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GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH >

2019 , Vol. 38 >Issue 5: 1147 - 1161

DOI: https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj020170764

Articles

Driving mechanism of tourism entrepreneurial migrants’ settlement in natural sightseeing places: A case study of Tangkou

  • YANG Zhao ,
  • CHENG Hao
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  • School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China

Received date: 2017-07-23

  Request revised date: 2018-01-26

  Online published: 2019-05-13

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《地理研究》编辑部
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Abstract

With the evolution of tourism migration phenomenon and further research, scholars at home and abroad have focused on the temporary or permanent settlement of massive tourism labor migrants. Tourism labor migrants include employee migrants and entrepreneurial migrants. With a case study of Tangkou county in Huangshan, this paper mainly takes tourism entrepreneurial migrants (TEMs) as the research objects and applies multiple linear regression analysis to find supportive elements on migrants’ settlement intention. Based on this, we build a structural equation model to explore the impact of the following factors on migrants’ willingness to settle down, which are life and business satisfaction, continuous business intention, social integration intention, and overall perception on business objectives and motivations. Then we analyze the driving mechanism of settlement of tourism labor migrants in China. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) Compared with developed countries, China's migrants are much younger and the proportion of males is significantly higher. Given that the main household incomes of migrants are highly dependent on current work, economic benefit is the key precondition for their consideration of subsequent settlement. Based on regression analysis, the settlement intention of Chinese tourism labor migrants can be identified as the willingness to purchase second-home for settlement and to settle down after retirement. (2) Exploratory analysis shows that the TEMs’ settlement intentions are influenced by factors of operating satisfaction, life satisfaction and social integration. (3) The fitting process of the structural model shows that the overall perception variable can replace continuous business intention. Path analysis confirms that business satisfaction is the essential driving force of migrants’ settlement intention. (4) Both of social integration intention and overall perception are direct driving forces of willingness to purchase second-home. Besides business satisfaction, it is whether migrants are satisfied with living factors such as climate, natural environment and living conditions or not that has an indirect effect on willingness to purchase second-home. The strongest direct force for willingness to settle down after retirement is the willingness to purchase second-home. The overall perception variable is not only the relatively weak direct force for willingness to settle down after retirement but also has an indirect effect on it, while others are indirect driving forces.

Key words： natural sightseeing places; tourism entrepreneurial migrants; settlement intention; driving mechanism; Tangkou

Cite this article

YANG Zhao , CHENG Hao . Driving mechanism of tourism entrepreneurial migrants’ settlement in natural sightseeing places: A case study of Tangkou[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019 , 38(5) : 1147 -1161 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020170764

1 引言

旅游流和移民流的持续增加是当前全球化的两大重要表现形式。自1999年国际地理联合会召开“可持续乡村环境：全球化问题,移民和旅游”为主题的学术会议以来,旅游劳工移民开始成为国际地理学界研究的热点话题[1,2]。世界旅游组织总结了亚洲（中国、印度、日本、菲律宾）、中美、北美、欧洲（法国、德国、英国、土耳其）等旅游发达地区移民现象,对流向旅游业的移民流所产生的经济、文化和社会影响进行了探讨（UNWTO, 2009年）。显然,旅游业高速发展所引起的人才短缺[3]以及当地劳动力市场分割问题[4]在宏观层面上促进了当前旅游劳工移民现象的持续演变。据世界旅行旅游理事会统计,到2024年,全球46个国家观光旅游业人才短缺所造成的影响可能会使全球经济丧失约1400万个工作岗位和近6000亿美元的国内生产总值,吸引旅游劳工移民迁入的举措被部分国家和地区用以缓解“婴儿潮一代（Baby boomers）”[5]离去所带来的人才短缺影响（WTTC, 2014）。在此新形势下,大量旅游移民在迁入地的半定居和永久性定居行为开始受到关注[6,7,8]。旅游移民向目的地的入迁定居一方面会促进旅游地经济、社会、文化的发展和基础设施的完善[9],进一步促使新移民流的产生[10,11,12],并反向促进VFR旅游的发展[13,14,15]。
Williams等对旅游和移民现象的共生关系进行了探讨,界定了两类不同性质的移民—劳动力移民和消费导向移民[1],多数群体位于两者之间。国内学者杨钊和陆林在此基础上将旅游劳工移民定义为“旅游地以外劳工迁入旅游地定居并在旅游行业从业超过6个月以上的移民” [16]。旅游劳工移民包括雇员移民和企业主移民（Tourism Entrepreneurial Migrants,简称TEMs）两种类型,从西方研究实践来看,TEMs兼具从业和生活方式追求,表现出价值取向的多元化[2,17]。传统旅游劳工移民研究多集中于移民迁移的宏微观驱动因素、移民类型层次、移民特征和行为规律、区域社会影响等方面[16,17]。关于移民定居行为的专门研究较少,且研究对象主要是以生活方式移民[18,19]为主的消费性移民[1,16]。该类移民涵盖了第二居所及退休移民[20,21,22,23,24]、季节性移民[6,25]、舒适性移民[9,26,27]等范畴,以“寻找一种更好的生活方式”[28]为主要导向,在选择暂时性居住地或进行永久性迁移时,旅游地气候和环境、慢节奏的生活、康体均是重要的影响因素。此类研究成果丰富,其中,有关西班牙[18,28]和马来西亚[22,24]海滨城市生活方式移民的理论和实证探讨颇具典型性。然而,这些并非是影响旅游移民入迁定居的全部因素,与东道主的互动、文化类同[29]和社会融合问题[30]也对其定居行为和居住空间分布有着很大的影响,如Dominguez-Mujica等对西班牙两个岛屿研究发现,旅游发展使西欧旅游消费移民和南部劳工移民大量迁入,由于法律地位差异显著,他们的居住空间呈现出明显的割裂[7]。Schaeffer等对法国两个城市追求环境舒适性的家庭群体进行研究,同样发现了因家庭大小和社会职业差异而引起的居住空间割裂现象[31]。
虽然Szivas等[32]、Janta等[33]、杨钊等[34]在各自研究中均提到了移民的地理迁移现象,但是国内外关于旅游企业主移民入迁定居行为的专门研究有限。值得注意地是,依据行为理论,在满足客观条件的情况下,旅游劳工移民入迁定居行为必然受其迁移动机的影响。同时,随着大众旅游的纵深发展和后旅游阶段到来,集工作、休闲于一体的生活方式旅游劳工移民开始出现[16,35]。为了重构新的工作——生活平衡（work-life balance）[36]、保证迁移后的生活质量,许多旅游移民会从事旅游工作[8]或经营一些小生意[37],生活方式移民和旅游劳工移民之间的界限开始模糊化[38,39,40,41]。因此,已有文献均可为移民入迁定居研究提供理论和实证支撑。在研究方法上,大多数研究多采用基于访谈的质性分析或基于问卷调查的探索性因子分析,较少运用路径分析来验证各因素间的相互关系,探讨其作用机制。鉴于此,本研究主要解决三个问题：① 探讨中国自然观光地TEMs定居意愿及相关群体的特征;② 分析中国自然观光地TEMs定居意愿的影响因素;③ 揭示各影响因素对中国自然观光地TEMs定居意愿的作用机制。

2 研究设计

2.1 案例地选择

自然观光地多位于乡村地界,体量大、引域广,原生居民少且缺乏经营和服务技能,外来旅游劳工移民数量大、类型多、集聚明显,比城市等旅游地更有利于对旅游劳工移民进行剥离和典型化研究。自1979年邓小平黄山讲话开启中国现代旅游业大幕以来,黄山风景区成为我国最早开发的旅游目的地之一,大众旅游开始在我国普及。在经历了旅游地演变过程中的第一次快速发展阶段之后,由于交通条件差、旅游项目单调、周围景区开发较弱等原因,黄山风景区开始出现巴特勒模型中巩固阶段的一些不利现象[42]。然而,随着交通等基础设施不断完善、旅游营销力度的增加以及政府政策支持,黄山作为中国自然观光地的典型代表,成为皖南国际文化旅游示范区重要的旅游增长极。目前,黄山风景区年接待游客已逾300万人次,已进入了旅游发展的成熟和完善阶段[43]。据汤口派出所2010年4月提供的旅游劳工数据显示,2009年汤口镇流动人口共计3444人,其中有745人来自黄山区内,2699人来自区外。从旅游劳工来源地的空间分布来看（表1）,汤口旅游劳工高度集中在安徽省内（占总数的89.94%）,其中,依据2010年安徽省行政区划,考虑地市级尺度（图1）,主要分布在黄山市（63.7%）、巢湖市（9.54%）、宣城市（4.68%）、安庆市（3.43%）,空间临近效应凸显,劳工移民集聚典型。
Tab. 1 Spatial distribution of tourism labors in Tangkou town

