数为-0.427。生态保障功能较高的地区多为山区,区位条件较差,产业基础薄弱,公共基础设施不足,农村居民收入来源较为单一,不利于人口的大规模聚居。居住生活功能较高的地区人类活动频繁,土地的非生态用途比例高,生态用地比例低,生态功能薄弱。因此,这也就形成了居住生活功能与生态保障功能的冲突效应。根据乡村地域功能间的相关关系和功能间的互动实际,得出乡村地域功能间的交互作用类型（表3）。
Tab. 3 Types of interactions among rural territorial functions

表3 乡村地域功能间的交互作用类型

乡村地域功能 交互作用类型 乡村地域功能 交互作用类型
农业生产功能-非农生产功能 冲突 非农生产功能-居住生活功能 协同
农业生产功能-居住生活功能 兼容 非农生产功能-生态保障功能 兼容
农业生产功能-生态保障功能 冲突 居住生活功能-生态保障功能 冲突

3.3 乡村地域功能类型识别

根据刘彦随等对优势功能的划分方法（即某类功能的指标评价值大于该类功能均值加0.5倍标准差则为优势功能）[23],结合功能状态和功能间交互作用进行功能类型识别（组合优势功能）。最终将辽宁省78个区县划分为8种乡村地域功能类型（图2）：
Fig. 2 Identification of functional types by county in Liaoning Province

