An ECPS framework based assessment on wetland restoration of the Huangshui National Wetland Park in Qinghai province, China
Received date: 2018-01-16
Request revised date: 2018-05-06
Online published: 2019-04-20
Copyright
The effect assessment for wetland restoration is crucial for wetland management and sustainable utilization. Applying the Huangshui National Wetland Park in the city of Xining, China as a case study, this paper describes how degraded wetland was restored in the perspective of wetland ecological characters, ecological processes and ecosystem services (ECPS). A total of 10 indicators were selected for restoration effect assessment. Vegetation sampling plots investigation, questionnaire survey method and field monitoring were used to collect assessment data. In spatial and temporal scales, we investigated how wetland vegetation, ecological processes and ecosystem services varied in response to restoration project as well as some physical indices. The research results showed that wetland restoration had a score of 41 with a level of Preferably: (1) The abundance of wetland plants increased from 31 types to 42 types with an average increase of 35.5% in plant coverage. The average biomasses of three types of monitored plants (Phragmites communis, Typha minima, and Potamogeton pectinatus) increased by 30.9%. (2) TSIp and FCIp in restoration area increased by 37.2% and 26.3%, respectively, indicating a certain of improvement in matter exchanges and recycles of wetland ecosystem. (3) As for the wetland ecosystem service indices, habitat, soil fertility, water purification, atmosphere adjustment and tourism increased by 92.3%, 50.9%, 98.3%, 73.8% and 82.6%, respectively. (4) The factors of altitude, depth of water, particle diameter, etc., exhibited certain correlations with the abundance and dominant species of wetland plants, which further influence the restoration of ecological processes and the distribution of ecosystem services. (5) With respect to the score distribution of restoration, the ecosystem service indicators scored the highest with over 80% of the total restoration score; followed by the ecological process score, accounting for about 13% of the total restoration score. The above results indicate that the primary targets of wetland restoration related researchers and managers have shifted from ecological characteristics restoration, such as wetland vegetation and wetland area, to ecological processes and ecosystem services. In general, the current framework proposed for wetland restoration assessment can well reflect the characteristics, processes and functions of wetland ecosystems, and provide a good reference for the future assessment of ecological restoration in plateau region.
MAO Xufeng , WEI Xiaoyan , CHEN Qiong , LIU Fenggui , TAO Yaqin , ZHANG Zhifa . An ECPS framework based assessment on wetland restoration of the Huangshui National Wetland Park in Qinghai province, China[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019 , 38(4) : 760 -771 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020180073
Fig. 1 Location of the restoration area and contrast area of Huangshui National Wetland Park图1 湟水国家湿地公园湿地恢复区和对照区位置图 |
Fig. 2 The ECPS-based assessment framework of the wetland restoration图2 基于ECPS湿地恢复评价体系 |
