The spatio-temporal evolutionary process and mechanism of China's overseas contracted projects in Africa
Received date: 2020-04-09
Request revised date: 2020-09-23
Online published: 2021-02-20
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China's foreign contracted projects (FCPs) are generally considered as part of both Sino-Africa cooperation and China's economic diplomacy. With the rapid growth of China's FCPs, the increasing attention has been paid in recent years to their spatial patterns, especially in Asian and African countries. However, to date, there have been few studies on the spatial and temporal evolution of China's FCPs in Africa from the medium- and long-term perspectives. This article tries to fill this gap and examine the spatio-temporal evolutionary process and mechanism of China's overseas contracted projects in Africa. On the basis of analysis of socio-economic development and evolution of foreign policy since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, we firstly summarize the basic features of the evolution of China's FCPs in Africa from 1950 to 2017. Secondly, we identify main factors affecting the spatial distribution of China's FCPs in Africa and their temporal characteristics by analyzing the transnational panel data collected from 2001 to 2017. It is found that China's FCPs in Africa have experienced four historical stages. In the initial stage from 1956 to 1981, China's FCPs were conducted mainly in the form of foreign aid, which laid the foundation for further development. Between 1982 and 1999, China's FCPs experienced the market-oriented reform, and clustered in African coastal areas. After the rapid growth during 2000-2008, China's FCPs in Africa slowed down, and new project cooperation and financing modes were developed since 2009. From the spatial perspective, China's FCPs tend to concentrate in host countries with large domestic market, high openness, poor infrastructure, rich natural resources, relatively poor technical conditions, and few external debts, especially those countries or regions that keep sound bilateral relationships with China. In addition, the large African destination countries of China's FCPs tend to have higher economic risk to some extent for economic or other considerations. From the temporal perspective, the short-term macroeconomic situations are found to show greater significance while the importance of natural resources and political risks are weakening. Meanwhile, China's foreign investment policies have much more importance, and with the evolving investment institutions in host countries, China's FCPs in Africa still keep a high-risk tendency for