图2 各区县功能类型识别

（1）农业生产型：该类型区县有17个,主要集中在辽宁中部的辽河平原,地势低平,水土光热条件相对适宜,耕地资源集中分布,农牧结合较好,非农产业发展不足,农业生产所带来的人口集聚水平低,居住生活功能不足。该类型区县中,农业生产对维持农户生计意义重大,未来应进一步落实耕地保护制度,大力推广保护性耕作技术,重视农业技术培训,改造中低产田,提升耕地产出能力,确保国家粮食安全;优化种养殖结构,放活土地经营权,促进农业产业化与现代化,深化农牧结合;在有条件的地区,发展特色花卉种植、蔬菜种植等高附加值的劳动密集型现代农业,合理推进农产品深加工,吸纳农村剩余劳动力;加强农田水利设施建设与维护,注意节约用水,合理灌溉,防止土壤盐渍化,减少化肥、农药施用量,大力推广可降解地膜,防治农村面源污染;鼓励与合理引导农民从事农业生产与非农生产相结合的生计策略,完善种粮补贴机制,实现农业增产与农民增收的良性互动。
（2）非农生产型：该类型区县有3个,分别为铁岭市银州区、阜新市新邱区和朝阳市双塔区。铁岭经济开发区位于银州区城市核心区的南部,随着大批现代化工业企业入驻开发区,形成产业配套支撑、互补发展态势,银州区的非农生产功能不断强化,未来应抓住产业发展的机遇,吸引人口聚居,吸纳农民就业,提高居住生活功能。阜新市新邱区非农生产功能相对其他功能突出,随着产业结构的调整,煤炭经济的比例不断降低,煤化工、装备制造、商贸物流等接续产业初步形成,未来应继续深化产业结构调整,推进农业产业现代化,拓展农民增收途径,促进矿区生态修复与土地复垦。双塔区是朝阳市市辖区,乡村地域紧邻朝阳市城市核心区,受城市经济发展“涓滴效应”影响,非农生产功能相对突出,未来应积极承接城市核心区的产业转移,加强农村居民的非农技术培训,培育与壮大绿色优质农产品加工品牌企业,树立品牌效应。
（3）居住生活型：该类型区县有7个,4个市辖区和3个县级市。辽阳市太子河区和文圣区、锦州市太和区、阜新市海州区是城市的重要组成部分,乡村地域受城市核心区居住功能外溢的影响,由于距城市核心区较近便于农村居民居乡兼业,居住生活功能相对突出。铁岭市调兵山市为成熟型资源型城市,营口市大石桥市为再生型资源型城市,鞍山市海城市是东北地区轻工制品批发与零售的集散地,区域开发建设的相对充分,农民从事矿产资源开采、加工、运输等非农就业机会较多。该类型区县未来应进一步强化居住生活功能,根据区域资源禀赋、区位特征和区域发展实际,抓住城市核心区的产业外溢机遇,壮大区域发展的产业基础,积极探索与其他地区的分工与合作,合理布局产业园区,鼓励乡村就业人员居乡兼业,提高乡村地区居住、工作和生活的舒适性与便利性,促进乡村地区职住平衡格局的形成。
（4）生态保障型：该类型区县有20个,主要分布在辽宁东部的长白山地（水源涵养型重点生态功能区[32]）和辽宁西部山地（水土保持型重点生态功能区[32]）,生态保障功能突出。未来应禁止毁林开荒、坡地开垦、过度采伐、过度放牧等不合理的土地利用方式,防治水土流失,做到采育协调,保障生态优势,增强生态服务功能;充分利用本地资源优势,发展生态旅游,开发林下采集、药材培育、生态养殖等原生态绿色产业,打造产供销于一体的山特产品生产基地;在条件适宜的地区,控制开发强度,形成点上开发、面上保护的区域发展空间结构,促进矿区生态修复;加强财政转移支付、扶贫开发和生态补偿力度,建立健全生态环境保护政策与机制,发放生态环境保护的相关补贴,增加农民收入,促进生态环境保护,打造城市安全饮用水基地和生态后花园。
（5）农业生产-非农生产型：该类型区县有盘锦市大洼县和沈阳市沈北新区,分布在中部城市群周边,具有相对优越的区位条件、便利的交通和一定的资源禀赋,便于承接核心市区的产业扩散与布局,形成分工与合作。该类型区县农业生产功能突出,是辽宁农业主产区的重要组成部分,在发展过程中面临非农产业发展与农业生产发展的冲突,主要表现为非农产业发展占用耕地,农业从业人员流向非农产业对农业生产也产生一定冲击。未来非农产业布局应充分利用现有的非农用地,提高非农用地的土地利用率,同时积极实践耕地占补平衡的跨地区调节;加强对优质基本农田的保护,推进农业机械化、规模化发展,以机械替代人力;积极探索农业生产与非农生产的有效融合与衔接,充分利用农业季节性剩余劳动力,兼顾农业生产与非农发展。
（6）非农生产-居住生活型：该类型区县有15个,除大连市瓦房店市外,均为市辖区,主要分布在城市核心区的近郊区,非农生产为居住生活提供了良好的经济基础,而居住生活功能的充分发挥也会产生一定的空间经济效应,体现了两者的协同效应。这些区县拥有优越的区位条件,生产要素集中,便于非农产业的发展与布局,城镇化水平较高,农业生产与生态保障功能较低。该类型区县城乡互动频繁,人地关系紧张,未来应做好城乡建设用地增减挂钩,为非农产业发展创造充足空间,同时提高非农用地利用率;抓住核心市区和全球产业转移的机遇,完善产业布局的政策机制,加强产业配套设施建设,积极吸纳产业转移;推进农业集约化生产,为城镇居民提供易腐蔬菜、瓜果等,通过发展社区支持农业、农超对接等方式,建立稳定的供求关系;发展现代休闲农业,建立一批特色农业园区,满足城镇居民的乡村休闲游憩需求。
（7）非农生产-生态保障型：该类型区县有6个,均为市辖区,位于山地边缘,地形起伏相对较大,生态保障功能较强,区位条件优良,非农产业发展较好。未来在促进非农产业发展的过程中,应严格控制对生态环境的破坏,保障生态安全,协调区域发展与生态保护;建立产业园区促进产业集中布局,提高非农用地利用率,注意引进和培育生态友好型非农产业（如高科技产业、现代服务业等）,努力实现与生态环境相融合;建立健全地质灾害防范与预警机制,加大采煤沉陷区生态恢复的治理力度,加强环境污染防治;立足本地资源优势,充分利用优良的生态环境,发展城市近郊乡村旅游、生态休闲旅游和体验旅游等;鼓励耕地和林地向种植能手、经营能手、农业企业集中,整合农业用地,发展多种形式的农业特色经营,提高农业附加值。
（8）弱综合型：该类型区县有8个,分布在辽宁中部和西部地区。该类型区县四类功能均不突出,综合发展水平低,在资源禀赋、自然地理环境、区位条件上相对处于劣势。其中,辽阳市辽阳县、灯塔市位于中部城市群腹地,地形相对平坦,有一定的经济发展潜力,未来应加强基础设施建设,完善基本公共服务功能,促进招商引资,积极承接中部城市群的产业转移,促进产业结构调整、升级,抓住“互联网+”时代发展机遇,拓展农村居民就业与增收空间;立足资源环境基础,促进平原区优质高效农业发展,加强山区的生态保护,恢复矿区生态。其余区县位于辽西内陆腹地,地形起伏度相对较大,生态环境脆弱,水资源短缺,区位条件较差,未来应加强生态保护夯实区域发展的生态环境基础,积极争取政府扶持,提高基础设施水平,畅达空间联系,治理乡村贫困。