表1 汤口旅游劳工全国空间分布

位次 以省/直辖市为来源地(N=3440) 以市/州为来源地(N=3422) 以县/区为来源地(N=3324)
省/直辖市 频数N 百分比(%) 市/州 频数N 百分比(%) 县/区 频数N 百分比(%)
1 安徽 3270 95.06 黄山 1987 58.07 屯溪 812 24.43
2 山东 22 0.64 宣城 173 5.06 歙县 340 10.23
3 吉林 21 0.61 安庆 153 4.47 黄山 204 6.14
4 江西 17 0.49 合肥 142 4.15 休宁 169 5.08
5 湖北 14 0.41 阜阳 129 3.77 徽州 145 4.36
6 浙江 9 0.26 滁州 95 2.78 祁门 103 3.10
7 广西 9 0.26 宿州 94 2.75 黟县 99 2.98
8 江苏 8 0.23 巢湖 93 2.72 包河 46 1.38
9 湖南 8 0.23 芜湖 74 2.16 宣州 45 1.35
10 河北 8 0.23 六安 65 1.90 绩溪 43 1.29
11 新疆 7 0.20 淮北 57 1.67 蜀山 39 1.17
12 四川 7 0.20 池州 52 1.52 庐江 30 0.90
13 福建 7 0.20 蚌埠 48 1.40 镜湖 30 0.90
14 陕西 6 0.17 淮南 31 0.91 无为 27 0.81
15 重庆 5 0.15 亳州 28 0.82 贵池 26 0.78
16 黑龙江 5 0.15 马鞍山 24 0.70 怀宁 25 0.75
17 河南 3 0.09 铜陵 20 0.58 定远 25 0.75
18 广东 3 0.09 延边 11 0.32 旌德 24 0.72
19 上海 2 0.06 长春 7 0.20 太和 23 0.69
20 其他 9 0.26 其他 139 4.06 其他 1069 32.16

注：旅游劳工数据来自汤口派出所（2010年4月）,变量包括性别、年龄和来源地。

Fig. 1 Spatial distribution of tourism labors in Tangkou in 2009

图1 2009年汤口镇旅游劳工空间分布

2.2 问卷设计及数据收集

在笔者已有研究和文献查阅的基础上,构建了汤口企业主移民访谈提纲和定居意愿结构方程模型测量量表,访谈提纲包括企业主基本信息、迁移信息和从业信息三部分,本研究主要用到的是人口学特征信息。测量量表包含四方面内容：① 生活、工作满意度指标,共计20个测量项;② 社会融合意愿,共计5个测量项;③ 继续经营意愿及定居意愿,共计4个测量项;④ 企业主移民动机量表,共计31个测量项。量表的主要测量项目见表2,采用李克特五点量表,其中,经营满意度、工作满意度、社会融合意愿、继续经营意愿量表使用1~5分表示“很满意”—“很不满意”,动机量表的设计主要参考杨钊等[34]关于九寨沟旅游劳工微观驱动力的研究,使用1~5分表示“很同意”—“很不同意”。除社会融合意愿和继续经营意愿以外,其他主要测量指标均来自于旅游劳工移民相关文献[32,44-48]研究和其他案例地（九华山、九寨沟）调研的推广性假设。预调研与正式调研时间分别是2010年1月和4月。调查采用访谈者填写方式收集数据,共获得企业主数据有效样本304份。根据一定的标准进行筛选[50],最终获得146位旅游企业主移民作为研究对象。
Tab. 2 Theoretical/hypothetical source of questionnaires of entrepreneurial migrant in Tangkou

表2 汤口企业主调查问卷的指标理论/假设来源

指标大类 理论依据 测量项 最终模型变量测量项
经营满意度 根据Szivas等[32,44]的研究,杨钊等人在此基础上,构建了九华山旅游劳工从业感知量表(10个指标) [46,47,48]。此外,张文宏等[49]在研究城市新移民的社会认同时,分别构建了地域认同和职业认同指标,较为典型 收入;商业竞争;能自己做主;生意与个人生活难区分;社会地位/声望;职业本身;生意发展前景;工作时间长度;工作稳定性;淡旺季差异 “经营总体满意度”单项指标直接测量
生活满意度 在系列研究[32,44,46,47]以及九寨沟调研[34]的基础上,结合专家讨论,增加了对生活质量感知的考虑。同时,指标构建还借鉴了张文宏等人[49]的地域认同指标 照顾家庭;居住条件;医疗条件;教育条件;治安状况;物价水平;本地气候适应;休闲娱乐机会;日常饮食;本地居民友善 “生活总体满意度”单项指标直接测量
社会融合意愿 借鉴城市新移民社会认同中文化认同和群体认同指标[49],选择交朋友、接受价值(本地节日、生活方式)、熟悉风俗、社区参与等四个维度,用5个指标衡量 主动了解本地风俗人情;过本地节日;认同本地人的生活方式;愿意与本地人交朋友;愿意参加社区活动 5项指标间接测量
继续经营意愿* 未来职业推广性假设 推荐亲友来此做生意;继续在本地做生意 2项指标间接测量

注：*为继续经营意愿的测量指标是在九华山、九寨沟等案例地调研的基础上,根据同行专家的讨论建议而设计。

2.3 样本特征

人口学特征的主客比较发现[50]：汤口TEMs以男性主导;73.5%集中在25~44岁之间,平均年龄38.49岁;92.3%的群体已婚,且绝大部分家庭有小孩;学历层次偏低,63.7%为初中及以下学历;3/4为租赁居住,仅16.3%拥有本地房产;当前工作是绝大多数TEMs的唯一工作和家庭最主要收入来源。与本地企业主相比,汤口企业主移民男性比例突出,家庭主要收入高度依赖当前工作,且近3/4的移民在迁入地没有自己的房产。与国外发达地区拥有第二居住地的TEMs相比[18,35],中国自然观光地TEMs男性比例明显偏高,受教育程度偏低,迁移前的社会地位和经济地位不高,且更加年轻化。这与杨钊、陆林、张捷等学者在九寨沟和九华山旅游劳工移民的研究[47,48]相似。

3 定居意愿支持因素判别

3.1 生活、经营满意度及动力因素判别

结合我国宏观经济背景和社会发展状况,企业主移民经营动机更为强烈,生意经营顺利与否是其考虑后继居留的重要前提条件。因此,在以移民定居为结果变量时,应该考虑到其与国外TEMs定居意愿的差异,不能简单把其纳为一个因子,需要进一步分为购房定居和退休后定居两个变量来判别。前者指TEMs中的多数群体目前主要关注经营因素,有扩张意愿并愿意在本地购房定居,目的是购房投资或继续经营。而后者则假设该类群体随着年龄的增长及经济基础的提高,开始偏重于自然环境、社区条件等生活因素及与当地社会的融合状况等,继而可能会产生退休后来此定居的意愿。调研中,实际操作为两个指标加以衡量：即“在本地购房定居”和“退休后来本地定居”,选项“很同意—很不同意”分别赋值1~5。由于两个问题所表达内涵有区别,在支持度判别时,分别以这两个变量作为因变量与相关自变量进行了回归分析,寻找支持因素。
以“在本地购房定居”为因变量,分别以20个生活工作满意度指标和31个动力因素为自变量进行回归分析（使用stepwise法）,得到表3。在生活、经营满意度因素中, “生意发展前景”、“居住条件”两个指标正向支持了因变量,生意是首要因素;动力因素中两个指标正向支持了因变量,表明生意经营（发展前景、企业家愿望）动力越强的移民越倾向于在本地购房定居。
Tab. 3 Multi-regression analysis of degree of settlement intend based on motivation and job and life satisfaction

