The regional differences of land border tourism development in China and influencing factors
Received date: 2018-10-16
Request revised date: 2019-07-10
Online published: 2020-05-20
Copyright
The land border tourism in China serves as a pillar industry in the local economic development and is becoming an important sector for international cooperation. Based on literature review and field surveys, this paper investigated the quantity, types and quality of land border tourism resources of prefectural-level city in China. In addition, the Chinese Land Border Tourism Development Database was established with another two indicators of land border tourist number and land border tourism revenue between 2006-2015. The paper further analyzed the spatial pattern of land border tourism development from the view of spatial variation and spatial association. The influencing factors and suggestions for land border tourism development were offered. The results showed that there were 3341 units of land border tourism resources in China, 34.36% of which were of high quality. Buildings and facilities were the most common types of tourism resources. The spatial difference of the land border tourism resources was obvious. The overall coefficient of variation (CV) is 70.55% and the CVs of astronomical phenomena and meteorological landscapes, tourism commodities and human activities were higher than 100%. The high-high clusters and low-low clusters were apparent in the southwest and northeast of China, indicating that the land border tourism resources in the southwest region were rich and that in the northeast needs to be better developed. During 2006-2015, the land border tourism economy grew fastest in the northwest of Xinjiang and the east of Heilongjiang province. The hot spots of the land border tourism economy occurred in the northeast of China, while the cold spots appeared in the east and southwest of Xinjiang as well as the southwest of Tibet. The location advantage, terrain, cultural diversity, the relationships between neighboring countries and public facilities were the main factors influencing the patterns of land border tourism resources and economy. It was suggested that the government should adjust the management policies based on the characteristics of local resources, develop different types of resources comprehensively, strengthen the cooperation domestically and internationally, improve the public facilities and protect the local environment and ethnic culture.
ZHANG Shengrui , WANG Yingjie , JU Hongrun , ZHONG Linsheng . The regional differences of land border tourism development in China and influencing factors[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2020 , 39(2) : 414 -429 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020181123
表1 中国边境旅游资源的类型及数量Tab. 1 The types and number of land border tourism resources in China |
| 主类 | 亚类 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 类型 | 数量 | 占比(%) | 类型 | 数量 | 基本类型类数 |
| A地文景观 | 527 | 15.77 | AA自然景观综合体 | 312 | 16 |
| AB地质与构造形迹 | 35 | ||||
| AC地表形态 | 171 | ||||
| AD自然标记与自然现象 | 9 | ||||
| B水域景观 | 587 | 17.57 | BA河系 | 234 | 10 |
| BB湖沼 | 222 | ||||
| BC地下水 | 97 | ||||
| BD冰雪地 | 34 | ||||
| C生物景观 | 228 | 6.82 | CA植被景观 | 197 | 8 |
| CB野生动物栖息地 | 31 | ||||
| D天象与气候景观 | 23 | 0.69 | DA天象景观 | 10 | 5 |
| DB天气与气候现象 | 13 | ||||
| E建筑与设施 | 1 269 | 37.98 | EA人文景观综合体 | 682 | 32 |
| EB实用建筑与核心设施 | 379 | ||||
| EC景观与小品建筑 | 208 | ||||
| F历史遗迹 | 364 | 10.89 | FA物质类文化遗存 | 252 | 8 |
| FB非物质类文化遗存 | 112 | ||||
| G旅游购品 | 186 | 5.57 | GA农业产品 | 148 | 12 |
| GB工业产品 | 3 | ||||
| GC手工艺品 | 35 | ||||
| H人文活动 | 157 | 4.70 | HA人事活动记录 | 31 | 5 |
| HB岁时节令 | 126 | ||||
| 汇总 | 3 341 | 100.00 | 23 | 3 341 | 96 |
图3 各地级行政区的陆地边境旅游资源数量与结构Fig. 3 The number and type structure of land border tourism resources at prefectural scale |
表2 边境旅游资源的变异系数和莫兰指数Tab. 2 CV and Moran's I of land border tourism resources |
| 指标 | 总体 | 地文 景观 | 水域 景观 | 生物 景观 | 天象与 气候景观 | 建筑与 设施 | 历史 遗迹 | 旅游 购品 | 人文 活动 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CV(%) | 70.55 | 84.51 | 86.57 | 74.11 | 150.72 | 81.73 | 99.38 | 109.23 | 101.66 |
| Moran's I | 0.2618** | 0.2041** | 0.1334** | 0.1647** | -0.0376 | 0.2780** | 0.0261 | 0.1121* | 0.0988* |
注:*表示在0.05的水平上显著;**表示在0.01的水平上显著。 |
表3 边境地级行政区地形起伏度与旅游资源单体数量、旅游人次与旅游收入的关系Tab. 3 The relationship between the relative elevation and the number of tourism resources, tourists and tourism revenue in land border prefectural-level area |
| 相对高差(m) | 各市旅游资源单体 数量均值(个) | 各市接待入境旅游人数 均值(万人次) | 各市国际旅游外汇收入 均值(万美元) |
|---|---|---|---|
| <1 000 | 33 | 13 | 3 470 |
| 1 000~2 000 | 59 | 22 | 8 396 |
| 2 000~3 000 | 101 | 30 | 5 048 |
| 3 000~4 000 | 105 | 8 | 1 526 |
| 4 000~5 000 | 87 | 8 | 1 572 |
| 5 000~6 000 | 72 | 1 | 342 |
| 6 000~7 000 | 88 | 2 | 1 085 |
表4 旅游资源数量、旅游人数以及旅游外汇收入与邻国数量之间的关系Tab. 4 The relationship between the quantity of tourism resources, tourists, the tourism revenue and the neighboring countries of the border prefectures |
| 邻国数量(个) | 地级行政区 数量(个) | 各市旅游资源单体 数量均值(个) | 各市接待入境旅游 人数均值(万人次) | 各市国际旅游外汇 收入均值(万美元) | 平均相对 高差(m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | 4 | 136 | 6.68 | 2 288.83 | 4 826 |
| 2 | 9 | 84 | 14.28 | 6 261.41 | 4 612 |
| 1 | 32 | 64 | 17.64 | 4 371.72 | 2 282 |
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