4 结论

（1）从省域层面看,乡村地域功能空间格局的空间差异性和空间集聚特征显著。农业生产功能的高值区和较高值区主要位于辽宁中部的辽河平原,呈现明显的集中分布态势;非农生产功能具有很高的空间集聚性,存在从核心市区、高值区和较高值区向外降低的趋势;居住生活功能的高值区、较高值区和中值区大部分集中在市辖区,部分集中在县级市,紧邻核心市区;生态保障功能的高值区和较高值区主要集中在辽宁东部长白山地和西部山地。
（2）从乡村地域功能间的Spearman相关可知,农业生产功能与非农生产功能、生态保障功能均为负向显著相关,相关系数依次为0.290、0.266;非农生产功能与居住生活功能为正向显著相关,相关系数为0.691;居住生活功能与生态保障功能为负向显著相关,相关系数为-0.427。根据乡村地域功能间的相关关系和功能间的互动实际,明确了各功能间的交互作用类型,从而为功能调控提供指导,以减少功能冲突,促进功能协同,从而实现乡村地区的可持续发展。
（3）基于功能状态和功能间的交互作用进行功能类型识别,将乡村地域划分为8种功能类型：农业生产型、非农生产型、居住生活型、生态保障型、农业生产-非农生产型、非农生产-居住生活型、非农生产-生态保障型、弱综合型,并根据类型提出科学谋划辽宁乡村未来发展的初步建议,为促进乡村转型与城乡统筹提供参考。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[Wang Ziqiao, Shi Cuiping, Jiang Wei, et al.Rural transformation from the perspective of regime shifts of socio-ecological systems in the Loess Plateau: A case study of Hongjia town in Changwu county, China. Geographical Research, 2016, 35(8): 1510-1524.]

[18]
龙花楼. 论土地整治与乡村空间重构. 地理学报, 2013, 68(8): 1019-1028.目前,中国新型工业化、城镇化和农业现代化的推进仍缺乏重要抓手和空间支撑平台,严重影响了城乡一体化发展进程。亟需通过开展农村土地综合整治,重构乡村生产、生活和生态空间,为推进新农村建设和城乡一体化发展搭建新平台。本文在界定了乡村空间重构,即在快速工业化和城镇化进程中,伴随乡村内生发展需求和外源驱动力综合作用下导致的农村地区社会经济结构重新塑造,乡村地域上生产空间、生活空间和生态空间的优化调整乃至根本性变革的过程,及其产业发展集聚、农民居住集中和资源利用集约3个方面内涵的基础上,分析了工业化和城镇化进程对乡村生产、生活和生态空间的影响;探讨了乡村空间重构的土地整治类型及助推机制;结合农用地整治、"空心村"整治和工矿用地整治提出了乡村生产、生活和生态空间重构的模式与途径,以及依托土地整治的以"自下而上"为主、"自上而下"为辅的乡村空间重构战略。作为城乡一体化发展根基的乡村空间其重要性和基础平台作用应受到足够重视,乡村集约高效的生产空间、宜居适度的生活空间和山清水秀的生态空间的优化重构,有赖于区域农村土地整治工程技术、政策机制与模式的创新。

[Long Hualou.Land consolidation and rural spatial restructuring. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(8): 1019-1028.]

[19]
陈培培, 张敏. 从美丽乡村到都市居民消费空间: 行动者网络理论与大世凹村的社会空间重构. 地理研究, 2015, 34(8): 1435-1446.

[Chen Peipei, Zhang Min.From beautiful village to urban residents' consumption space: Actor-network theory and the social space reconstruction of Dashiao village. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(8): 1435-1446.]

[20]
刘玉, 冯健. 城乡结合部农业地域功能实现程度及变化趋势: 以北京为例. 地理研究, 2017, 36(4): 673-683.城乡结合部农业因其所处的独特区位而具有非常显著与多元的地域功能.基于构建城乡结合部农业地域功能评价指标体系,以北京为例测算了城乡结合部农业地域功能的实现程度.结果表明:近十年来,城乡结合部农业地域功能实现程度整体上呈现波动变化趋势,经历了下降—反弹—下降的变化过程.具体分析,受宏观经济、社会、技术等因素影响较显著的农业劳动生产率、收入等指标上升明显,生态建设成效较突出;而农产品生产与供给、满足城镇居民休闲与娱乐消费需求和拉动就业等方面的功能较为薄弱且持续下降,城乡结合部农业融入现代城市产业体系,促进城乡经济交流等方面的功能与现实需求也不相符.

DOI

[Liu Yu, Feng Jian.Analysis on execution and change of regional function of agriculture in rural-urban fringe: A case study of Beijing. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(4): 673-683.]

[21]
刘玉, 刘彦随, 郭丽英. 乡村地域多功能的内涵及其政策启示. 人文地理, 2011, 26(6): 103-106, 132.乡村地域多功能分异及其价值提升已成为地理学研究的重点领域。乡村地域多功能具有空间异质、时间变异等属性,自然资源禀赋、社会经济基础、区域文化环境等因素综合作用推动乡村地域功能的演进。在承载力范围内,乡村地域多功能间沿着"兼容性—拮抗作用—兼容性—协同作用"的路径演进。乡村地域多功能处于动态演化中,功能位"态"与"势"的差异将其演进过程划分为成长、兴盛、稳定和衰退四个阶段。乡村组成要素的分化整合是转型期乡村社会发展与功能演进的根本动力,导致了地域主导功能的变迁。本文通过深入剖析乡村地域多功能的内涵,以期为指导乡村"特质化"发展实践、有效提升乡村地域价值提供理论支撑。

[Liu Yu, Liu Yansui, Guo Liying.Connotations of rural regional multifunction and its policy implications in China. Human Geography, 2011, 21(6): 103-106, 132.]

