The central Jilin Province is one of the most important old industrial bases and major grain-producing areas in China, where the urban-rural development has its typical regional background and uniqueness. It is great practical significant and referenced value to promote the coordinated development of urban-rural system and to establish new urban-rural pattern by discussing the associativity and its regional difference of urban-rural areas. Based on statistical data and surveys of 24 spatial units, by the method of BP neural network, ESDA and GIS, the urban-rural association degrees in the major grain-producing areas of central Jilin Province were evaluated quantitatively, and the spatial relationship and regional difference were also analysed in this paper. The results are shown as follows. First, Moran's I of urban-rural association is -0.1205, which means the regional urban-rural association presents a weaker diffused trend; and the unbalanced development of economy, society and infrastructure is the key factor restricting the harmonious development of urban-rural relationship. Second, the spatial difference of urban-rural development is obvious, and the associativity of prefecture-level municipal districts are significantly superior to county-level cities, and the relationships of economy, society and infrastructure are demonstrated respectively in the spatial structure of "spheres", "cross-type" and "massive". Third, the urban-rural association takes on a weaker accumulated trend as a whole, and lower discrepant regions are mainly distributed along the Harbin-Dalian railway line, but higher discrepant regions are mainly distributed in the low mountains and hills of southeastern regions and the five prefecture-level municipal districts. Moreover, the associativity of economy, society and infrastructure are demonstrating respectively the trend of weaker diffusion, stronger proliferation and stronger diffusion.