Spatial and temporal evolution of the undertakings for the elderly and spatial mismatch of economy in China
Received date: 2018-01-16
Request revised date: 2018-06-20
Online published: 2019-06-12
Copyright
In this study, an evaluation index system is proposed to describe the development level of the undertakings for the elderly under the theoretical framework of active aging in China, which consists of three components of health, participation, and security. Taking 31 provinces in the mainland of China as the research objects, this paper quantitatively analyzes the temporal changes, spatial pattern, spatial mismatch, and factors affecting the development of undertakings for the elderly from 2004 to 2016, with the methods of traditional mathematical statistics, gravity coupling models, spatial mismatch method, and econometric model. The results showed that: (1) The aging undertakings have rapidly developed. Although regional differences have gradually been narrowed, regional imbalances cannot be ignored. The overall level of aging undertakings in eastern China is higher than that of central, western, and northeastern China. This phenomenon is prominently accompanied with an increase in the western region and a decline in the central and northeastern regions of China, as well as polarization of the eastern region in aging undertakings; (2) The development of China's aging undertakings was basically at a low-level. The spatial distribution has shifted from a southwest-northeast radiative diminishing pattern to a significant "central collapse" pattern. There is a low-value agglomeration from north to south, running across the central region of China, which is closely related with the regional economic development; (3) Forward dislocation regions are mainly concentrated in the coastal regions and areas north of the Great Wall. In addition, negative dislocation areas are mainly distributed in the upper and middle reaches of both the Yellow and the Yangtze rivers. Several significant regional differences were observed, particularly in China's western region; (4) The variations of development levels in aging undertakings result from multifactor interactions. The level of economic development, the government policy, the administrative guidance, and spatio-temporal differentiation of the market mechanism have positive influences on the evolution of the patterns of aging undertakings. The expansion of market economy and the aging of population have not yet played a role in promoting the development of undertakings for the aged, which is not in line with theoretical expectations. The reverse effect of household size miniaturization is not significant.
ZENG Tonggang , ZHAO Yuan . Spatial and temporal evolution of the undertakings for the elderly and spatial mismatch of economy in China[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019 , 38(6) : 1497 -1511 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020180095
Tab. 1 Evaluation indicators system of aging undertakings level in China表1 中国老龄事业发展水平的评价指标体系 |
| 系统层 | 准则层 | 指标层 | 单位 | 权重 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 老龄事业发展水平 | 健康维度 | X1人均城镇基本医疗保险基金支出 | 元/人 | 0.0855 |
| X2基本医疗保险覆盖率 | % | 0.0296 | ||
| X3每千老人拥有医疗卫生技术人员数 | 个/千人 | 0.0474 | ||
| X4每十万老人拥有老年医院数 | 个/十万人 | 0.1478 | ||
| 参与维度 | X5老年学校入学率 | % | 0.1021 | |
| X6老年活动中心(室、站)千人覆盖率 | 个/千人 | 0.0571 | ||
| X7每万老人拥有老年协会数 | 个/万人 | 0.0519 | ||
| 保障维度 | X8城镇职工基本养老保险待遇 | 万元/人 | 0.0782 | |