[22]
房艳刚, 刘继生. 基于多功能理论的中国乡村发展多元化探讨: 超越“现代化”发展范式. 地理学报, 2015, 70(2): 257-270.传统的乡村现代化发展范式和地理学关于乡村的区域差异研究之间存在缝隙,不足以为快速演化分异的乡村地域发展提供直接理论支撑。本文引入西方近20年来逐渐兴起的多功能农业与多功能乡村理论,从新的视角观察思考中国乡村多元化发展的目标、路径及对策。首先从经济、社会和环境三个方面反思中国乡村现代化的基本历程与得失,以及西方国家乡村现代化产生的问题,指出传统的农业农村现代化发展在很大程度是以牺牲乡村环境和乡村社会机理脆弱化为代价的,也造成了乡村经济对外部支持的过度依赖,仅仅强调"现代化"发展范式显然是不够的;然后简要介绍了国外多功能农业与多功能乡村理论;在此基础上,从功能角度提出中国农业农村发展的多元目标,推演探讨农业农村发展的区域差异化路径及对策。

DOI

[Fang Yangang, Liu Jisheng.Diversified agriculture and rural development in China based on multifunction theory: Beyond modernization paradigm. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(2): 257-270.]

[23]
刘彦随, 刘玉, 陈玉福. 中国地域多功能性评价及其决策机制. 地理学报, 2011, 66(10): 1379-1389.Territorial function in various regions has a significant spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability. With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization as well as enhancement of geographic differentiation and diversity of man-earth areal system, territorial functions and regional development orientations has shown an increasingly strong trend towards diversification. Based on the definition of territorial dominant functions at the county level and the building of multi-functionality evaluation index system and index analysis model, this paper evaluates and grades the functions of economic development, food security, social stability, environmental protection and comprehensive function. The results are obtained as follows economy-oriented functional areas are mainly distributed in eastern coastal developed areas and peripheral areas of the metropolitan regions, such as Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Ji region. Grain-oriented functional areas are mainly distributed in the Northeast China Plain, the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Sichuan Basin, central Hubei, eastern Hunan and other regions covered by a large area of plain. The social security function indexes are gradually weakened from coastal to inland areas and from north to south; Eco-conservation areas are concentrated in the Northeast China and southern Qinling Mountain-Huaihe River Line. Then based on the coupling of each dominant function and the evaluation of composite function at the county level, study areas are divided into two types: areas with strong function and areas with weak function. Finally, this paper explores the innovation mechanisms and favorable policies to enhance the dominant function of each county and optimize the allocation of production factors, including the financial transfer payment, ecological compensation, and government performance assessment, which provide a scientific guidance for regional harmony development and sustainable growth of county competitive power.

DOI

[Liu Yansui, Liu Yu, Chen Yufu.Territorial multi-functionality evaluation and decision-making mechanism at county scale in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(10): 1379-1389.]

[24]
唐林楠, 刘玉, 潘瑜春, 等. 基于BP模型和Ward法的北京市平谷区乡村地域功能评价与分区. 地理科学, 2016, 36(10): 1514-1521.构建乡村地域功能评价指标体系,借助BP神经网络模型揭示平谷区"生产-生活-生态"功能分异特征;运用Ward法划分功能区,服务于平谷区乡村转型发展和功能区布局。结果表明:1在多项功能综合作用下,平谷区基本形成了"平原地区生产功能较强、镇中心及周边村域生活功能明显、山地区以生态功能为主"的功能分布格局。2基于评价结果和空间属性,平谷区划分为西部平原生产区、东部山地生态生产区、中部平原城市生活区、中部近郊平原生活区、东部丘陵生态生活区和北部山地生态区。其中,西部平原生产区、中部平原城市生活区、北部山地生态区是平谷三生空间功能发展的优势区域,分布相对集中。按照"强功能重优化、中等功能重提升、弱功能重改善"的原则提升乡村地域功能,促进地区均衡发展。

[Tang Linnan, Liu Yu, Pan Yuchun, et al.Evaluation and zoning of rural regional multifunction based on BP model and Ward method: A case in the Pinggu district of Beijing city. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016, 36(10): 1514-1521.]

[25]
洪惠坤, 谢德体, 郭莉滨, 等. 多功能视角下的山区乡村空间功能分异特征及类型划分. 生态学报, 2017, 37(7): 2415-2427.以西部山区重庆乡村空间为研究对象,构建乡村空间多功能评价指标体系,将乡村空间多功能划分为农业生产功能、经济发展功能、生态保育功能、生态稳定性功能,社会保障居住家园功能五种子功能,采用熵权法定量核算2013年全市乡村空间功能值,运用GIS技术和Dagum基尼系数刻画重庆市不同地区乡村空间功能值地区差异特征,并划分了重庆市乡村空间多功能类型,研究结果表明：（1）山地型乡村地形复杂,景观类型多样,功能也极具多样性,研究区乡村空间除了生态稳定性功能外,其他各功能值具有显著的空间分异特征,有明显的空间集聚性。（2）Dagum基尼系数,是一种有效的技术方法,能够更为深入地刻画研究区乡村空间功能值地区间差异及区内差异特征。基尼系数测算及其分解结果显示,地区间差距是总体差距的主要来源,其贡献率都超过50%。（3）根据乡间空间多功能分布的差异性及山地乡村的特点和山区生态环境的脆弱性,将研究区乡村空间划分为农业生产-经济发展型,农业生产-人居生活型,人居生活-社会保障型,人居生活-经济发展型,水源涵养生态保育型,生态保育-经济发展型,生态保育-农业生产型,土壤保持生态保护型8种功能类型,能较好地体现地域特色,为科学健康的开发利用山地乡村空间土地资源提供有益借鉴,有利于区域协调可持续发展。

