Study on ecological environment effects of urban spatial expansion: Taking Inner Mongolia Hohhot City as an example
Received date: 2017-10-16
Request revised date: 2019-03-10
Online published: 2019-05-13
Copyright
The impact of urban spatial expansion on the ecological environment and its response has aroused much attention. The paper selected Hohhot city of Inner Mongolia as the research object, based on the remote sensing image during 1977 to 2014 as the source of information, and analysed the dynamic change of urban land expansion in this city. Based on the quantitative analysis of urban land expansion, the paper used the relevant assessment method and model to analyse the ecological environment effect of urban spatial expansion in the study area from a perspective of changes in resources, environment, landscape, value of ecosystem service, ecological environment quality and ecological risk. Results show that in the study period, the area of the built-up area in Huhhot increased from 34.59 km2 to 229.98 km2 and it expanded 5.65 times, while the ecological land area decreased from 2008.30 km2 to 1643.21 km2, down by 18.18%. The total pollutant discharge of urban areas increased 1.62 times, with the living garbage, the discharge of domestic sewage, the industrial waste water emissions, the industrial waste gas emissions, the industrial dust emissions, the industrial sulfur dioxide emissions, the industrial solid waste emissions increasing 0.41 times, 0.72 times, 3.91 times, 1.61 times, 1.12 times, 0.61 times and 1.32 times, respectively. The area of high temperature region of the urban area of Hohhot increased from 254.64 km2 to 325.60 km2. The heat island ratio index increased from 0.21 to 0.29 and it increased 0.40 times. The patch number and marginal density increased 1.12 times and 0.49 times, respectively, while the dominance index reduced by 11.76%. The value of ecosystem services reduced from 35.03 hundred million yuan (RMB) to 32.13 hundred million yuan (RMB), down by 8.30%. The biological abundance index, the vegetation coverage index, and the ecological environment quality index decreased by 8.04%, 6.10%, and 8.37%, respectively. The average per capita ecological footprint increased by 3.70 times, the per capita ecological carrying capacity reduced by 33.88% and the ecological pressure index rose 6.11 times. In summary, urban spatial expansion in Huhhot has led to the eco-environmental effects such as the loss of ecological land, the increase of environmental pollution, significant urban heat island effect, fragmented landscape pattern, degraded ecological service function, declined environmental quality, and exacerbated ecological risk. The research results have important theoretical significance and practical value to effective mitigation in the negative impact of urban land expansion on the eco-environment.
ZHEN Jianghong , WANG Yafeng , TIAN Yuanyuan , HE Sunpeng , WANG Jinli . Study on ecological environment effects of urban spatial expansion: Taking Inner Mongolia Hohhot City as an example[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019 , 38(5) : 1080 -1091 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020171036
Fig. 1 Land-use distribution of Huhhot City during 1977-2014图1 1977—2014年呼和浩特市区景观类型分布 |
Fig. 2 Characteristic value change of the built-up urban area expansion in Huhhot City during 1977-2014图2 1977—2014年呼和浩特市建成区用地扩展特征值 |
Fig. 3 Area change of the construction land and ecological land in Huhhot City during 1977-2014图3 1977—2014年呼和浩特市建设用地与生态用地面积 |
Fig. 4 Change of urban construction land and amount of various pollutant discharges in Huhhot City during 1990-2014图4 1990—2014年呼和浩特市建设用地面积与污染物排放量 |
