Some problems in the application of potential ecological risk index
Received date: 2019-07-28
Request revised date: 2020-04-27
Online published: 2020-08-20
Copyright
Through reviewing 2323 papers on the potential ecological risk index (RI) proposed by Håkanson during 2001-2018, especially focusing on 203 papers published in some famous journals at home and abroad since 2008, the following problems were found: (1) Håkanson's RI is an ecological risk assessment method based on the theory of water environment sedimentology. Therefore it is not suitable to be applied to soil, especially not to water solute, atmospheric particulate matter, surface dust, plant or crop, etc. However, 49.29% of the 2323 papers have misplaced evaluation objects. (2) The grading criteria of potential ecological risk factor (Er) and RI proposed by Håkanson can not be mechanically copied. So, it should be adjusted according to the specific types and quantities of pollutants studied. The limit value of the first level of Er should be the maximum value of toxic coefficient (Stmax) of all the evaluated pollutants, and the limit value of the first level of RI can be obtained by ∑St i×1.13 with ten integers. However, most of the studies ignored the types and quantities of the pollutants, and copied indiscriminatingly the Er and RI classification criteria of Håkanson, which led to incorrect conclusions. The papers used the incorrect criteria of Er and RI, taking up 49.01% and 61.40% of the 203 papers, respectively. Although some researchers had adjusted the RI classification criteria according to the types and quantities of pollutants, only 23.81% of the papers are correct. (3) When only single ecological risk of Hg or comprehensive ecological risk of multiple heavy metals including Hg are evaluated, the St Hg can not be replaced by Tr Hg.
MA Jianhua , HAN Changxu , JIANG Yuling . Some problems in the application of potential ecological risk index[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2020 , 39(6) : 1233 -1241 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020190632
表1 污染物的毒性系数和毒性响应系数Tab. 1 The values of Sti and Tri of different pollutants |
| 污染物 | 毒性系数(Sti) | 毒性响应系数(Tri) |
|---|---|---|
| PCB | 40 | 40×(BPI/5) |
| Hg | 40 | 40×(5/BPI) |
| Cd | 30 | |
| As | 10 | 10×1 |
| Pb | 5 | |
| Cu | 5 | |
| Cr | 2 | |
| Zn | 1 | |
| 合计 | 133 | - |
表2 Håkanson(1980)潜在生态风险评价分级标准[1]Tab. 2 The grade criteria of Er and RI proposed by Håkanson in 1980 |
| Er值 | RI值 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 分级标准 | 风险等级 | 分级标准 | 风险等级 | |
| Er<40 | 轻微生态风险 | RI<150 | 轻微生态风险 | |
| 40≤Er<80 | 中等生态风险 | 150≤RI<300 | 中等生态风险 | |
| 80≤Er<160 | 较强生态风险 | 300≤RI<600 | 较强生态风险 | |
| 160≤Er<320 | 强烈生态风险 | RI≥600 | 极强生态风险 | |
| Er≥320 | 极强生态风险 | - | - | |
表3 2001—2018年潜在生态风险论文评价对象统计Tab. 3 Articles of potential ecological risk assessment with different subjects from 2001 to 2018 |
| 年份 | 不同研究对象论文(篇) | 合计 (篇) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 水体沉积物 | 土壤 | 灰尘 | 其他 | ||
| 2001—2004 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 2005 | 10 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 15 |