DOI

[Hong Huikun, Xie Deti, Guo Libin, et al.Differentiation of spatial function in a mountainous rural area from a multi-functional perspective. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37(7): 2415-2427.]

[26]
唐林楠, 潘瑜春, 刘玉, 等. 北京市乡村地域多功能时空分异研究. 北京大学学报: 自然科学版, 2016, 52(2): 303-312.以北京13个区县为研究对象,通过构建乡村地域多功能评价模型,分析乡村经济发展、农产品生产、社会保障、生态服务及旅游休闲五项功能的时空分异特征,并探讨其未来的功能定位。结果表明,乡村地域各类功能空间分布差异明显:经济发展功能和社会保障功能集中于近郊平原区,农产品生产功能集中于远郊平原区,生态服务与旅游休闲功能集中于远郊山区。受经济发展基础、地理区位、地形条件及相关政策等因素的影响,近郊平原区、远郊平原区和远郊山区三类区域之间以及区域内部的五项功能的发展程度存在明显差异。未来将结合地区资源现状及发展差异,围绕区县乡村地域功能定位合理配置资源,促进各区县乡村功能的全面协调发展。

DOI

[Tang Linnan, Pan Yuchun, Liu Yu, et al.Space-time differentiation of rural territorial multifunction of Beijing. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2016, 52(2): 303-312.]

[27]
洪惠坤, 廖和平, 李涛, 等. 基于熵值法和Dagum基尼系数分解的乡村空间功能时空演变分析. 农业工程学报, 2016, 32(10): 240-248.乡村空间多功能划分和时空演变特征的研究是乡村地域功能研究的重要补充，能够有效引导乡村土地合理健康利用，促进城乡协调可持续发展。该研究以重庆市为例，在识别乡村空间多功能基础上，采用熵值法对乡村空间功能值进行测度，探索乡村空间的格局分异及演进趋势，并运用GIS技术和Dagum基尼系数估计方法，对重庆市不同地区乡村空间功能值的空间非均衡及分布动态进行了实证研究。结果表明:1)乡村生产空间和生态空间的功能强度明显高于乡村生活功能值，重庆市2003-2013年期间，乡村空间各功能值非均衡性不断明显。2)乡村空间功能值空间分布的地区差距总体呈现低-高-低上下波动的不稳定态势，乡村空间总功能值差距越来越小, 地区间差距对总体差距的影响较明显，超变密度对乡村空间功能值空间分布的影响不断增强。3)Dagum 基尼系数不仅能够有效解决地区差距的来源问题，同时能够描述子样本的分布状况，有效解决样本之间的交叉重叠问题。该研究运用Dagum基尼系数，能够更为深入地刻画重庆市不同地区乡村空间功能值地区差异及演化特征，为乡村发展方向确定及路径选择提供科学依据。

DOI

[Hong Huikun, Liao Heping, Li Tao, et al.Analysis of spatio-temporal patterns of rural space function based on entropy value method and Dagum Gini Coefficient. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2016, 32(10): 240-248.]

[28]
李平星, 陈雯, 孙伟. 经济发达地区乡村地域多功能空间分异及影响因素: 以江苏省为例. 地理学报, 2014, 69(6): 797-807.随着经济社会发展和土地利用格局变化,乡村地域功能和发展定位的多元化和空间差异特征日益明显。以经济发达的江苏省为例,采用定量化价值评价方法,研究县域尺度乡村地域生态保育、农业生产、工业发展和社会保障功能的空间差异,识别各县市区主导功能类型,揭示不同类型乡村地域功能的影响因素。结果表明:乡村地域多功能特征明显,工业发展功能占据主导;4类乡村地域功能空间集聚程度均较低,生态保育功能高值区集中于沿湖、沿海或苏南山丘地区,农业生产功能集中于苏北和苏中,工业发展功能以苏南最强,社会保障功能则集中于市辖区及其临近市县;乡村地域功能组合类型多样,共可分为9种;4类乡村地域功能的影响因素存在较大差异,自然地理、空间区位、经济社会发展等因素的影响在强度和影响方向上明显不同。研究可为针对性地定位乡村功能和发展导向、增强县域乡村功能特色和竞争力提供参考依据。

DOI

[Li Pingxing, Chen Wen, Sun Wei.Spatial differentiation and influencing factors of rural territorial multifunctions in developed regions: A case study of Jiangsu province. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(6): 797-807.]