Tab. 1 Explanation of assessment indicators of wetland restoration表1 湿地恢复评价指标及说明 |
| 一级指标 | 二级指标 | 三级指标 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 生态特征 | 植物特征 | 盖度 | 植物地上部分投影的面积占地面的比率 |
| 丰富度 | 湿地植物物种数目的多少 | ||
| 生物量 | 湿地植物地上生物量 | ||
| 生态过程 | 物质循环 | TSIp | 磷在不同磷库间流动的总量 |
| FCIp | 循环磷量占总磷量的比例 | ||
| 生态系统服务 | 支持 | 栖息地 | 观察记录到的湿地鸟类的种数 |
| 土壤肥力 | 土壤速效磷的含量 | ||
| 调节 | 水质净化 | 湿地入水口和出水口总磷浓度差异 | |
| 固碳调节 | 单位体积土壤有机碳含量 | ||
| 文化 | 休闲娱乐 | 当地居民每周去往湿地频率的变化 |
Tab. 2 Grading and evaluation of wetland restoration compared with contrast area表2 相对于参照区的湿地恢复效果评分和评价表 |
| 恢复程度 | <30% | 30%~60% | 60%~90% | 90%~120% | 120%~200% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 指标得分 | 0~20 | 20~40 | 40~60 | 60~80 | 80~100 |
| 综合得分 | 0~20 | 20~40 | 40~60 | 60~80 | 80~100 |
| 综合评价 | 较差 | 一般 | 较好 | 良好 | 优秀 |
Tab. 3 Detailed information of monitoring method表3 评价指标的监测方法 |
| 监测指标 | 监测方法 | 监测频率 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 盖度 | 目测法 | 1次/月 | 对9个连续梯级湿地进行监测后取平均值 |
| 丰富度 | 样线法 | 共1次 | 沿两岸设置2条样线调查统计发现的植物种数 |
| 生物量 | 收割法 | 1次/月 | 对9个连续梯级湿地进行计算后取平均值 |
| TSTp | 实验法 | 共2次 | 6月和8月份采集鱼类、底栖动物和有机碎屑后采用钼锑钪比色法获取磷数据,采用NetMatCal 软件计算[44] |
| FCIp | 实验法 | 共2次 | 6月和8月采集鱼类、底栖动物和有机碎屑后采用钼锑钪比色法获取磷数据,采用NetMatCal软件计算 |
| 栖息地 | 观察法 | 1次/月 | 恢复前后观察记录到鸟的种数 |
| 土壤肥力 | 实验法 | 共2次 | 6月和8月份采集上中下游表层5 cm土壤混合,每次3个平行样,带回实验室采用NaHCO3浸提-钼锑钪比色法分析后取平均值 |
| 水质净化 | 实验法 | 1次/月 | 取进水口和出水口带回实验室,采用钼酸铵分光光度法分析后取平均值 |
| 固碳调节 | 实验法 | 1次/月 | 采集上中下游表层5cm土壤混合,每次3个平行样,带回实验室采用重铬酸钾氧化-分光光度法分析后取平均值 |
| 休闲娱乐 | 问卷法 | 共2次 | 分别于6月和9月进行两次问卷,调查当地居民在湿地公园恢复前后平均每周去往公园次数的变化。 |
Fig. 3 Ecological characters variation of wetland plants图3 湿地植被生态特征变化 |
Fig. 4 P storage and flows among three monitoring founctional groups图4 磷元素在三个监测功能组中的存量及流量 |
Tab. 4 Restoration of wetland ecosystem services表4 湿地生态系统服务的恢复情况 |
| 生态系统服务 | 三级指标 | 对照区 | 恢复区 | 变化量 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 支持 | 栖息地 土壤肥力 | 13种 0.46 g /kg | 25种 0.65g/kg | +12种 +0.19 g/kg |
| 调节 | 水质净化 固碳能力 | 24.3% 2.37% | 58.2% 4.12% | +33.9% +1.75% |
| 文化 | 休闲娱乐 | 2.3次/周 | 4.2 次/周 | +1.9次/周 |
Tab. 5 Weights and scores of assessment indicators of wetland restoration表5 湿地恢复评价指标权重及得分 |
| 一级指标 | 二级指标 | 三级指标 | 改善幅度(%) | 得分 | 加权得分 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 生态特征(0.105) | 植物 | 盖度 | 56.4 | 37.6 | 1.316 |
| 丰富度 | 35.5 | 23.6 | 0.828 | ||
| 生物量 | 30.9 | 20.6 | 0.721 | ||
| 生态过程(0.258) | 物质循环 | TSTp | 37.2 | 24.8 | 3.199 |
| FCIp | 26.3 | 17.5 | 2.261 | ||
| 生态系统服务 (0.637) | 支持 | 栖息地 | 92.3 | 61.5 | 6.430 |
| 土壤肥力 | 50.9 | 33.9 | 3.546 | ||
| 调节 | 水质净化 | 98.3 | 65.5 | 6.848 | |
| 固碳调节 | 73.8 | 49.2 | 5.141 | ||
| 文化 | 休闲娱乐 | 82.6 | 55.1 | 11.508 |
Tab. 6 Correlation analysis among various influencing factors of wetland restoration表6 湿地恢复影响因素的相关性分析 |
| 因素 | 丰富度 | 水域面积 | 海拔 | 平均水深 | 水温 | 底泥平均粒径 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 丰富度 | 1 | 0.703* | -0.802** | 0.659* | 0.864** | -0.903** |
| 水域面积 | 0.703* | 1 | -0.808** | 0.601 | 0.776* | -0.489 |
| 海 拔 | -0.802** | -0.808** | 1 | -0.700* | -0.939** | 0.675* |
| 平均水深 | 0.659* | 0.601 | -0.700* | 1 | 0.727* | -0.779* |
| 水 温 | 0.864** | 0.776** | -0.939** | 0.727* | 1 | 0.667* |
| 底泥平均粒径 | -0.903** | -0.489 | 0.675* | -0.779* | 0.667* | 1 |
注:*表示在0.05水平上相关,**表示在0.01水平上相关。 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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