more profits. Political and cultural bilateral relations played an important role in China's FCPs in Africa. The study enriches the research on the spatio-temporal variation of the factors influencing the China's FCPs in Africa. Additionally, it would be useful in formulating high-quality development policies on infrastructure construction in Africa in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative.
LIU Zhigao , XUE Jiashun , WANG Tao , SONG Tao . The spatio-temporal evolutionary process and mechanism of China's overseas contracted projects in Africa[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2020 , 39(12) : 2669 -2684 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020200298
表1 1982—2017年中国对非洲主要国家承包工程完成营业额Tab. 1 Completed turnover of Chinese foreign contracted projects in main African countries (1982-2017) 单位:万美元 |
| 国家(地区) | 1982年 | 1999年 | 2008年 | 2017年 | 国家(地区) | 1982年 | 1999年 | 2008年 | 2017年 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 阿尔及利亚 | 74 | 8962 | 420227 | 784898 | 利比亚 | 289 | 74118 | 5118 | |
| 埃及 | 291 | 1508 | 51379 | 154179 | 卢旺达 | 1338 | 1523 | 4551 | 19627 |
| 埃塞俄比亚 | 3668 | 98252 | 552174 | 马达加斯加 | 1907 | 21402 | 13270 | ||
| 安哥拉 | 827 | 322203 | 669326 | 马拉维 | 220 | 895 | 8771 | ||
| 贝宁 | 220 | 2030 | 8110 | 马里 | 9884 | 16325 | 38323 | ||
| 博茨瓦纳 | 5525 | 40518 | 25281 | 毛里求斯 | 902 | 7546 | 11720 | ||
| 布基纳法索 | 248 | 28029 | 27 | 毛里塔尼亚 | 1718 | 5619 | 22821 | ||
| 布隆迪 | 84 | 25 | 1269 | 2704 | 摩洛哥 | 123 | 28043 | 37649 | |
| 赤道几内亚 | 5084 | 71239 | 102500 | 莫桑比克 | 1019 | 10012 | 110875 | ||
| 多哥 | 552 | 2888 | 25729 | 纳米比亚 | 2481 | 7484 | 69667 | ||
| 厄立特里亚 | 334 | 3677 | 12239 | 南非 | 1746 | 24731 | 56880 | ||
| 佛得角 | 89 | 431 | 1694 | 南苏丹 | 35473 | ||||
| 冈比亚 | 49 | 526 | 1010 | 尼日尔 | 905 | 2217 | 17150 | ||
| 刚果(布) | 43 | 62925 | 74754 | 尼日利亚 | 231 | 10372 | 161353 | 310383 | |
| 刚果(金) | 648 | 28029 | 149954 | 塞拉利昂 | 466 | 2804 | 9193 | ||
| 吉布提 | 660 | 1732 | 36605 | 塞内加尔 | 5399 | 14004 | 94765 | ||
| 几内亚 | 1085 | 7150 | 61500 | 塞舌尔 | 2923 | 3968 | 1044 | ||
| 几内亚(比绍) | 5000 | 3439 | 669 | 圣多美和普林西比 | 50 | 116 | 122 | ||
| 加纳 | 978 | 38806 | 108511 | 苏丹 | 63 | 72893 | 262174 | 82125 | |
| 加蓬 | 2928 | 1553 | 47548 | 索马里 | 22 | 10 | 1527 | ||
| 津巴布韦 | 8449 | 15888 | 30591 | 坦桑尼亚 | 3569 | 41688 | 102586 | ||
| 喀麦隆 | 1648 | 6222 | 189239 | 突尼斯 | 998 | 5353 | 21896 | ||
| 科摩罗 | 62 | 476 | 1457 | 乌干达 | 1485 | 15373 | 217429 | ||
| 科特迪瓦 | 4877 | 1475 | 97663 | 赞比亚 | 2027 | 21792 | 230749 | ||
| 肯尼亚 | 5345 | 38693 | 372919 | 乍得 | 259 | 13075 | 62785 | ||
| 莱索托 | 798 | 3275 | 1441 | 中非 | 2404 | 1981 | |||
| 利比里亚 | 3546 | 22136 |
注:数据整理自《中国商务统计年鉴》《中国对外经济统计年鉴》《中国贸易外经统计年鉴》。 |
