Reconstruction of cropland distribution in the Late Neolithic period in Northern China
Received date: 2018-11-21
Request revised date: 2019-04-09
Online published: 2019-12-25
Copyright
Since the Holocene, the origin of agriculture has contributed to the intensification of human activities across the globe, and its development in the Late Neolithic period (about 7-5 ka B.P. in China) was in the transition from slash-and-burn agriculture to lei-and-si ploughing, which was considered to be the key period for human activities to change the natural environment. Fortunately, the rich archaeological sites in Northern China documented various human activities during this period. In this study, we choose the archaeological data and using the archaeology associated modeling method to calculate the size of the population and the cultivated land area of the settlement sites in Northern China in the Late Neolithic period, and then to reconstruct the spatial pattern of the cultivated land. The results showed that: (1) There were at least 506 100 people in Northern China in the Late Neolithic period, and Henan province had the largest population (about 304 600), followed by Shandong and Hebei provinces (about 137 200 and 64 300 people, respectively). (2) In the study period, the area of cultivated land was 102.22×10 4 hm 2, which accounted for 4.6% of the modern cultivated land. For the whole study area, the average reclamation index reached 1.99% in this period. Like the pattern of population size, the cultivated land area and the reclamation rate for Henan province were the largest, reaching 61.52×10 4 hm 2 and 3.68%, respectively, followed by Shandong and Hebei provinces, both the cultivated land area and the reclamation rate were approximately 27.72×10 4 hm 2 and 1.75%, and 12.98 ×10 4 hm and 0.69%, respectively. (3) In the 3-km range of the historical sites, the main distribution area of individual settlement cultivated land accounted for about 83.43% of the total cultivated area; (4) On spatial scale, 63.36% of cultivated land was located in the low-altitude plain and platform areas, and only 2.43% was located in the higher-altitude areas (above 1000 m). In terms of slope, 81.55% of cultivated land was located in areas less than 2°, 16.61% was found between 2°~6° of the gentle slope, and in the 6°~15° slope areas, the cultivated land area only accounted for 1.84%.
Key words: Late Neolithic; Northern China; cropland; spatial distribution
CHEN Qiangqiang , LIU Fenggui , FANG Xiuqi , ZHOU Qiang , CHEN qiong , CHEN Ruijie . Reconstruction of cropland distribution in the Late Neolithic period in Northern China[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019 , 38(12) : 2927 -2940 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020181293
表1 新石器时代晚期华北地区聚落遗址信息数据库结构Tab. 1 Information database structure of the settlement sites in the Late Neolithic period in North China |
| 地点 | 遗址名称 | 规模(万m2) | 经度(°) | 纬度(°) | 文化类型 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 洛阳市 | 高平寨遗址 | 45 | 112.082539 | 34.741394 | 仰韶文化 |
| 郑州市 | 尚岗阳遗址 | 3 | 113.720175 | 34.717497 | 仰韶文化 |
| 济宁市 | 王因遗址 | 4 | 116.770287 | 35.453453 | 北辛、大汶口文化 |
| 承德市 | 沙梁沟遗址 | 3 | 116.547274 | 41.878647 | 红山文化 |
| …… | …… | …… | …… | …… | …… |
表2 自变量显著性参数估计Tab. 2 The estimation of the significant parameter of independent variables |
| 自变量 | B | 标准误差 | Wald | 自由度 | 显著水平 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 坡度 | -11.438 | 0.113 | 10 226.640 | 1 | 0.000 |
| 距遗址距离 | -38.255 | 0.506 | 5 724.674 | 1 | 0.000 |
| 海拔 | -2.865 | 0.058 | 2 461.304 | 1 | 0.000 |
| 坡向 | 0.203 | 0.028 | 51.249 | 1 | 0.000 |
| 常量 | 2.602 | 0.024 | 12 105.393 | 1 | 0.000 |
表3 模型综合检验结果Tab. 3 Comprehensive test of model coefficients |
| 模型 | 卡方 | df | 显著水平 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 最终 | 49 104.286 | 4 | 0.000 |
表4 预测分类正确率交叉表Tab. 4 Forecast accuracy of model |
| 预测值 | 百分比校正(%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 观察值 | 非耕地(网格数) | 耕地(网格数) | ||
| 非耕地(网格数) | 38 615 | 11 385 | 77.2 | |
| 耕地(网格数) | 8 252 | 41 748 | 83.5 | |
| 总百分比 | 80.4 | |||
表5 单个遗址的人口规模及耕地面积Tab. 5 Population and cropland area of a single site |
| 地点 | 遗址 | 纬度(°) | 经度(°) | 规模(万m2) | 人口规模(人) | 耕地(hm2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 洛阳市 | 高平寨遗址 | 34.741394 | 112.082539 | 45 | 2 239 | 4 522.78 |
| 郑州市 | 尚岗阳遗址 | 34.717497 | 113.720175 | 3 | 149 | 300.98 |
| 济宁市 | 王因遗址 | 35.453453 | 116.770287 | 4 | 162 | 327.24 |
| 承德市 | 沙梁沟遗址 | 41.878647 | 116.547274 | 0.6 | 28 | 56.56 |
| …… | …… | …… | …… | …… | …… | …… |
表7 耕地的分布范围特征Tab. 7 Distribution characteristics of the range of cropland |
| 范围 | ≤ 3 km | ≤ 2 km | ≤ 1 km | >3 km |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 网格数(个) | 37 699 | 28 953 | 12 848 | 7 488 |
| 占比(%) | 83.43 | 64.07 | 28.43 | 16.57 |
表8 耕地的坡度分布特征Tab. 8 Slope distribution characteristics of cropland |
| 坡度(°) | 网格数(个) | 占比(%) |
|---|---|---|
| 平耕地(≤ 2°) | 36 850 | 81.55 |
| 缓坡耕地(2°~6°) | 7 507 | 16.61 |
| 坡耕地(6°~15°) | 830 | 1.84 |
表9 耕地的海拔分布特征Tab. 9 Elevation distribution characteristics of cropland |
| 地形起伏度 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 200 m以下的网格数(个) | 占比(%) | 200~500 m的网格数(个) | 占比(%) | ||
| 海拔(m) | 1000以上 | 1 098 | 2.43 | 7 | 0.02 |
| 500~1000 | 4 346 | 9.62 | 22 | 0.05 | |
| 200~500 | 11 057 | 24.47 | 19 | 0.04 | |
| 200以下 | 28 632 | 63.36 | 6 | 0.01 | |
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