表3 生活满意度、经营满意度和动力因素支持定居意愿水平的多元回归分析

定居意愿 指标类别 自变量 标准化回归系数 t p 累计调整的R2 容忍度
(Tolerance)		 方差膨胀因子(VIF)
购房定居 生活、经营满意度因素 生意发展前景 0.277 3.522 0.001 0.109 0.917 1.090
居住条件 0.218 2.763 0.006 0.147 0.917 1.090
动力因素 黄山游客多 0.278 3.577 0.000 0.077 0.994 1.006
当老板给人印象（名声）好 0.156 2.010 0.046 0.096 0.994 1.006
退休定居 生活、经营满意度因素 居住条件 0.281 3.718 0.000 0.131 0.914 1.094
生意发展前景 0.229 2.931 0.004 0.194 0.858 1.165
淡旺季差异 0.165 2.184 0.031 0.214 0.918 1.089
动力因素 游玩/休闲机会多 0.264 3.488 0.001 0.077 0.930 1.075
汤口镇服务功能较好 0.196 2.620 0.010 0.124 0.958 1.044
当老板给人印象（名声）好 0.172 2.272 0.025 0.144 0.936 1.068
没有工作,需要一份职业 -0.237 -2.993 0.003 0.169 0.851 1.175
想离开原居住地 0.183 2.328 0.021 0.193 0.867 1.153
以“退休后在本地定居”为因变量分析时,发现生活、工作满意度因素中有三个指标,即“居住条件”、“生意发展前景”和“淡旺季差异”正向支持了因变量,居住条件成为首要因素。可以看出,生意经营状况和居住条件是支持汤口社区移民退休定居意愿两个最为重要因素,淡旺季差异可能体现了以本地顾客为主的店铺企业主（淡旺季不明显）的意愿。动力因素中有四个指标正向支持了因变量,可以看出,生活方式（游玩/休闲机会多、汤口镇服务功能较好、想离开原居住地）和企业家愿望动机越强的移民越倾向于退休后在本地定居。

3.2 定居意愿相关人群特征

对定居意愿相关人群特征进行独立样本T检验和单因素方差分析发现（表4）：首先,购房定居意愿方面,年龄越大、子女越多、学历越低、租赁居住、预计收入没有实现、店铺80%以上客源为游客的企业主移民定居意向越弱;而年轻（24岁以下、没有子女）、高学历（大学专科以上学历）、预期收入满意、店铺客源分布较为稳定（游客与本地客源各半、60%~79%为本地客源）的企业主移民更倾向于在汤口购房定居。其次,退休定居意愿方面,已婚、年龄越大、子女越多、学历越低、租赁居住、预计收入没有实现、没有兼职、店铺80%以上客源为游客的企业主移民意向越弱;年轻（24岁以下、未婚、没有子女）、高学历（大专以上学历）、预期收入满意、店铺客源分布较为稳定（游客与本地客源各半、60%~79%为本地客源）的企业主移民更倾向于退休后在汤口定居。由此可见,倾向于在汤口购房定居和退休定居的企业主移民具有某些共同点,如年轻、考虑收入问题等。
探索性分析结果（表3、表4）表明,经营满意因素（包括生意发展前景、预期收入是否实现）一直是影响企业主移民定居的首要因素,其次是居住条件、社区服务功能等致使生活满意与否的因素。这一点与国外发达经济体TEMs有很大的区别[47]。鉴于高定居意愿的人口特征,更为年轻化的中国自然观光地TEMs在其当前所处的家庭生命周期阶段考虑的首要问题仍然是经营收益,然后才是后续定居。值得注意地是,店铺客源分布也是影响移民定居的重要因素。当本地人在店铺客源中比例上升甚至占据多数时,说明移民与当地人交往机会多,在当地的社会融合状况较好,其定居意愿则更强。以上对定居意愿支持因素的判别和相关人群特征的描述,可以为后续模型假设提供实证支撑。
Tab. 4 One-way ANOVA and Independent samples T test of settlement intend and samples’ characteristics

表4 样本特征与定居意愿的独立样本T检验和单因素方差分析

指标 均值 T/F值 指标 均值 T/F值
购房定居 退休定居 购房定居 退休定居 购房
定居		 退休
定居		 购房定居 退休定居
年龄（岁）**：≤ 2425~3435~44≥ 45
2.2000
2.7632
3.0423
3.2647
2.0000
3.0000
3.3944
3.3529
2.521
3.584		 婚否：已婚未婚
–
–
3.2847
2.6364
–
1.926
子女数（个）**：没有1 ≥ 2
2.3571
2.8310
3.3269
2.5000
3.1831
3.4615
6.696
4.548
学历**：小学及以下初中高中/职高/中专大学专科
3.6250
2.9241
3.0313
2.3846
3.8125
3.1899
3.2813
2.6154
3.773
3.063
是否兼职：是否
–
–
2.5000
3.2124
–
3.776
店铺客源（%）**：≤ 80为游客60 ~79为游客游客与本地各1/2≥ 80为本地60 ~79为本地
3.1461
2.8667
2.2500
2.7143
2.5000
3.3820
3.2667
2.3750
2.9643
2.5000
2.541
2.814
收入实现**：是否才开业,不清楚
2.7727
3.2308
3.0000
2.9545
3.5897
3.0000
2.415
4.336
所居房屋**：自有租赁自己店里
2.3810
3.3636
3.0396
2.5714
3.3168
3.3636
4.618
4.333		 预期收入***满意一般/不清楚不满意
2.6842
2.9048
3.2679
2.8947
3.0000
3.5714
4.705
6.095

注：**、***分别表示在0.05、0.01水平上统计差异具有显著性。

4 结构方程模型检验

4.1 总体感知变量的来源

在前期九寨沟旅游劳工移民研究[34]中,尝试构建入迁动机、工作/生活满意度与离开意愿的结构方程模型。尽管经验研究表明几者之间存在明显的关联,但模型的实际拟合结果不能很好的支持这一点。在此基础上,本研究考虑将离开意愿改为定居意愿,增加社会融合意愿和继续经营意愿变量组,以助于构建定居意愿结构方程模型。初步拟合显示经营满意度与购房定居、退休定居意愿没有直接相关,生活满意度与购房定居意愿没有直接关系,仅与退休定居意愿弱相关,这与汤口实地访谈和回归分析的结果不能完全匹配。鉴于此,考虑增加“总体感知”潜变量,试图探讨总体满意度增加后,各变量之间的路径关系和拟合效果。该变量主要考察的是TEMs在目的地的总体感受,考虑到经营收益是中国自然观光地TEMs的主要目的,因此在构建其测量指标时,将经营感受囊括在内,同时与较为复杂的动机建立关联,具体操作化为3项指标：“满足了自己的动机愿望”、“达到了我的经营目标”和“您在本地总体感觉”。前两项指标分为“很同意”—“很不同意”五种感知,最后一项指标分为“很好”—“很差”五种程度评价,分别赋值1~5分。