[29]
李平星, 陈诚, 陈江龙. 乡村地域多功能时空格局演变及影响因素研究: 以江苏省为例. 地理科学, 2015, 35(7): 845-851.lt;p>以经济发达的江苏省为例,采用价值评价方法核算1990、1995、2000、2005和2010年乡村地域生态保育、农业生产、工业发展、社会保障功能及其综合价值,分析时间演变与空间分异规律,解析关键影响因素。结果表明:乡村地域综合功能价值呈现快速增长态势,工业发展功能增速最快且始终占主导地位;生态保育功能相对集中于苏北和苏南,农业生产和社会保障功能集中于苏北,工业发展功能则集中于苏南;综合功能重心位于地理中心南偏东方向,呈钟摆式移动态势,各类地域功能重心位置和移动过程存在明显差异;政策导向及经济社会发展是影响综合功能及各类功能时间变化和空间差异的主要原因。</p>

DOI

[Li Pingxing, Chen Cheng, Chen Jianglong.Temporal evolution and spatial differentiation of rural territorial multifunctions and the influencing factors: The case of Jiangsu province. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(7): 845-851.]

[30]
Peng J, Chen X, Liu Y, et al.Spatial identification of multifunctional landscapes and associated influencing factors in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China. Applied Geography, 2016, 74: 170-181.61Five landscape functions and their interactions were quantified.61Multifunctional landscapes were identified through spatial overlaying.61Influencing factors were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression.61County-level development zoning was conducted in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region.

DOI

[31]
Bennett E M, Peterson G D, Gordon L J.Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services. Ecology Letters, 2009, 12(12): 1394-1404.Ecosystem management that attempts to maximize the production of one ecosystem service often results in substantial declines in the provision of other ecosystem services. For this reason, recent studies have called for increased attention to development of a theoretical understanding behind the relationships among ecosystem services. Here, we review the literature on ecosystem services and propose a typology of relationships between ecosystem services based on the role of drivers and the interactions between services. We use this typology to develop three propositions to help drive ecological science towards a better understanding of the relationships among multiple ecosystem services. Research which aims to understand the relationships among multiple ecosystem services and the mechanisms behind these relationships will improve our ability to sustainably manage landscapes to provide multiple ecosystem services.Ecology Letters (2009) 12: 1394鈥1404

DOI PMID

[32]
国家发展和改革委员会. 全国及各地区主体功能区规划: 上. 北京: 人民出版社, 2015.

[National Development and Reform Commission. National and Regional Planning of Major Function Oriented Zoning: I. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 2015.]

[33]
Woods M.Engaging the global countryside: Globalization, hybridity and the reconstitution of rural place. Progress in Human Geography, 2007, 31(4): 485-507.

DOI

[34]
Andrea De Montis, Simone Caschili, Maurizio Mulas, et al.Urban-rural ecological networks for landscape planning. Land Use Policy, 2016, 50: 312-327.The proposed methodology is applied to the case study of the peri-urban and urban areas of the town of Nuoro (Italy). Patches (nodes) have been selected among the ecosystems with target vegetal species Holm oak and cultivated and wild Olive while the connecting corridors (links) enable for seed dispersal.

DOI

[35]
Smith E.The changing scale of American agriculture by John Fraser Hart. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2015, 95(2): 485-487.No abstract is available for this article.

DOI

[36]
Tipraqsa P, Craswell E T, Noble A D, et al.Resource integration for multiple benefits: Multifunctionality of integrated farming systems in Northeast Thailand. Agricultural Systems, 2007, 94(3): 694-703.Resource degradation in rice farming systems in Thailand endangers food security, but the systems may become more sustainable by combining them with aquaculture and livestock farm enterprises by capitalization of their synergies in resource use and re-use, i.e. by adopting integrated farming systems. Most empirical studies that assess this potential have focused on a few specific aspects, but not on the multiple social, economic, and ecological functions of resource integration. This study uses the framework of multifunction agriculture to assess the performance of integrated farming systems in Thailand and compares its performance with that of ormal-rice or non-integrated farming systems. Surveys were conducted in Khon Kaen province of Northeast Thailand using a combination of quantitative and qualitative survey methods. Integrated farming systems were found to outperform the normal or commercial farming systems in all four dimensions of a multifunctional agriculture: food security, environmental functions, economic functions, and social functions. The findings support the notion that diversification and integration of resources on farms is feasible in both economic and ecological terms. The analyses shows that integrated farming does not, however, diminish the need for external inputs. High start-up cost might constrain farmers from switching to integrated farming and from exploiting the benefits of resource integration.