Tab. 1 Statistics of area of land surface temperature grading of the main urban area in Huhhot City during 1987-2014表1 1987—2014年呼和浩特市主城区地表温度分级面积统计 |
| 1987年 | 1990年 | 2001年 | 2010年 | 2014年 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 面积(km2) | 比例(%) | 面积 (km2) | 比例(%) | 面积 (km2) | 比例(%) | 面积 (km2) | 比例(%) | 面积 (km2) | 比例(%) | |||||
| 最低温 | 47.88 | 7.68 | 4.05 | 0.65 | 77.99 | 12.51 | 12.34 | 1.98 | 2.03 | 0.33 | ||||
| 低温 | 84.86 | 13.61 | 6.37 | 1.02 | 87.74 | 14.07 | 53.63 | 8.60 | 88.07 | 14.12 | ||||
| 偏低温 | 113.73 | 18.24 | 146.89 | 23.56 | 83.98 | 13.47 | 85.39 | 13.69 | 89.52 | 14.36 | ||||
| 中温 | 122.48 | 19.64 | 163.62 | 26.24 | 112.70 | 18.07 | 109.20 | 17.51 | 118.38 | 18.98 | ||||
| 偏高温 | 110.37 | 17.70 | 130.05 | 20.86 | 83.86 | 13.45 | 182.41 | 29.25 | 128.97 | 20.68 | ||||
| 高温 | 108.58 | 17.41 | 129.09 | 20.70 | 124.18 | 19.91 | 114.36 | 18.34 | 121.10 | 19.42 | ||||
| 极高温 | 35.69 | 5.72 | 43.52 | 6.98 | 53.15 | 8.52 | 66.27 | 10.63 | 75.53 | 12.11 | ||||
| 热岛比例指数 | 0.206 | 0.247 | 0.256 | 0.263 | 0.288 | |||||||||
Tab. 2 Indexes of total landscape pattern in Huhhot City during 1977-2014表2 1977—2014年呼和浩特市景观格局指数 |
| 斑块 数量 (块) | 斑块 密度 (块/km2) | 斑块平 均面积 (km2) | 斑块面积变异系数 (%) | 最大斑 块指数 (%) | 形状 指数 | 边缘 密度 (m/km2) | 分离度 | 多样性指数 | 均匀度指数 | 优势度指数 | 蔓延度指数 | 聚集度 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1977年 | 303 | 0.15 | 6.88 | 549.06 | 23.58 | 13.62 | 10.40 | 0.90 | 1.45 | 0.81 | 0.34 | 56.78 | 98.47 |
| 1986年 | 351 | 0.17 | 5.94 | 493.41 | 16.36 | 14.49 | 11.17 | 0.93 | 1.50 | 0.84 | 0.29 | 55.19 | 98.35 |
| 1990年 | 385 | 0.18 | 5.41 | 551.34 | 17.83 | 14.80 | 11.44 | 0.92 | 1.50 | 0.83 | 0.30 | 55.33 | 98.31 |
| 2001年 | 500 | 0.24 | 4.17 | 591.89 | 14.45 | 17.34 | 13.67 | 0.93 | 1.54 | 0.86 | 0.25 | 53.68 | 97.98 |
| 2010年 | 595 | 0.29 | 3.50 | 667.81 | 14.44 | 19.19 | 15.29 | 0.92 | 1.56 | 0.87 | 0.24 | 52.89 | 97.74 |
| 2014年 | 641 | 0.31 | 3.25 | 658.76 | 14.62 | 19.39 | 15.47 | 0.93 | 1.56 | 0.87 | 0.23 | 52.64 | 97.72 |
Fig. 5 Spatial distribution of land surface temperature in the main urban area of Huhhot City during 1987-2014图5 1987—2014年呼和浩特市主城区地表温度空间分布 |
Tab. 3 Ecosystem services value and ecological elasticity in Huhhot City during 1977-2014表3 1977—2014年呼和浩特市生态系统服务价值及生态弹性度 |
| 1977年 | 1986年 | 1990年 | 2001年 | 2010年 | 2014年 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 生态系统服务价值(亿元) | 35.033 | 34.665 | 33.828 | 33.396 | 32.744 | 32.127 | |
| 其中 | 耕地 | 7.103 | 6.640 | 6.786 | 6.255 | 5.576 | 5.215 |
| 林地 | 16.909 | 16.186 | 15.108 | 16.082 | 16.383 | 16.329 | |
| 草地 | 8.327 | 8.847 | 9.032 | 8.656 | 8.301 | 8.141 | |
| 水域 | 2.592 | 2.887 | 2.800 | 2.328 | 2.434 | 2.393 | |
| 未利用地 | 0.102 | 0.105 | 0.102 | 0.075 | 0.050 | 0.049 | |
| 生态弹性度 | 0.5805 | 0.5735 | 0.5683 | 0.5583 | 0.5433 | 0.5344 | |
Tab. 4 Eecological environment quality index in Huhhot City during 1977-2014表4 1977—2014年呼和浩特市生态环境质量指数 |
| 1977年 | 1986年 | 1990年 | 2001年 | 2010年 | 2014年 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 生物丰度指数 | 18.28 | 18.13 | 17.84 | 17.54 | 17.07 | 16.81 |
| 植被覆盖指数 | 24.28 | 24.08 | 23.90 | 23.69 | 23.19 | 22.80 |
| 水网密度指数 | 57.49 | 57.73 | 57.66 | 57.28 | 57.37 | 57.33 |
| 土地退化指数 | - | 52.31 | 49.30 | 48.08 | 48.81 | 50.45 |
| 环境质量指数 | - | - | 89.28 | 91.00 | 70.98 | 62.09 |
| 生态环境质量综合指数 | - | - | 50.79 | 50.57 | 47.62 | 46.54 |
注:“-”表示数据缺失。 |
Fig. 6 Per capita ecological footprint, ecological carrying capacity and ecological pressure index in Huhhot City图6 呼和浩特市人均生态足迹、生态承载力及生态压力指数 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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