表2 变量定义与数据来源Tab.2 Variable definition and data sources |
| 影响要素 | 变量 | 符号 | 变量类型 | 数据来源 | 预期作用 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| / | 对外承包工程:年完成营业额 | FCP | 被解释变量 | 中国对外经济统计年鉴(2002—2005) 中国贸易外经统计年鉴(2006—2018) | / |
| 市场 | 市场规模:东道国GDP | GDP | 主要解释变量 | 世界银行WDI数据库 | + |
| 市场规模:东道国人均GDP | PGDP | 备选解释变量 | 世界银行WDI数据库 | + | |
| 市场增长速度:东道国GDP增长率 | GDPG | 主要解释变量 | 世界银行WDI数据库 | + | |
| 市场增长速度:人均GDP增长率 | PGDPG | 备选解释变量 | 世界银行WDI数据库 | + | |
| 市场开放度:东道国货物贸易占GDP比例 | OPEN | 主要解释变量 | 世界银行WDI数据库 | + | |
| 基础设施状况:固定电话订阅数量(每百人) | FTS | 主要解释变量 | 世界银行WDI数据库 | - | |
| 资源 | 劳动力丰富度:15-64岁人口比 | LFP | 主要解释变量 | 世界银行WDI数据库 | + |
| 自然资源丰富度:矿石、金属以及燃料出口占商品出口的比例 | NRE | 主要解释变量 | 世界银行WDI数据库 | + | |
| 自然资源丰富度:自然资源租金占GDP比例 | NRR | 备选解释变量 | 世界银行WDI数据库 | + | |
| 融资能力 | 外债占比:外债存量与同期GNI的比例 | EDS | 主要解释变量 | 世界银行WDI数据库 | - |
| 外汇储备:外汇总量与外债总量之比 | TR | 主要解释变量 | 世界银行WDI数据库 | + | |
| 技术 | 专利申请:年专利申请总量 | PA | 主要解释变量 | 世界银行WDI数据库 | - |
| 期刊论文:年科学和技术期刊论文发表量 | SCI | 备选解释变量 | 世界银行WDI数据库 | - | |
| 风险 | 政治风险:-2.5 =不稳定;2.5=稳定 | PS | 主要解释变量 | 世界银行WGI数据库 | + |
| 经济风险:选取经常账户占国内生产总值的比例为代理变量,取值越高,经济制度风险则越低。 | ER | 主要解释变量 | ICRG国家风险指数 | + | |
| 双边关系 | 政治关系:是否于1971年支持中国重返联合国,0 =反对;1 =弃权,2 =支持 | UN | 主要解释变量 | 整理自网络 | + |
| 政治关系:建交年数 | YED | 备选解释变量 | 外交部官网 | + | |
| 政治关系:是否与台湾建交 | TAIWAN | 备选解释变量 | 整理自网络 | + | |
| 经济关系:当年是否有生效的双边投资协议 | BIT | 主要解释变量 | 商务部官网 | + | |
| 经济关系:中国至东道国的出口总量 | FOB | 备选解释变量 | 世界经济展望数据库, IMF | + | |
| 文化关系:孔子学院数量 | CN | 主要解释变量 | 孔子学院总部官网 (汉办) | + | |
| 其他变量 | 自然地理区位:是否为内陆国家,0=沿海,1=内陆。 | LANDLOCK | 主要解释变量 | 世界银行WDI数据库 | - |
| 政策:是否为“一带一路”沿线国家 | BR | 主要解释变量 | 世界银行WDI数据库 | + | |
| 资本:对外直接投资净流入占GDP比例 | FDI | 备选解释变量 | 世界银行WDI数据库 | + |
表3 方差膨胀因子检验Tab.3 Variance inflation factor test |
| 变量 | VIF | 1/VIF | 变量 | VIF | 1/VIF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ln GDP | 3.78 | 0.264727 | CN | 1.55 | 0.646777 |
| ER | 2.71 | 0.369352 | LANDLOCK | 1.49 | 0.669967 |
| FTS | 2.68 | 0.373290 | BIT | 1.48 | 0.674542 |
| PA | 2.25 | 0.444537 | OPEN | 1.43 | 0.701606 |
| NRE | 2.22 | 0.450909 | UNION | 1.39 | 0.720941 |
| PS | 2.04 | 0.489784 | TR | 1.26 | 0.79186 |
| LFP | 1.95 | 0.511597 | BR | 1.25 | 0.802925 |
| EDS | 1.65 | 0.607244 | GDPG | 1.05 | 0.954957 |
| Mean VIF | 1.89 |
表4 中国对非洲承包工程空间分布的影响因素Tab.4 Locational determinants of Chinese foreign contracted projects in Africa |
| 2001—2017年 | 2001—2005年 | 2006—2011年 | 2012—2017年 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| lnGDP | 0.438*** | 0.0138 | 0.437*** | 1.014*** |
| (0.107) | (0.0746) | (0.0594) | (0.0459) | |
| GDPG | -0.00355 | 0.0492** | -0.00180 | -0.0111** |
| (0.00872) | (0.0236) | (0.0137) | (0.00517) | |
| OPEN | 0.0152*** | 0.00128 | 0.0147*** | 0.0117*** |