4.2 研究假设与模型建构

国外对旅游移民定居问题的探讨主要集中于消费导向移民群体。该群体年龄偏大,基本上属于相对富裕阶层,多关注生活方式因素,与本研究对象存在较大差别。因此,在考虑构建定居意愿的结构方程模型时,主要依据已有文献、探索性分析、实地访谈调研三个方面提出研究假设。
定居意愿支持因素判别及访谈调研发现,汤口旅游企业主移民普遍较为年轻、家庭负担重,在旅游地以生意赚钱为主要目的,生活方式动机不显著,移民持续居留的前提条件来自生意经营是否顺利。而Benson等[28]的研究显示,多数发达地区的生活方式移民为了更好地维持当前的生活状态,往往会经营一些小生意获得必要的经济支撑。因此作出以下假设：
H1：经营满意度正向影响生活满意度
H2：经营满意度正向影响总体感知
H3：经营满意度正向影响继续经营意愿
H4：继续经营意愿正向影响购房定居意愿
Haug等研究了一类具有纯粹消费性的季节性移民群体,他们基本不考虑经济基础问题,仅仅关注目的地的自然环境、气候、社区服务、基础设施等生活因素[6]。实际上,这也是发达地区的多数消费性移民群体在进行暂时性迁移或移民时考虑的首要因素[23,25-28,30,31]。汤口社区调研获悉：社区综合服务功能、乡村自然条件（空气质量、风景）是企业主移民后继驱动的重要因素,因此作出如下假设：
H5：生活满意度正向影响总体感知
H6：生活满意度正向影响社会融合意愿
H7：生活满意度正向影响退休定居意愿
Ooi等的研究发现,季节性工作者在试图从暂时迁移转变为永久移民过程中面临着难以克服的社会障碍,他们既无法融入本地居民已有的稳固社会关系,也很难与其建立新的社会关系[8]。Casado-Dıaz等[51]对西班牙的英国退休移民进行研究,发现他们在迁居之后既与自己的同胞保持联系,又积极融入当地社会。理论上,旅游游企业主移民作为旅游地新居民,必然会与本地老居民产出联系和交往,如果只是短暂经营需要,这种交往会局限在有限范围内,如行政、购物以及较少的医疗、教育联系等。实地调研显示,为了节约成本,外来企业主多数居住在自己租赁的店铺内,以店为家,主客交往的机会并不多,且汤口社区外来从业人员众多,企业主移民多以老乡为纽带进入旅游地,形成自己的社会网络圈,如企业主移民较为集中的庐江、安庆群体。但如果经营者计划在旅游地购房定居,就必然与当地人发生更为广泛的社会联系,社会融合意愿会成为企业主移民定居选择的重要考虑因素,因此形成假设：
H8：社会融合意愿正向影响购房定居意愿
“总体感知”变量的测量指标涉及经营和生活感知、社会适应等问题,因此形成如下假设：
H9：总体感知正向影响继续经营意愿
H10：总体感知正向影响社会融合意愿
H11：总体感知正向影响购房定居意愿
H12：总体感知正向影响退休定居意愿
九寨沟、汤口的调查显示,我国自然观光地企业主移民年龄集中在45岁以下,55岁以上企业主移民极少,这与国外旅游地出现的大量退休企业主移民、生活方式企业主移民有较大差别,汤口社区企业主移民可能会出于投资或其他生产性目的进行购房定居,这些企业主移民成为纯消费性的退休定居者尚需要进行转化,因此形成假设：
H13：购房定居意愿正向影响退休定居意愿
由于样本量较小,对以上变量的测量尽量明晰简化,采取直接测量和间接测量两种方式：① 对旅游企业主移民定居意愿影响因素中的“社会融合意愿”、“总体感知”、“继续经营意愿”三类变量分别命名为F1、F2、F3,并采取间接指标测量的方式;② 将“生活满意度”和“经营满意度”变量操作化为“生活总体满意度”和“工作总体满意度”各1个直接测量指标（表2）,用1~5分表示“很满意”—“很不满意”;③ 将“购房定居意愿”和“退休定居意愿”变量操作化为“您的未来打算：在本地购房定居”和“您的未来打算：退休后在本地定居”各1个直接测量指标,用1~5分表示“很同意”—“很不同意”。
根据以上假设,图2构建了显性变量和潜在变量共存的混合型路径分析模型[49,52]。模型首先容许旅游企业主移民定居意愿模型各变量之间的影响关系全部自由估计,而不容许指标的误差相关。
Fig. 2 Theory assumption mode of settlement intention SEM

图2 定居意愿假设模型

4.3 结果分析

4.3.1 模型拟合与修正 初始模型拟合结果显示（表5）,模型没有通过绝对拟合检验（CMIN=96.381,df=69,p<0.05）,拟合指数AGFI和RFI均小于0.90,没有达到拟合测量标准,近似均方根误差（RMSEA=0.051）较高,需要对模型进行修正。
Tab. 5 Before and after comparison of fitting indexes with SEM

表5 模型修正前后的拟合指标对比

参数 绝对拟合指数 相对拟合指数
CMIN P RMR GFI AGFI RMSEA NFI RFI IFI TLI CFI
初始模型 96.381 0.016 0.040 0.918 0.875 0.051 0.907 0.878 0.972 0.962 0.971
删除F3后 95.386 0.000 0.047 0.912 0.860 0.079 0.895 0.859 0.946 0.926 0.945
最终修正 54.558 0.239 0.033 0.946 0.912 0.030 0.940 0.918 0.992 0.989 0.992
通过对模型参数估计值观察发现：在加入总体感知潜变量（F2）后,经营满意度对继续经营意愿的影响、继续经营意愿潜变量（F3）对购房定居意愿的影响均不显著（t<1.96,p>0.05）,总体感知潜变量（F2）对继续经营意愿潜变量（F3）具有一定的替代作用,因此删除继续经营潜变量（F3）。
对删除F3后的模型进行拟合指数观察,发现模型没有通过绝对拟合检验（CMIN=95.386,df=69,p<0.05）,参数估计值显示,总体感知（F2）潜变量对社会融合意愿的影响不显著,对这条路径进行了删除,删除后的模型如图3。对重新模拟后的参数检验结果观察发现,“达到经营目标”与“满足动机愿望”的残差相关MI=30.409,“交本地朋友”与“主动了解本地风俗人情”残差相关的MI=5.966,是所有MI中最大的。从理论上看：认为达到自己经营目标的旅游企业主移民也更认为实现了自己的动机愿望,这符合汤口社区旅游企业主移民以经营获利为主要动机的现实;“交本地朋友”与“主动了解本地风俗人情”也具有理论价值。因此,分别增加了两组变量的残差相关。
Fig. 3 Theory assumption of settlement intend SEM after deleting latent variable F3

图3 删除F3后的定居意愿模型假设

增加这两项修正后,模型修正结果显示（表5）：模型通过绝对拟合检验,调整后的拟合指数均达拟合测量标准;MI虽然显示有>5的残差相关,但都违反了SEM假定,也没有发现新的变量路径;所有参数值估计都达到显著水平。说明修正后的模型为能拟合数据的最简模型。
4.3.2 信度与效度检验 采用克朗巴哈Alpha信度系数法,利用SPSS统计软件对收集的数据进行了计算（表6）。两个潜变量F1、F2的Alpha系数分别为0.839、0.744,均高于0.6,总量表Alpha系数达到0.857,问卷内在信度较好。2个潜变量的组成信度分别为0.8427、0.7505,均大于0.6,说明测量模型具有较高的目标可靠性。
Tab. 6 Result of questionnaire’s reliability analysis

表6 信度分析结果

潜变量 观测变量 Alpha系数 组合信度
F1：社会融合意愿 过本地节日;交本地朋友;主动了解本地风俗人情;愿意参加社区活动;认同本地人生活方式 0.839 0.8427
F2：总体感知 满足了自己的动机愿望;达到了我的经营目标;您在本地总体感觉 0.744 0.7505
总量表 — 0.857 —
采用验证性因子分析方法,分析显性变量对三个潜在变量的影响程度。结果显示（表7）：所有显性变量的因子负荷值均大于0.5,说明测量模型中的显性变量对潜变量的影响是显著的,没有必要剔除任何显性变量。
Tab. 7 Factor loadings of latent variables

表 7 潜变量的因子负荷

变量 F1：社会融合意愿 F2：总体感知 R2
交本地朋友 0.718 0.515
主动了解本地风俗人情 0.765 0.586
过本地节日 0.755 0.570
愿意参加社区活动 0.660 0.435
认同本地人生活方式 0.696 0.484
在本地总体感觉 0.626 0.392
达到了我的经营目标 0.729 0.532
满足了自己的动机愿望 0.764 0.584
4.3.3 假设检验 根据修正模型,确定了定居意愿结构方程模型（图4）。由于变量的测量单位不同,为了清楚地看到各变量之间的关系,图4中标出的是各观测变量、潜变量之间的标准回归系数及统计显著水平。具体表现为：
Fig. 4 Settlement intend SEM of tourism entrepreneurial migrants in Tangkou town