DOI

[37]
刘继来, 刘彦随, 李裕瑞. 中国“三生空间”分类评价与时空格局分析. 地理学报, 2017, 72(7): 1290-1304.本文在探究"生产—生活—生态"三生空间理论内涵的基础上,分析了土地利用功能与土地利用类型的辩证关系,依据土地利用现状分类国家标准,建立了三生空间分类与评价体系,揭示了1990-2010年间中国三生空间的格局及其变化特征。结果表明:(1)生产空间主要分布在胡焕庸线东南侧的主要城市群及粮食主产区,其扩张区域主要分布于东北平原、新疆西北、宁夏、兰州—西宁、四川盆地、环渤海、长三角、厦漳泉、珠三角等地区,缩小区域主要分布在黄土高原、呼伦贝尔大草原、江汉平原、闽南丘陵等地区;(2)生活空间主要集中在全国主要城市及城市群,整体上呈现"东高西低、北高南低;大分散、小集聚"的空间格局,其扩张过程表现为环渤海、长三角、珠三角三大城市群的大规模、区域式扩张和各主要省会城市的小规模、点状式扩张。(3)生态空间主要分布在胡焕庸线西北侧,整体呈现"西高东低,南高北低"的空间格局;(4)工业化、城镇化是中国三生空间变化的基本动力,西北和东北地区的农田开垦、华北平原和三大城市群的城镇化建设、黄土高原的退耕还林等是导致三生空间区域差异的主要原因。本文可以为三生空间的分类规划和优化决策提供参考依据。

DOI

[Liu Jilai, Liu Yansui, Li Yurui.Classification evaluation and spatial-temporal analysis of "production-living-ecological" spaces in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(7): 1290-1304.]

[38]
辽宁省统计局. 辽宁统计年鉴2016. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2016.

[Liaoning Provincial Bureau of Statistics. Liaoning Statistical Yearbook in 2016. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2016.]

[39]
龙花楼, 屠爽爽. 论乡村重构. 地理学报, 2017, 72(4): 563-576.

[Long Hualou, Tu Shuangshuang.Rural restructuring: Theory, approach and research prospect. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(4): 563-576.]

[40]
中国科学院计算机网络信息中心. 地理空间数据云: MODIS中国合成产品. , 2017-06-07.

[Computer Network Information Center, CAS. Geospatial Data Cloud: MODIS China Synthetic Products. , 2017-06-07.]

[41]
谢高地, 鲁春霞, 冷允法, 等. 青藏高原生态资产的价值评估. 自然资源学报, 2003, 18(2): 189-196.论文根据一系列1∶1000000自然资源专题图,把青藏高原生态资产划分为森林、草地、农田、湿地、水面、荒漠6个一级类型,应用GIS技术进行了数据处理与统计分析,编制了青藏高原1∶4000000自然资产图。生态资产价值评估以Costanza等人(1997)对全球生态系统服务价值评估的部分成果为参考,同时综合了对我国专业人士进行的生态问卷调查结果,建立了中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务价值表。以此表为基础,通过生物量等因子的校正,对青藏高原不同生态资产的服务价值进行了估算,结果表明,青藏高原生态系统每年的生态服务价值为9363.9&times;10<sup>8</sup>元/年,占全国生态系统每年服务价值的17.68%,全球的0.61%。在青藏高原生态系统每年提供的生态服务价值中,土壤形成与保护价值最高,占19.3%;其次是废物处理价值,占16.8%;水源涵养价值占16.5%,生物多样性维持的价值占16%。高原不同生态系统类型中,森林生态系统和草地生态系统对青藏高原生态系统总服务价值的贡献最大,贡献率分别为31.3%和48.3%。

DOI

[Xie Gaodi, Lu Chunxia, Leng Yunfa, et al.Ecological assets valuation of the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Natural Resources, 2003, 18(2): 189-196.]

[42]
谭雪兰, 于思远, 陈婉铃, 等. 长株潭地区乡村功能评价及地域分异特征研究. 地理科学, 2017, 37(8): 1203-1210.通过构建乡村功能评价的指标体系及测度模型,以长株潭地区23个县市区为地域单元,对研究区乡村经济发展、粮食生产、社会保障与生态旅游功能的地域分异特征与规律进行研究。结果表明：（1）长株潭城市群的经济发展功能、粮食生产功能、社会保障功能和生态旅游功能指数普遍较低,但各功能之间发展较为均衡;（2）长株潭城市群的乡村功能地域分异特征较为明显,经济功能一级区主要分布在长株潭城市群的核心区,以长沙市6个区及国家级经济技术开发区所在地长沙县为主,粮食生产功能一级区主要分布在芦淞区、浏阳市、湘潭县、宁乡县,社会保障功能呈现出由中心城市向外围地域逐渐减弱的特征,且距离中心城市越远,其功能越弱,生态旅游功能强势区主要分布在茶陵县、芙蓉区、岳麓区、韶山市、炎陵县、宁乡县、浏阳市、雨花区等山区丘陵地带。

[Tan Xuelan, Yu Siyuan, Chen Wanling, et al.Evaluation of rural function and spatial division in Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomerations. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017, 37(8): 1203-1210.]