| 2006 | 13 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 19 |
| 2007 | 30 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 42 |
| 2008 | 54 | 27 | 1 | 2 | 84 |
| 2009 | 38 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 60 |
| 2010 | 73 | 32 | 3 | 2 | 110 |
| 2011 | 94 | 43 | 5 | 2 | 144 |
| 2012 | 71 | 39 | 6 | 2 | 118 |
| 2013 | 119 | 90 | 4 | 3 | 216 |
| 2014 | 116 | 102 | 15 | 3 | 236 |
| 2015 | 123 | 124 | 10 | 4 | 261 |
| 2016 | 136 | 145 | 8 | 9 | 298 |
| 2017 | 167 | 144 | 21 | 8 | 340 |
| 2018 | 125 | 220 | 7 | 18 | 370 |
| 总计(篇) | 1178 | 1008 | 83 | 54 | 2323 |
表4 某电池厂周边土壤重金属PN和RI评价比较Tab. 4 Comparisons of different pollution/risk levels of soil heavy metals with PN and RI around a battery factory |
| 内梅罗综合指数(PN) | 综合潜在生态风险指数(RI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 污染 级别 | 不同污染级 别样点比例(%) | 风险 级别 | 不同污染级 别样点比例(%) | |
| 清洁 | 0.00 | 轻微风险 | 5.26 | |
| 尚清洁 | 5.26 | 中等风险 | 47.37 | |
| 轻污染 | 0.00 | 较强风险 | 15.79 | |
| 中等污染 | 5.26 | 很强风险 | 31.58 | |
| 重度污染 | 89.42 | - | - | |
表5 203篇论文中生搬硬套Håkanson RI第一级界限值情况Tab. 5 The first limit values of RI copied indiscriminatingly from Håkanson among the 203 papers |
| 原文 | 正确的RI 一级界限值 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∑Sti | 错误的RI一级界限值 | 论文数(篇) | 占论文总数比例(%) | |
| 102~106 | <150 | 4 | 1.97 | <120 |
| 90~100 | <150 | 34 | 16.75 | <110~<120 |
| 80~89 | <150 | 8 | 3.94 | <90~<100 |
| 70~79 | <150 | 1 | 0.49 | <80~<90 |
| 60~69 | <150 | 9 | 4.43 | <70~<80 |
| 50~59 | <150 | 28 | 13.79 | <60~<70 |
| 40~49 | <150 | 31 | 15.27 | <50~<60 |
| 30~39 | <150 | 3 | 1.48 | <40~<50 |
| 20~29 | <150 | 4 | 1.97 | <30~<40 |
| 10~19 | <150 | 2 | 0.99 | <20~<30 |
| 合计 | - | 124 | 61.08 | - |
表6 203篇论文中对RI第一级界限值的调整情况Tab. 6 The first limit values of RI adjusted among the 203 articles |
| 原文 | 正确的RI 一级界限值 | 原文 | 正确的RI 一级界限值 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∑Sti | 调整后的RI一级界限值 | ∑Sti | 调整后的RI一级界限值 | ||
| 138 | <135(1) | <160 | 53 | <105(1), <90(1), | <60 |
| 125 | <140(1) | <150 | <50(1) | ||
| 105 | <180(1) | <120 | 52 | <110(1), <90(1) | <60 |
| 98 | <135(1), <110(3)[5-7 ]*, | <110 | 51 | <60(1)[13]* | <60 |
| <60(1), <55(1) | 50 | <60(1)[14]* | <60 | ||
| 93 | <135(1), <13 (1), | <110 | 48 | <110(1), <95(1), | <60 |
| <108(1), <95(1), | <90(1), <55(1), | ||||
| <110(3)[8-10]* | <50(1) | ||||
| 91 | <110(1)[11]*, <100(1), | <110 | 46 | <110(1) | <60 |
| <95(1) | 45 | <110(1), <90(1) | <50 | ||
| 88 | <95(1) | <100 | 43 | <50(1)[15]*, <40(1) | <50 |
| 87 | <135(1) | <100 | 41 | <50(1)[16]* | <50 |
| 83 | <94(1) | <100 | 35 | <110(1), <50(1), | <40 |
| 81 | <95(1) | <100 | <40(1), <35(1) | ||
| 73 | <100(1) | <90 | 28 | <45(1), <30(1) | <40 |
| 61 | <70(1)[12]*, <65(2) , | <70 | 26 | <95(1) | <30 |
| <50(1) | 24 | <20(1) | <30 | ||
| 58 | <70(1)[4]*, <65(1), | <70 | 23 | <50(1), <20(1) | <30 |
| <30(1) | 18 | <20(1)[17]* | <20 | ||
| 55 | <90(1), <62(1) | <70 | 11 | <20(1)[18]* | <20 |
| 合计(篇):63 | |||||
注:括弧内数字表示论文篇数;*表示正确调整RI第一级界限值的论文。 |
真诚感谢匿名评审专家在论文评审中所付出的时间和精力,评审专家对本文研究思路和结果分析方面的修改意见,使本文获益匪浅。
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