图4 旅游企业主移民定居意愿结构方程模型
注：***表示在0.01水平上统计差异具有显著性。

假设H1和H2得到验证。经营满意度与生活满意度和总体感知（F2）的路径系数分别为0.62（p<0.001）和0.51（p<0.001）,表明经营满意度越高的旅游企业主移民生活满意度越高、正面总体感知更强。H3、H4和H9没有得到验证是因为继续经营意愿潜变量删除而无法检验。
假设H5和H6得到验证。生活满意度与社会融合意愿（F1）和总体感知（F2）的路径系数分别为0.49（p<0.001）和0.46（p<0.001）,表明生活满意度越强的旅游企业主移民社会融意愿的正面总体感知越强。H7没有通过检验,表明生活满意度没有直接影响退休定居意愿,但模型显示,其通过支持总体感知对退休定居意愿产生了间接影响。
假设H11和H12得到验证。总体感知与购房定居意愿和退休定居意愿的路径系数分别为0.35（p<0.001）和0.17（p<0.01）,表明总体感知越好的TEMs更倾向于在汤口购房定居和退休定居。H10没有通过验证,表明总体感知对社会融合意愿没有直接影响。
假设H8得到验证。社会融合意愿与购房定居意愿的路径系数为0.26（p<0.01）,表明社会融合意愿越强的企业主越倾向于在旅游地购房定居。假设H13通过验证,其路径系数为0.69（p<0.001）,是模型路径系数中最高的,表明旅游企业主移民购房定居意愿越强,越倾向于退休后在旅游地定居。
此外,“达到经营目标”与“满足动机愿望”的残差相关系数为0.46（p<0.001）,表明越认为达到自己经营目标的旅游企业主移民也越认为实现了自己的动机愿望。“交本地朋友”与“主动了解本地风俗人情”的残差的相关系数为0.28（p<0.01）表明越期望与本地人交朋友的旅游企业主移民越倾向于主动了解当地风俗人情。

4.4 移民定居机制探讨

理论上,经营满意度、生活满意度、社会融合意愿三方面因素对TEMs的定居意愿存在影响。实证分析发现,经营满意因素与移民定居意愿的正相关关系（表3）。然而,路径分析显示,经营满意度并不直接对购房定居意愿和退休定居意愿产生影响,而是受到总体感知的中介作用。理论上,在一定的宏观经济背景和社会状况下,中国自然观光地TEMs年轻化及其家庭所处的生命周期决定了其迁移后考虑的首要问题是经营收益而非定居,与此同时,总体感知与经营目标和动机的内在关联性又表明了其对移民定居意愿的间接影响。
生活满意度对定居意愿没有直接影响,而是受社会融合意愿、总体感知的中介作用分别对购房定居意愿和退休定居意愿产生间接影响。这与国外企业主移民区别较大。尽管有大量实证研究表明国外TEMs在选择第二居住地时会首要考虑致使生活满意的气候、环境、社区功能、居住条件等要素,但鉴于汤口情境下TEMs的生活满意度受经营满意度的显著直接影响,其很难仅仅凭借生活满意这一项依据来决定其后续居留,访谈结果也证实了当前阶段的TEMs对物质基础的关注仍然很明显。
社会融合意愿对购房定居意愿有显著直接影响。结合访谈资料,在主客关系上,由于黄山旅游开发早,外来人口的持续进入使本地居民逐渐适应,且超过九成的TEMs租赁店铺给本地居民带来大量收益,因此本地人对移民的态度较为友好,这有助于促进移民与本地人的融合,进而促使其后续定居。然而,社会融合意愿对退休定居意愿却没有直接影响,而是受到了购房定居意愿的中介作用。考虑TEMs人群特征和入迁动机,随着职业的发展及家庭生命周期的推进,旅游企业主移民会先考虑经营收益问题,然后才会考虑是否购买第二房产以及后续的居留。此外,模型拟合过程显示,总体感知变量替代了继续经营意愿变量,经营满意度、继续经营意愿对购房定居意愿的路径关系无法体现。但访谈显示,基于经营满意的继续经营意愿与移民购房定居意愿之间存在一定程度的相关,这有待于后续研究证实。

5 结论与讨论

5.1 结论

（1）与国外发达地区TEMs不同,中国自然观光地TEMs更为年轻,家庭负担较重,首要考虑的是经济收益问题,其次才是后继居留。探索性分析也验证了这一点。鉴于此,在考虑中国自然观光地TEMs定居意愿时,要将其区分为购房定居意愿和退休定居意愿。
（2）探索性分析表明,中国自然观光地TEMs的购房定居和退休定居意愿的影响因素包括经营满意因素、生活满意因素、社会融合状况。
（3）结构方程模型检验并没有发现经营满意度对购房定居意愿和退休定居意愿有显著直接影响,但结合访谈、探索性分析可以判定,经营满意度依然是购房和退休定居意愿的本质驱动力。路径分析中经营满意度对这两个结果变量的支持变量（总体感知）具有显著影响亦证明了这一点。
（4）购房定居意愿的直接驱动力是社会融合意愿和总体感知,间接驱动力除了经营满意度之外,还有生活满意度。退休定居意愿最强的直接驱动力是购房定居意愿。总体感知既是退休定居意愿的直接弱驱动力又通过购房定居意愿对其产生影响,其余变量均是其间接驱动力。理论上,在达成经营满意的基础上,旅游地气候、环境、居住条件等因素以及主客关系开始成为购房定居的重要影响因素,且伴随旅游企业主移民年龄的增长和经济状况的不断提升,退休定居意愿最终也会随之变强。

5.2 讨论

与国际研究相比,本研究的理论贡献在于：首先,在比较中国自然观光地TEMs与国外TEMs的人口学差异的基础上,将定居意愿拆分成购房定居和退休定居两个方面进行探讨。其次,与国外对TEMs的探索性研究不同,本研究运用了结构方程模型来揭示各定居意愿影响因素的内在相互作用方式,以求更准确的理解TEMs定居意愿的驱动机制。不足之处在于,由于本研究样本量有限,难以分为两组随机样本对模型进行再检验。从实地观察来看,绝大多数旅游地可以获得的旅游企业主移民样本（拒访率较高）数量可能都难以实现分为两组样本对比研究。这就需要通过深度访谈对定居驱动机制进行合理深入的解释,或通过其他类似案例地进行检验。其次,尽管本研究案例地的旅游移民现象处于阶段性稳定状态,但在未来市场需求不断变化的过程中,旅游地中小企业业态也会相应变化,一些高技能、高收入、新业态旅游劳工移民（如现代休闲业、艺术创作等）可能会进入旅游地。同时,随着面向大都市的旅游地房产政策的放开,一些以消费为主的乡村生活方式旅游企业主移民可能会进入旅游地,促使旅游企业主移民结构发生变化。因此,在后续研究中,应当注重对这些新的移民现象和群体进行跟踪调查,加强时间序列的比较研究,发现普遍规律。在中国特色社会主义的新时代乡村振兴战略背景下,这些新的移民群体更符合乡村旅游发展的时代需求,因而具有典型的理论和实践意义。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within
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Wong K M, Musa G.Retirement motivation among ‘Malaysia My Second Home’ participants. Tourism Management, 2014, 40: 141-154.61This paper explores reasons for choosing Malaysia as a retirement location.61In-depth interviews were carried out with 30 international retirees.61Pearce's concept of the Travel Career Ladder (TCL) guided the data analysis and results discussion.61The dominant motivation themes clustered in the seeking of self-fulfilment needs.61Issues as to overlaps between motives and stages in the TCL are discussed.

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[23]
Wong K M, Musa G.Challenges of international retirees in second home destination: A phenomenological analysis. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2015, 15: 81-90.61We explore the challenges experienced by the MM2H participants in Malaysia.6123 participants were sampled by snowballing, and in-depth interviewed.61Data were analyzed using NVivo and further triangulated with other sources.61Several new perspectives on the challenges were highlighted and discussed.61The study's marketing and managerial implications are proposed.

DOI

[24]
Abdul-Aziz A R, Tah J H M, Lim J X, et al. Government initiatives to attract retired migrants: An analysis of Malaysia's My Second Home (MM2H) programme. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2015, 16: 58-66.61Programme should be designed at the earliest onset of inbound retiree migration.61Fine-tuning of the programmes is necessary to keep them current.61Net migration should be controlled so that benefits always outweigh disbenefits.61Regions within host countries will eventually compete for the retirement market.