| X9每千老年人口养老服务床位数 | 万元/人 | 0.0558 | ||
| X10每万老人法律援助救助案件数 | 件/万人 | 0.1454 | ||
| X11每千名老人对应老龄机构事业费支出 | 元/千人 | 0.1401 | ||
| X12城乡养老保险参保率 | % | 0.0591 |
Tab. 2 Descriptive statistics of aging undertakings level in China表2 中国老龄事业发展水平描述性统计 |
| 年份 | 中国老龄事业发展指数 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 全国水平 | 最大值 | 最小值 | 泰尔系数 | |
| 2004 | 0.1244 | 0.2567(沪) | 0.0568(皖) | 0.0765 |
| 2010 | 0.1944 | 0.3911(京) | 0.1006(桂) | 0.0674 |
| 2016 | 0.2788 | 0.5776(京) | 0.1411(吉) | 0.0501 |
注:括号内为其对应省、直辖市、自治区的简称。 |
Fig. 1 Spatial pattern of aging undertakings level in China from 2004 to 2016图1 2004—2016年中国老龄事业发展水平空间格局 |
Tab. 3 Mismatch state of gravity centers between the aging undertakings and economy in China from 2004 to 2016表3 2004—2016年中国老龄事业与经济重心的错位状况 |
| 年份 | 老龄事业重心 | 经济重心 | 错位距离S(km) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 经度 | 纬度 | 经度 | 纬度 | |||
| 2004 | 112.25°E | 34.97°N | 114.46°E | 34.39°N | 253.87 | |
| 2010 | 111.73°E | 34.31°N | 113.77°E | 34.61°N | 229.11 | |
| 2016 | 111.13°E | 33.69°N | 113.32°E | 34.32°N | 253.21 | |
Fig. 2 The evolution of gravity centers of aging undertakings and economy in China from 2004 to 2016图2 2004—2016年中国老龄事业重心与经济重心演变 |
Tab. 4 The spatial mismatch index of each province in China from 2004 to 2016表4 2004—2016年中国各省区空间错位指数 |
| 地区 | 2004年 | 2010年 | 2016年 | 地区 | 2004年 | 2010年 | 2016年 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 北京 | 2.3091 | 0.8406 | 0.0339 | 湖北 | -0.7853 | -0.0331 | 0.5353 |
| 天津 | 2.1111 | 2.0776 | 2.6006 | 湖南 | -0.6028 | -0.0342 | 0.4896 |
| 河北 | 0.8818 | 0.4832 | 0.2386 | 广东 | 1.6335 | 1.6523 | 1.4815 |
| 山西 | -2.5681 | -1.4499 | -1.2597 | 广西 | -0.4060 | 0.2822 | -0.4336 |
| 内蒙古 | -0.0856 | 2.5975 | 1.6060 | 海南 | 0.8601 | 0.1313 | -0.2916 |
| 辽宁 | 1.0063 | 1.2918 | 0.5094 | 重庆 | -0.3363 | -0.1373 | 0.9697 |
| 吉林 | -1.9517 | 1.0133 | 1.4292 | 四川 | -0.4534 | -1.0218 | -0.8561 |
| 黑龙江 | -0.2483 | -0.0799 | 0.0008 | 贵州 | -0.6414 | -0.7299 | -1.2511 |
| 上海 | 6.0183 | 1.7412 | 0.7897 | 云南 | -1.1019 | -1.8340 | -2.9316 |
| 江苏 | 1.5097 | 2.1972 | 1.9526 | 西藏 | -0.4110 | -0.6399 | -1.4106 |
| 浙江 | 1.3906 | -0.2570 | 0.0663 | 陕西 | -0.8487 | -0.2530 | -0.0560 |
| 安徽 | 0.3068 | 0.0918 | -0.0529 | 甘肃 | -1.1455 | -0.6870 | -1.5668 |
| 福建 | 0.1654 | -0.1257 | 0.0792 | 青海 | -1.0391 | -0.3626 | -0.9987 |
| 江西 | -0.8219 | -1.1271 | -0.5033 | 宁夏 | -1.8758 | -2.8713 | -0.5787 |
| 山东 | -0.5934 | -0.0513 | 0.7918 | 新疆 | -2.4501 | -2.2015 | -1.4164 |
| 河南 | 0.1734 | -0.5038 | 0.0329 |
Fig. 3 Spatial mismatch levels between elderly undertakings and economy in China图3 中国老龄事业发展与经济发展水平的空间错位 |
Tab. 5 Test results of panel model assumptions表5 面板模型设定形式检验结果 |
| 检验项 | 统计值 | P值 |
|---|---|---|
| F检验1(混合效应) | 3.0211 | 0.0002 |
| F检验2(随机效应) | 1.0947 | 0.3772 |
| Hausman检验 | 9.0409 | 0.2497 |
| LM检验 | 17.867 | 0.0005 |
Tab. 6 Estimation results of random effect model表6 随机效应模型估计结果 |
| 变量 | 回归系数 | T统计值 | P值 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Constant | -0.4804** | -2.1911 | 0.0312 |
| lnX1 | 0.0629*** | 3.3991 | 0.0011 |
| X2 | 0.0022** | 2.0717 | 0.0413 |
| X3 | 0.0476*** | 3.4272 | 0.0009 |
| X4 | 0.0027*** | 2.9302 | 0.0043 |
| X5 | -0.0008 | -0.1302 | 0.8967 |
| X6 | -0.0081 | -0.3324 | 0.7404 |
| X7 | -0.0084** | -2.2901 | 0.0245 |
| R2 | 0.7691 | ||
| Adjusted R2 | 0.7601 | ||
| F statistic | 40.4396,P=0.0000 |
注:***、**、*表示在1%、5%、10%显著性水平下显著。 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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