Spatial and temporal variations of water supply and demand during the growth stage of summer maize above the Bengbu Sluice in the Huaihe River Basin, China
Received date: 2017-09-15
Request revised date: 2019-03-26
Online published: 2019-07-12
Copyright
Crop water supply and demand is an important reference for rational and scientific irrigation. The imbalance of water supply and demand is also the root cause of agricultural drought and flood. Based on meteorological data from 91 stations from 1961-2015 above the Bengbu Sluice in the Huaihe River Basin, we calculated effective precipitation of summer maize by “effective utilization coefficient method”. The water demand was calculated by the Penman-Monteith (P-M) formula and “crop coefficient method” recommended by the FAO. The spatial and temporal characteristics of water supply and demand of summer maize were analyzed, and the change of water budget index during summer maize growth periods was discussed. The water deficit status (including effective precipitation, water demand, water shortage and water deficit index) during the growth period of summer maize at typical stations were also discussed. The results showed that the effective precipitation in the summer maize was higher in the southern region and lower in the northern region in the past 55 years, and the change trend of each site was not obvious. The spatial distribution of water requirement presented a pattern of “lower in the southern region and higher in the northern region”, and the whole growth period and the growth stage in summer maize at most sites showed a significant decreasing trend. The spatial distribution of water deficit presented a pattern of was “lower in the southern region and higher in the northern region”, and most sites showed a significant decreasing trend in the whole growth period and sowing-seeding period. The trend of the other growth stages was not obvious. Comparison of the five typical stations showed the following findings. The water deficit degree of summer maize in northern Zhengzhou station was the most serious. The water deficit amount was about 369 mm in the whole growth period, and the water deficit index was about -0.61. The water deficit degree of Jinzhai station in the south was the lightest. The water deficit amount was about 159 mm in the whole growth period, and the water profit and loss index is about -0.29. Comparison of the water deficit status of summer maize at different growth stages can draw the following conclusions. The water deficit was more serious in the middle and late growth stages than in the early stage. During the tasseling-maturity period, the water shortages at the five stations were 120 mm, 63 mm, 116 mm, 81 mm and 123 mm, respectively, and the water profit and loss indices were -0.60, -0.33, -0.58, -0.42 and -0.59, respectively.
GAO Chao , LI Xuewen , XU Ying , LI De . Spatial and temporal variations of water supply and demand during the growth stage of summer maize above the Bengbu Sluice in the Huaihe River Basin, China[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019 , 38(7) : 1833 -1846 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020170915
Fig. 1 DEM and location of meteorological stations above the Bengbu Sluice in the Huaihe River Basin图1 淮河流域蚌埠闸以上地区DEM及气象站点位置 |
Tab. 1 Main growth period and date of summer maize表1 夏玉米主要生育阶段及日期 |
| 日期(月/日) | 6/1—6/20 | 6/21—7/10 | 7/11—8/10 | 8/11—9/20 | 6/1—9/20 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 生育期 | 播种-出苗 | 出苗-拔节 | 拔节-抽雄 | 抽雄-成熟 | 全生育期 |
Tab. 2 Crop coefficient of summer maize in different periods表2 夏玉米各生育阶段作物系数 |
| 生育期 | 播种-出苗 | 出苗-拔节 | 拔节-抽雄 | 抽雄-成熟 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 作物系数(Kc) | 0.65 | 0.98 | 1.55 | 1.40 |
Fig. 2 Distribution of effective precipitation and trend based on Mann-Kendall Z statistic during summer maize growth periods in 1961-2015图2 1961—2015年夏玉米生育期有效降水量和MK趋势变化空间分布 |
Fig. 3 Distribution characteristics of water requirement and trend based on Mann-Kendall Z statistic during summer maize growth periods in 1961-2015图3 1961—2015年夏玉米生育期需水量和MK趋势变化空间分布 |
Fig. 4 Distribution of water deficit and trend based on Mann-Kendall Z statistic during summer maize growth periods in 1961-2015图4 1961—2015年夏玉米生育期缺水量和MK趋势变化空间分布 |
Tab. 3 Water profit and loss status at representative stations during summer maize growth periods表3 代表站点夏玉米生育期水分盈亏状况 |
| 代表站点 | 要素 | 播种-出苗 | 出苗-拔节 | 拔节-抽雄 | 抽雄-成熟 | 全生育期 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 蒙城 | 有效降水(mm) | 32 | 74 | 106 | 80 | 292 |
| 需水量(mm) | 72 | 89 | 205 | 200 | 566 | |
| 缺水量(mm) | 40 | 15 | 98 | 120 | 273 | |
| 水分盈亏指数(%) | -0.56 | -0.17 | -0.48 | -0.60 | -0.48 | |
| 金寨 | 有效降水(mm) | 57 | 86 | 113 | 128 | 384 |
| 需水量(mm) | 58 | 83 | 211 | 191 | 543 | |
| 缺水量(mm) | 2 | -3 | 97 | 63 | 159 | |
| 水分盈亏指数(%) | -0.03 | 0.04 | -0.46 | -0.33 | -0.29 | |
| 临泉 | 有效降水(mm) | 35 | 70 | 93 | 82 | 280 |
| 需水量(mm) | 71 | 90 | 207 | 198 | 566 | |
| 缺水量(mm) | 36 | 20 | 114 | 116 | 286 | |
| 水分盈亏指数(%) | -0.51 | -0.22 | -0.55 | -0.58 | -0.51 | |
| 桐柏 | 有效降水(mm) | 40 | 75 | 103 | 111 | 329 |
| 需水量(mm) | 61 | 83 | 202 | 192 | 538 | |
| 缺水量(mm) | 21 | 8 | 99 | 81 | 209 | |
| 水分盈亏指数(%) | -0.34 | -0.09 | -0.47 | -0.42 | -0.39 | |
| 郑州 | 有效降水(mm) | 17 | 47 | 84 | 84 | 232 |
| 需水量(mm) | 79 | 101 | 213 | 207 | 600 | |
| 缺水量(mm) | 63 | 54 | 129 | 123 | 369 | |
| 水分盈亏指数(%) | -0.79 | -0.52 | -0.60 | -0.59 | -0.61 |
Tab. 4 Correlation of summer maize water requirement with meteorological factors表4 夏玉米需水量与气象因子相关分析 |
| 平均相对湿度 | 平均风速 | 日照时数 | 平均气温 | 平均气压 | 降水 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 需水量 | -0.742** | 0.618** | 0.391** | 0.510** | 0.118 | -0.401** |
注:*p<0.05,**p<0.01。 |
Fig. 5 Trend changes of average relative humidity, average wind speed, sunshine duration, average temperature and precipitation during summer maize growth periods图5 夏玉米生育期平均相对湿度、平均风速、日照时数、平均气温和降水趋势变化 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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