DOI

[25]
Salazar N B, Zhang Y.Seasonal lifestyle tourism: The case of Chinese elites. Annals of Tourism Research, 2013, 43(4): 81-99.This article analyzes Chinese seasonal tourists, whose cultural practices originate from and provide new meaning to traditional Chinese elite culture. We place

DOI

[26]
Glorioso R S, Moss L A G. Amenity migration to mountain Regions: Current knowledge and a strategic construct for sustainable management. Social Change, 2007, 37(1): 137-161.

[27]
Pavelka J, Draper D.Leisure negotiation within amenity migration. Annals of Tourism Research, 2015, 50(50): 128-142.Amenity migration is typically defined as the migration to places of extra-ordinary physical, recreational and cultural amenities. While much has been written about the impacts of amenity migration little is known about the experience of amenity migrants at the destination, and specifically how they negotiate for what is arguably their primary aim, leisure. The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of the how amenity migrants negotiate for their leisure and how the broader leisure negotiation process changes the physical attributes and character of the tourism destination. The paper reports on a grounded theory, inter-disciplinary study of the human-environment relationship within a high amenity destination resulting in the empirically based model, Leisure Negotiation within Amenity Migration.

DOI

[28]
Benson M, O'Reilly K. Migration and the search for a better way of life: A critical exploration of lifestyle migration. Sociological Review, 2009, 57(4): 608-625.

[29]
Fourie J, Santana-Gallego M.Ethnic reunion and cultural affinity. Tourism Management, 2012, 36(3): 411-420.Ethnic reunion is the propensity of tourists to travel to regions where their ancestors originate from, while cultural affinity is the propensity of tourists to travel to regions with a shared cultural identity. This paper uses a “world migration matrix”, which records the year-1500 origins of the current populations of 159 countries, in a standard tourism gravity equation to provide the first empirical evidence of the existence of both these tourism traits at the global level. Our results remain robust even when controlling for other historical links, such as colonial legacy and regional trade agreements. By controlling for trade flows, we also show that this impact is unique to tourism. Ethnic reunion and cultural affinity are thus important – and neglected – constituents of tourism patterns (and of research), with important policy implications.

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[30]
Ruiz-Ballesteros E, Caceres-Feria R.Community-building and amenity migration in community-based tourism development. An approach from southwest Spain. Tourism Management, 2016, 54: 513-523.61A more dynamic, process-based, operational and flexible notion of community is provided.61Community-based tourism and community building are inherently linked processes.61Amenity migration is a key factor to understanding many experiences of CBT.

DOI

[31]
Schaeffer Y, Cremer-Schulte D, Tartiu C, et al.Natural amenity-driven segregation: Evidence from location choices in French metropolitan areas. Ecological Economics, 2016, 130: 37-52.61Conditional and mixed logit models are estimated in two metropolitan areas.61Preferences for natural amenities differ by households' size and social status.61Simulations show a significant impact of natural amenities on segregation.

DOI

[32]
Szivas E, Riley M.Tourism employment during economic transition. Annals of Tourism Research, 1999, 26(4): 747-771.

[33]
Janta H, Brown L, Lugosi P, et al.Migrant relationships and tourism employment. Annals of Tourism Research, 2011, 38(4): 1322-1343.This paper examines how tourism employment and workplace experiences influence migrant workers’ adaptation in the host society. It is argued that tourism employment provides access to multiple social networks, which subsequently supports the improvement of foreign workers’ social and cultural competencies. Such networks also help to compensate for the negative aspects of tourism work and migration. In addition, the paper considers how relationships among international workers inform chain migration and influence subsequent recruitment practices and migration experiences. The findings stem from a wider study of the experiences of Polish migrant workers employed in the UK tourism sector using qualitative and quantitative data.

DOI

[34]
杨钊, 上官筱燕, 蔡永寿等.九寨沟旅游劳工迁移微观驱动力分析.地理研究, 2013, 32(2): 347-359.以九寨沟为案例地,运用混合研究方法探讨了九寨沟旅游劳工入迁的微观驱动力结构、过程和强度。研究发现:①入移动力呈前后动态变化。劳工移民初始入迁受职业收益、职业特性、旅游地吸引、社会资本和生活方式5种动力驱动,职业收益居首位,旅游地吸引其次;后继居留受职业收益、职业特性、旅游地吸引和社会资本4种动力驱动,旅游地吸引居首位,职业收益其次;②不同类型旅游劳工的迁移动力具有差异。初始入迁管理人员受事业发展和收入驱动显著,一线工作人员较多追求生活方式,个体业主和出租车司机更关注收入,景区人员更多受旅游地吸引。后继居留大企业员工首先被旅游地吸引,而个体业主和出租车司机更强调事业发展前景,旅游地吸引其次。

DOI

[Yang Zhao, Shang Guan Xiaoyan, Cai Yongshou, et al.Analysis of tourism labor migrants’ micro-motivation in Jiuzhaigou based on mixed methods approaches. Geographical Research, 2013, 32(2): 347-359.]

[35]
陈蕾, 杨钊.生活方式型旅游小企业的特征及研究启示.旅游学刊, 2014, 29(8): 80-88.Lifestyle-oriented small tourism firms (LOSTFs) have become a research focus internationally, but little work has been done on their operation in China. This paper seeks to correct this. First, we define the concept of LOSTFs and shed light on their essential characteristics by reviewing seven important aspects of their development and function; that is, motivations for their creation, their business objectives, the information media they use, their site selections, their resources, their business orientation, and their ownership. Second, we point out that there are differences in the significance and value of LOSTFs between developed economies and developing/transition economies. Third, we interpret the influence of LOSTFs on tourist destinations from the point of view of economics, society and culture. Finally, we review the literature on LOSTFs at home and abroad, and suggest development trends for this sector of the industry in the future. Our results show that LOSTFs are different from profit-oriented small tourism firms. LOSTFs promote a unique lifestyle while profit-oriented small tourism firms pay more attention to the profits they can make. The essential difference between these firms is that they target different social groups. LOSTFs tend to promote regions that have beautiful environments and excellent infrastructure, and focus on innovative and creative tourism for wealthy visitors. In China, many retired foreigners are often involved in setting up and running LOSTFs. They often seek the same desires as their clients, that is, new experiences in a highly comfortable environment. To accomplish this, they pay more attention to suitable living environments, climate and, often, healthcare facilities; and they constantly seek ideal lifestyles and new business opportunities from a range of tourism destinations. The creation of LOSTFs represents an intelligent choice for the tourism industry in both developed and developing/transition economies. In developed economies, they promote the importance of prioritizing family values, maintaining a healthy work and life balance, developing particular lifestyles, and improving self-satisfaction. In developing/transition economies, they persuade communities to choose an alternative lifestyle, to adopt a good social welfare system, and to improve social status. They also play a significant role in employment, in the development of economic diversification, as well as in the inheritance and protection of local culture. However, there are some negative impacts. For example, it may be difficult to gain competitive advantage in a particular region owing to the small business scale of these enterprises. At the same time, foreigners involved in setting up LOSTFs may not be welcome by the local community and an influx of foreign tourists may have negative effects on local culture. Our study indicates that future research on LOSTFs needs to develop more mature theories of their development and impact, as well as provide comprehensive case studies of their operation from various perspectives, methods and disciplines. Nevertheless, with the further development of the world economy, LOSTFs will increasingly become an important social, economic and cultural phenomenon for many tourists. Research on LOSTFs will thus have great significance for the tourist industry as a whole, and for the sustainable development of tourist destinations in particular.

DOI

[Chen Lei, Yang Zhao.Features of lifestyle-oriented small tourism firms and its implications. Tourism Tribune, 2014, 29(8): 80-88.]

[36]
Bredvold R, Skålén P.Lifestyle entrepreneurs and their identity construction: A study of the tourism industry. Tourism Management, 2016, 56: 96-105.61A narrative understanding of identity construction is used to problematize previous conceptualizations of lifestyle entrepreneurs.61Flexible-versus-stable is one dimension of lifestyle entrepreneurs’ identity construction.61Embedded-versus-independent is a second dimension of lifestyle entrepreneurs’ identity construction.61These dimensions explain the identity-construction process for individual lifestyle entrepreneurs.61The modern, The loyal, The freedom-seeking, and The post-modern are types of lifestyle entrepreneurs.