| (0.00247) | (0.00600) | (0.00366) | (0.00187) | |
| FTS | -0.0636*** | 0.00817 | -0.0297 | -0.154*** |
| (0.0160) | (0.0258) | (0.0189) | (0.0148) | |
| LFP | 0.00651 | -0.0101 | 0.0213*** | 0.0252*** |
| (0.00534) | (0.00682) | (0.00544) | (0.00225) | |
| NRE | 0.00451** | 0.00124 | 0.00956*** | 0.00259** |
| (0.00190) | (0.00391) | (0.00145) | (0.00127) | |
| EDS | -0.0120*** | -0.00695*** | -0.00726*** | 0.00464 |
| (0.00123) | (0.00248) | (0.00279) | (0.00299) | |
| TR | 0.000688*** | 0.00102*** | 0.000459*** | 0.000687*** |
| (7.67e-05) | (0.000369) | (0.000127) | (0.000140) | |
| PA | -0.000252*** | -0.000145* | -1.55e-05 | -0.000260*** |
| (7.18e-05) | (7.78e-05) | (5.61e-05) | (4.41e-05) | |
| PS | -0.0584 | -0.0950 | -0.185*** | 0.0391 |
| (0.0790) | (0.109) | (0.0638) | (0.0560) | |
| ER | -0.180*** | -0.190*** | -0.139* | -0.101** |
| (0.0594) | (0.0648) | (0.0732) | (0.0483) | |
| LANDLOCK | -0.209** | -0.411*** | -0.180 | -0.329*** |
| (0.0958) | (0.0858) | (0.179) | (0.104) | |
| BR | -0.382* | -1.265*** | -0.385* | 0.395*** |
| (0.215) | (0.445) | (0.227) | (0.139) | |
| UNION | 0.585*** | 0.818*** | 0.792*** | 0.452*** |
| (0.0731) | (0.0802) | (0.0861) | (0.0334) | |
| BIT | 0.826*** | 1.349*** | 0.712*** | -0.127 |
| (0.132) | (0.178) | (0.118) | (0.111) | |
| CN | 0.774*** | -0.814* | 0.367*** | 0.198*** |
| (0.107) | (0.450) | (0.0958) | (0.0414) | |
| Constant | -2.398 | 7.760*** | -4.062*** | -16.08*** |
| (2.559) | (1.549) | (1.424) | (1.026) | |
| 组间异方差 | 1692.59*** | 2448.73*** | 7461.53*** | 3680.25*** |
| 组间同期相关(Frees) | 3.652*** | 1.686*** | 3.158*** | 2.368*** |
| 组内自相关 | 4.816** | 0.681 | 24.174*** | 13.984*** |
| 观测数量 | 612 | 180 | 216 | 216 |
| R2 | 0.580 | 0.462 | 0.612 | 0.642 |
| 国家数量 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 |
注:括号中的数值表示标准误;***、**和*分别表示系数在1%、5%和10%水平下显著。 |
表5 中国对非洲承包工程空间分布的影响因素稳健性检验Tab.5 Locational determinants of Chinese FCPs in Africa (Robustness check) |
| FGLS | 替换主要解释变量 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 市场变量 | 资源变量 | 技术变量 | 双边关系变量 | |||||||
| ln GDP | 0.821*** | 0.513*** | 0.444*** | -0.0209 | ||||||
| (0.105) | (0.111) | (0.106) | (0.0712) | |||||||
| GDPG | -0.0145*** | -0.00643 | -0.00438 | -0.00694 | ||||||
| (0.00243) | (0.00861) | (0.00885) | (0.00674) | |||||||
| OPEN | 0.0125*** | 0.0132*** | 0.0122*** | 0.0151*** | -0.00296 | |||||
| (0.00174) | (0.00235) | (0.00239) | (0.00251) | (0.00249) | ||||||
| FTS | -0.0529** | -0.0675*** | -0.0683*** | -0.0729*** | -0.0700*** | |||||
| (0.0231) | (0.0207) | (0.0149) | (0.0162) | (0.0157) | ||||||
| LFP | -0.00600 | 0.0129* | 0.00383 | 0.00426 | -0.0105** | |||||
| (0.0142) | (0.00694) | (0.00468) | (0.00522) | (0.00423) | ||||||