[43]
李裕瑞, 刘彦随, 龙花楼. 黄淮海地区乡村发展格局与类型. 地理研究, 2011, 30(9): 1637-1647.以黄淮海地区为例,评价分析了该区2000~2008年乡村发展水平及其时空格局,并利用自组织特征映射(SOFM)人工神经网络聚类算法划分了区域乡村发展类型。结果表明:(1)研究时段内全区乡村发展水平明显提升,乡村综合发展指数年均增长7.71%;(2)县域乡村发展格局无明显变化,但乡村综合发展水平的区域差异仍在增大,乡村综合发展指数的变异系数由0.346增加到0.350;(3)县域人均粮食和主要农产品产量与乡村发展水平呈日益强化的显著负相关关系;(4)基于SOFM聚类算法,将黄淮海地区乡村发展类型划分为8大类。本文认为:在城乡转型发展新时期,黄淮海地区乡村发展应立足地域类型特征,突出核心优势、明确限制因子,因地制宜、分区推进;县域人均粮食和主要农产品产量与乡村发展水平关系"倒挂"的现象应引起足够重视,为保障国家粮食安全、促进农区乡村发展,亟需推进宏观层面的制度和政策创新。

DOI

[Li Yurui, Liu Yansui, Long Hualou.Study on the pattern and types of rural development in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. Geographical Research, 2011, 30(9): 1637-1647.]

[44]
王明, 周忠学, 冯海建. 西安都市圈都市农业多功能协调性研究. 干旱区地理, 2015, 38(4): 858-866.都市农业多元功能之间的协调性对都市农业的可持续发展具有重要意义。以西安都市圈为研究区域,构建都市农业生产、经济、社会及生态功能的评价指标体系,采用综合评价法和耦合协调度模型,分析了都市农业多功能协调发展的动态变化以及空间差异。结果表明:西安都市圈都市农业生产、经济、社会功能指数上升,生态功能指数下降,都市农业多种功能之间的强弱关系表现为此消彼长的状态,说明西安都市圈高产、高效农业的发展,一定程度是以牺牲都市农业生态功能为代价;西安都市圈都市农业的发展以充分发挥生产、经济功能为主,社会功能水平滞后,生态功能已成为制约耦合协调度快速提高的瓶颈,2013年的多功能耦合协调度相比2000年仅增加0.1786;都市农业多功能耦合协调指数从西安和咸阳市中心城区向外逐渐增大再减少,表现出中心-外围型的圈层结构,说明城市化高水平区域可以促使郊区都市农业多功能的发挥但不利于本区都市农业多功能的协调发展;西安都市圈各地区的都市农业多功能耦合协调度均低于0.4452,都市农业功能内部要素之间的发展不均衡。

[Wang Ming, Zhou Zhongxue, Feng Haijian.Coordinated development of urban agricultural multi-functionality of Xi'an metropolitan zone. Arid Land Geography, 2015, 38(4): 858-866.]

[45]
Henderson J V, Storeygard A, Weil D N.Measuring economic growth from outer space. American Economic Review, 2012, 102(2): 994-1028.We develop a statistical framework to use satellite data on night lights to augment official income growth measures. For countries with poor national income accounts, the optimal estimate of growth is a composite with roughly equal weights on conventionally measured growth and growth predicted from lights. Our estimates differ from official data by up to three percentage points annually. Using lights, empirical analyses of growth need no longer use countries as the unit of analysis; we can measure growth for sub- and supranational regions. We show, for example, that coastal areas in sub-Saharan Africa are growing slower than the hinterland.

DOI PMID

[46]
徐康宁, 陈丰龙, 刘修岩. 中国经济增长的真实性: 基于全球夜间灯光数据的检验. 经济研究, 2015, (9): 17-29.

[Xu Kangning, Chen Fenglong, Liu Xiuyan.The truth of China economic growth: Evidence from global night-time light data. Economic Research Journal, 2015, (9): 17-29.]

[47]
杨强, 李丽, 王运动, 等. 1935-2010年中国人口分布空间格局及其演变特征. 地理研究, 2016, 35(8): 1547-1560.在自然地理和社会经济等因素影响作用下,中国东西部人口分布与社会经济长期处于不平衡的发展态势.采用人口分布结构指数、基尼系数、重心迁移、空间自相关等方法,以中国1935-2010年6期人口普查县级统计数据为数据源,实现人口密度分界线的空间刻画和中国人口分布的时空分析.结果表明:受社会历史、自然环境和经济条件的影响,中国人口空间分布的时空演变特征差异相对明显;尽管人口分布的均衡性发展态势不断增强,但总体空间格局并未发生明显的改变;胡焕庸线至今仍能很好地概括中国人口东南地狭人稠、西北地广人稀的空间格局,但该线西侧的甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古等人口密度超过50人/km2的区域面积呈现增长的趋势,且持续向西北扩张.

DOI

[Yang Qiang, Li Li, Wang Yundong, et al.Spatial distribution pattern of population and characteristics of its evolution in China during 1935-2010. Geographical Research, 2016, 35(8): 1547-1560.]

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