DOI

[37]
Stone I, Stubbs C.Enterprising expatriates: Lifestyle migration and entrepreneurship in rural southern Europe. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 2007, 19(5): 433-450.This paper focuses on the growing aspect of entrepreneurship associated with lifestyle-induced migration from wealthy countries, through investigating self-employment among expatriates from northern Europe in rural areas of southern France and Spain. Most expatriates had no prior experience of entrepreneurship and typically established their business opportunistically and some time after arrival. Based upon interviews with 41 expatriate households (operating 70 business ventures), the study explores the characteristics of the individuals involved, the nature of their businesses, factors influencing start-up, and processes and patterns of business development. Self-employment is shown to be the most effective available mechanism for supporting lifestyle objectives of expatriates who vary greatly in their skills, experience and resources. The study identifies significant differences between the respective groups from the two countries, reflecting the spatially differentiated character of migration in terms of age, education, qualifications and capital resources. These appear to have given rise to a more sophisticated profile of businesses in the French areas. Sharp differences in language skills as between the different countries are seen as influencing the ability of entrepreneurs to network with, and market to, the indigenous population, with implications for the future development of the businesses, and their local impact. The study seeks to augment standard conceptual approaches to entrepreneurship, through taking account of the primacy of the migration decision and specific related processes, and proposes a model that advances our understanding of the phenomenon.

DOI

[38]
Uriely N.‘Travelling workers’ and ‘working tourists’: Variations across the interaction between work and tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2001, 3(1): 1-8.

[39]
李艳凝, 徐红罡. 游客还是居民—旅居拉萨和尼泊尔的自主经营者.旅游论坛, 2009, 2(2): 182-187.随着经济的增长和全球化的深化，与旅游相关的迁移越来越普遍，以拉萨和尼泊尔为目的地，采用定性分析的方法，探讨了从游客到旅游小企业业主的这一群体的行为特点以及其迁移的原因．研究指出旅游导致的移民有许多特点，不能完全用一般性的移民模式来解释，与一般的投资者相比，这些创业者没有强烈的做大做强的意识，更是一种生活方式型的小企业主，他们只愿把自己归为游客之列而不要求通过移民进入到本地社会．需要对这种现象进行长期比较研究。

DOI

[Li Yanning, Xu Honggang.From tourists to lifestyle entrepreneur: Chinese tourists in Lhasa and Nepal. Tourism Forum, 2009, 2(2): 182-187.]

[40]
梁微, 徐红罡, Rhodri Thomas.大理古城生活方式型旅游企业的动机和目标研究. 旅游学刊, 2010, 25(2): 47-53.随着全球企业小型化的发展,小企业已经发展为旅游企业的重要组成部分,对区域旅游发展起到促进作用。生活方式型旅游企业从属于旅游小企业,在国内外广泛存在,但相关研究较少。本文运用质性研究方法,通过大理古城实地调研,将生活方式型旅游企业划分为3种类型并进行分析,发现它们的动机和目标存在一定的共性,但也出现了分异。类生活方式型动机出自维持生计和兴趣爱好,但目标却逐渐偏向盈利和扩张;进取型的动机是兴趣爱好,目标也是享受生活状态,具有一致性;保守型中纯玩型的动机是享受不同生活方式,目标则表现出不稳定性,而需要维持生计型的则动机明确,维持生计,目标出现分化,分为维持现状和不明确。因此,政府在政策制定时需要对不同类型的企业进行区分并加以引导。

DOI

[Liang Wei, Xu Honggang, Thomas R.Study on the motivations and objectives of life-styled tourism businesses in Dali Ancient City. Tourism Tribune, 2010, 25(2): 47-53.]

[41]
马少吟, 徐红罡.从消费到生产: 大理古城生活方式型旅游企业主移民的生存特征.旅游学刊, 2016, 31(5): 81-88.伴随着全球化的发展，人口流动性不断增强。以度假、养老、休闲等为目的的旅游移民迅速发展。生活方式型旅游企业主移民为了追求一种新的生活方式迁移到旅游目的地，为了维持在目的地的新生活，他们需要创造收入，为了平衡工作与休闲，一般会选择经营旅游小企业，他们集生产与消费于一体。但关于生活方式型旅游企业主移民的研究有限。文章采用定性研究方法，综合运用深度访谈、非参与式观察和二手资料等方法，重点分析生活方式型旅游企业主移民在大理古城的生产和生活特征。研究发现：（1）生活方式型旅游企业主移民主要是来自北上广深的白领和金领;（2）旅游企业主移民将个人的兴趣爱好、价值观及生活方式与企业的经营相结合，使他们既能维持生存，又能按照自己的想法经营企业，平衡工作与生活;（3）生活方式型旅游企业主的日常活动和社会交往集中于住所-旅游小企业的小范围区域内，形成了基于共同兴趣爱好的移民内部&#x0201C;交往圈子&#x0201D;。总之，生活方式型旅游企业主移民在大理古城的聚集形成了小型的流动的移民社区，他们一直保持&#x0201C;在路上&#x0201D;，区别于根植于当地的传统社区居民和典型的游客。

DOI

[Ma Shaoyin, Xu Honggang.From consumption to production: understanding the tourism lifestyle entrepreneur in Dali. Tourism Tribune, 2016, 31(5): 81-88.]

[42]
陆林. 山岳型旅游地生命周期研究——安徽黄山、九华山实证分析.地理科学, 1997, 7(1): 63-69.通过安徽黄山、九华山实证分析，研究了山岳型旅游地生命周期，认为黄山、九华山已经经历了旅游地生命周期的探索阶段、参与阶段，目前正处发展阶段。采取有效的措施，引导黄山、九华山向着生命周期成熟阶段演化是可能和必要的。

[Lu Lin.A study on the life cycle of mountain resorts: A case study of Huangshan Mountain and Jiuhuashan Mountain. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 1997, 17(1): 63-69.]

[43]
刘法建, 张捷, 章锦河等.旅游地网络的演化与时空特征研究——以黄山风景区及汤口社区为例.地理科学, 2014, 34(12): 1428-1437.旅游地网络演化研究有助于揭示旅游地各种利益相关者是如何形成一个由各种关系交织而成的多元、复杂、交叉重叠的旅游地产业体系。以旅游地生命周期和社会网络理论为基础,以黄山风景区及其依托城镇汤口社区所形成的旅游地网络为研究对象,通过各发展各阶段中的变化及其影响因素的分析,按照"士大夫旅游背景下的寺庙管理模式、半官方和官方管理式的外事接待模式"等5个阶段进行网络结构的展示和分析,并探索了其演化发展的过程和机制。结果显示,黄山旅游地网络经历了"无连接-政府主导的星型网络-政府、地方社区企业两个主导网络成分-社区旅游广泛参与下的多类型、多层次的行动者互动网络"的过程。并将进入社区主导的旅游地网络阶段,并且随着旅游地网络的不断完善,黄山旅游地可持续发展的能力将得到增强。

[Liu Fajian, Zhang Jie, Zhang Jinhe, et al.The Process and spatial-temporal feature of tourism destination network evolution: A case study of MT. Huangshan scenic area and Tangkou. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014, 34(12): 1428-1437.]