| NRE | -0.00466 | 0.00644*** | 0.00470*** | 0.00830*** | ||||||
| (0.00324) | (0.00219) | (0.00181) | (0.00141) | |||||||
| EDS | -0.00807*** | -0.0140*** | -0.0114*** | -0.0119*** | -0.00558*** | |||||
| (0.00107) | (0.00131) | (0.00120) | (0.00127) | (0.00111) | ||||||
| TR | 0.000318*** | 0.000663*** | 0.000694*** | 0.000772*** | 0.000372*** | |||||
| (9.35e-05) | (7.84e-05) | (7.68e-05) | (8.60e-05) | (5.95e-05) | ||||||
| PA | -0.000254*** | -0.000125** | -0.000290*** | -0.000320*** | ||||||
| (7.66e-05) | (5.17e-05) | (6.80e-05) | (3.70e-05) | |||||||
| PS | 0.180* | -0.325*** | -0.00157 | -0.109 | 0.308*** | |||||
| (0.0989) | (0.113) | (0.0726) | (0.0744) | (0.0570) | ||||||
| ER | -0.0983* | -0.166*** | -0.162*** | -0.151** | -0.0311 | |||||
| (0.0554) | (0.0611) | (0.0516) | (0.0589) | (0.0382) | ||||||
| LANDLOCK | -0.200 | -0.147 | -0.263*** | -0.178* | 0.977*** | |||||
| (0.462) | (0.103) | (0.100) | (0.104) | (0.108) | ||||||
| BR | -0.947*** | -0.0768 | -0.432** | 0.301 | -0.482** | |||||
| (0.293) | (0.267) | (0.204) | (0.315) | (0.233) | ||||||
| UNION | 0.673*** | 0.680*** | 0.567*** | 0.629*** | ||||||
| (0.146) | (0.0557) | (0.0742) | (0.0621) | |||||||
| BIT | 0.0623 | 1.013*** | 0.862*** | 0.828*** | ||||||
| (0.178) | (0.110) | (0.128) | (0.134) | |||||||
| CN | 0.428*** | 0.847*** | 0.784*** | 0.852*** | 0.306*** | |||||
| (0.0513) | (0.0990) | (0.101) | (0.112) | (0.0725) | ||||||
| ln PGDP | 0.329*** | |||||||||
| (0.117) | ||||||||||
| PGDPG | -0.00247 | |||||||||
| (0.00954) | ||||||||||
| NRR | 0.0225*** | |||||||||
| (0.00558) | ||||||||||
| SCI | -0.000208*** | |||||||||
| (3.93e-05) | ||||||||||
| FGLS | 替换主要解释变量 | |||||||||
| 市场变量 | 资源变量 | 技术变量 | 双边关系变量 | |||||||
| YED | 0.0109*** | |||||||||
| (0.00411) | ||||||||||
| TAIWAN | -2.303*** | |||||||||
| (0.174) | ||||||||||
| ln FOB | 0.789*** | |||||||||
| (0.0730) | ||||||||||
| FDI | -0.0144* | |||||||||
| (0.00766) | ||||||||||
| Constant | -10.15*** | 4.864*** | -3.984 | -2.552 | 2.709* | |||||
| (3.042) | (1.199) | (2.754) | (2.576) | (1.557) | ||||||
| 组间异方差 | 1692.59*** | 2213.89*** | 2745.12*** | 2033.84*** | 1590.22*** | |||||
| 组间同期相关(Frees) | 3.652*** | 3.761*** | 3.651*** | 3.733*** | 2.210*** | |||||
| 组内自相关 | 4.816** | 5.154** | 4.886** | 4.760** | 5.086** | |||||
| 观测数量 | 612 | 612 | 612 | 612 | 612 | |||||
| R2 | - | 0.564 | 0.586 | 0.580 | 0.693 | |||||
| 国家数量 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | |||||
注:主要解释变量替换详见表2;括号中的数值表示标准误;***、**和*分别表示系数在1%、5%和10%水平下显著。 |
真诚感谢匿名评审专家在论文评审中所付出的时间和精力,评审专家对本文理论分析框架完善、重要解释变量选取方面给出了建设性意见,使得本文受益匪浅。
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