[44]
Szivas E, Riley M, Airey D.Labour mobility into tourism: Attraction and Satisfaction. Annals of Tourism Research, 2003, 30(1): 64-76.http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160738302000361

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[45]
Vaugeois N, Rollins R.Mobity into tourism: Refuge employer. Annals of Tourism Research, 2007, 34(3): 630-648.<h2 class="secHeading" id="section_abstract">Abstract</h2><p id="">This article highlights findings from a study conducted on mobility into tourism in a rural region experiencing economic transition in a context where declines have occurred in traditional resource industries. Data obtained from a sample of tourism employees and entrepreneurs on Vancouver Island, Canada, revealed that this labor market attracted individuals from all other sectors of the workforce, including declining resource-based industries. Factor analysis of motivations to be employed in tourism indicated that lifestyle and entrepreneurship were the strongest of eight motivations. The findings replicate previous studies on this mobility, supporting the existence of five motivational orientations while indicating that tourism is not always a refuge employer.</p><h2 class="secHeading" id="section_abstract">R&eacute;sum&eacute;</h2><p id="">Mobilit&eacute; vers le tourisme: employeur de refuge? Cet article pr&eacute;sente les r&eacute;sultats d&rsquo;une &eacute;tude sur la mobilit&eacute; vers de tourisme dans une r&eacute;gion rurale en transition &eacute;conomique dans un contexte o&ugrave; les industries traditionnelles &agrave; base de ressources ont &eacute;t&eacute; en d&eacute;clin. Les donn&eacute;es, obtenues d&rsquo;un sondage des employ&eacute;s et des entrepreneurs, ont r&eacute;v&eacute;l&eacute; que ce march&eacute; du travail attirait des gens de tous les autres secteurs de la main-d&rsquo;&oelig;uvre, y compris les industries en d&eacute;clin &agrave; base de ressources. Une analyse factorielle des motivations pour travailler dans le tourisme a indiqu&eacute; que le style de vie et l&rsquo;esprit d&rsquo;entreprise &eacute;taient les plus fortes de huit motivations. Les r&eacute;sultats reproduisent ceux des &eacute;tudes ant&eacute;rieures sur cette mobilit&eacute; soutenant l&rsquo;existence de cinq orientations motivationnelles tout en indiquant que le tourisme n&rsquo;est pas toujours un employeur de refuge.</p>

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[46]
杨钊, 陆林.旅游劳工职业转换动力实证分析——以九华山为例.旅游学刊, 2006, 21(2): 76-81.学术界一直以来对旅游劳工在产业内部流动的研究较少，旅游职业具有门槛低、类型多、自控性强 以覆更易建立小生意等积极特性。在伴随旅游地经济快速增长的同时，吸引了大量本地和外地劳工从其他产业部门转移到旅游行业中来，带动了人力资本在产业间的 流动。本文以九华山旅游劳工为实证研究对象，探讨了九华山旅游劳工职业转换的动力结构，动机变量的因子分析结果证实了假设的五个因子方向，增加收入和建立 小生意成为企业主是九华山旅游劳工转移的首要动因。

DOI

[Yang Zhao, Lu Lin.A demonstrative analysis on tourism labor’s mobility motivation in sectors. Tourism Tribune, 2006, 21(2): 76-81.]

[47]
杨钊, 陆林, 陆应诚.九华山旅游劳工转移模式及从业感知研究.安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2007, 30(2): 177-180.本文以九华山旅游劳工为实证研 究对象,探讨了九华山旅游劳工的产业、空间转移模式及从业感知.研究发现九华山旅游劳工转移产业分布较为均衡宽广,农业和制造业位于转移行业的前两位;旅 游劳工多数来自外地,空间转移总体符合距离衰减规律;旅游劳工的从业感知评价十分积极,旅游职业本身及其带来的生活水平提高、工作环境改善等职业优势能够 使九华山旅游劳工克服工作时间较差、学历过剩等消极因素,保持较高的职业满意度.

DOI

[Yang Zhao, Lu Lin, Lu Yingcheng.A study on tourism labor’s mobility pattern and self-evaluation in Jiuhua Mountain. Journal of Anhui Normal University(Natural Science), 2007, 30(2): 177-180.]

[48]
杨钊, 张捷, 蔡永寿等.基于中外五区比较的旅游劳工行业流动规律分析.地理研究, 2011, 30(3) : 447-462.以九寨沟为实证案例地，通过与我国九华山和国外匈牙利、英国萨默塞特和考文垂、加拿大温哥华岛的比较，探讨了不同背景下旅游劳工的行业流动模式、从业评价和驱动规律。研究发现：（1）旅游劳工转移产业分布十分宽广。国外商业、服务业占据了主导行业，衰落产业劳工占据1110比例。我国农业、制造业占据主导行业，首次就业人群比例高，年轻女性就业需求高。（2）中外旅游劳工的从业感知评价都十分积极。我国两地从业总体满意度主要受职业前景、生活水平、工作时间长度和T作环境指标的支持。（3）因子分析证实旅游劳工行业流动来自五种驱动力。“积极特性因子”主导，职业避风港作用较小。“企业家愿望”因子与个体业主密切相关。“获利手段”和“积极特性”得到各人口特征人群的认可，“职业避风港”在各人口特征人群的认可度都较低。

DOI

[Yang Zhao, Zhang Jie, Cai Yongshou, et al.Analysis of tourism labor’s inter-industry mobility rules based on comparison among five areas at home and abroad. Geographical Research, 2011, 30(3): 447-462.]

[49]
张文宏, 雷开春.城市新移民社会认同的结构模型.社会学研究, 2009, (4): 61-87.本文根据亨廷顿关于社会身份的分类模式，运用结构方程模型的统计方法，通过群体认同、文化认同、地域认同、职业认同、地位认同等对城市新移民十分重要的五种社会认同类别，探索移民社会认同的内在关系结构。结果表明，移民的社会认同呈现出一致性认同与差异性认同并存的关系结构，具体表现为：职业认同与群体认同和地位认同，地位认同与地域认同，地域认同与文化认同和群体认同，群体认同与文化认同之间存在着一致性认同的倾向；职业认同与文化认同和地域认同，地位认同与文化认同和群体认同之间存在着差异性认同的倾向。此外，本研究还发现城市新移民的定居打算与其采纳本地节日的状况和他们对子女的期望之间均存在着正相关关系。

[Zhang Wenhong, Lei Kaichun.Structural model of urban new immigrants’ social identity. Sociological Studies, 2009, (4): 61-87.]

[50]
杨钊,程豪.中国自然观光地旅游企业主移民微观驱动力研究—以黄山汤口为例.地理研究,2018,37(5):954-966.以黄山市汤口镇为案例地,对旅游企业主移民(Tourism Entrepreneurial Migrants,TEMs)入迁驱动力结构和强度进行探索性分析,在此基础上,运用连续体模型考察微观驱动力的变化趋势。研究表明:(1)中国TEMs在人口学特征上与国外存在较大区别,且研究区域内的主客TEMs比较亦发现了两者在性别、年龄结构和家庭收入结构上的差异性,总体来看,国内TEMs经营动机明显,当前从事的工作是绝大多数TEMs的唯一工作和家庭最主要收入来源。(2)探索性因子分析发现移民迁移微观驱动力由10个因子构成,可进一步划分为旅游地吸引、积极特性、企业家愿望、经济收益、社会资本、生活方式6类。(3)与国外发达地区TEMs专注于寻找"更好的生活方式"不同,中国TEMs迁移的微观驱动力以生产性因素为主导,不同年龄组比较分析又显示了驱动力随时间的推移而产生变化趋势。

DOI

[Yang Zhao, Cheng Hao.Tourism entrepreneurial migrants' micro-motivations in Chinese natural scenery sightseeing places: A case study of Tangkou town in Huangshan city.Geographical Research, 2018,37(5): 954-966.]

[51]
Casado-Dıaz M A, Casado-Dıaz A B, Casado-Dıaz J M. Linking tourism, retirement migration and social capital. Tourism Geographies, 2013, 23(4): 163-173.A general trend in the study of international retirement migration has been the increased attention paid to the social contacts and network connections of the migrants in both the destination and the origin areas. These studies have examined the extent to which migrants build social relationships with their neighbours and the host society while also maintaining social links with their countries of origin, addressing the central role that leisure travel plays in sustaining increasingly dispersed social networks and maintaining the social capital of these networks and of the individuals involved in them. Using a case study approach to examine British retirement migration to Spain, we explore the relevance of transnational social networks in the context of international retirement migration, particularly the intensity of bidirectional visiting friends and relatives (VFR) tourism flows and the migrants’ social contacts with friends and/or family back in their home country. Building on the concept of social capital and Putnam's distinction between bonding and bridging social capital, we propose a framework for the analysis of the migrants’ international social networks. The results of a study conducted based on a sample of 365 British retirees living in the coast of Alicante (Spain) show both the strength of the retirees’ international bonding social capital and the role of ‘VFR's travel and communication technologies in sustaining the migrants’ transnational social practices and, ultimately, their international bonding social capital. It also provides evidence for the reinforcing links between tourism-related mobility and amenity-seeking migration in later life.

DOI

[52]
吴明隆. 结构方程模型——AMOS的操作与应用.重庆: 重庆大学出版社, 2009: 344-365.

[Wu Minglong.Structural Equation model:The Operation and Application of AMOS.Chongqing: Chongqing University Press, 2009: 344-365.]

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