The influence of historical climate change on agriculture in ancient China
Received date: 2010-07-03
Revised date: 2010-10-26
Online published: 2010-12-20
This paper made an analysis of the relationship between climate change and agricultural development in China since the Qin Dynasty. The following conclusions are obtained about how historical climate fluctuation influenced ancient agricultural production. Warm periods were beneficial to agricultural development while cold periods made against to it. When the climate was warm (e.g. Qin, Han, Sui and Tang dynasties), the northern boundary of farming moved northward. Thus, cultivation area expanded. And crop growing time and cropping patterns would also increase due to relatively high temperature. As a result, crop yields were greatly improved. However, during cold periods, (e.g. Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties, Late Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties period), the boundary of farming moved southward, cropping patterns became single, cultivation land and crop growing time reduced. These changes caused the decrease of crop yield. Moreover, the history of rice distribution in ancient China shows that during warm periods, single cropping rice was widely planted in the Yellow River Basin, and double cropping rice could grow in the Yangtze River Basin. But when the climate became cold, the range of the distribution of single cropping rice plant in the Yellow River Basin was significantly diminished, and double cropping rice retreated to the south of the Yangtze River Basin.
Key words： climate change; agricultural development; historical period; China
HE Fan-neng, LI Ke, LIU Hao-long . The influence of historical climate change on agriculture in ancient China[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2010 , 29(12) : 2289 -2297 . DOI: 10.11821/yj2010120018
[1] 方修琦, 葛全胜, 郑景云. 环境演变对中华文明影响研究的进展与展望. 古地理学报, 2004, 6(1): 85~94.
[2] David D Zhang, Peter Brecke, Harry F Lee, et al.. Global climate change, war, and population decline in recent human history. PNAS, 2007, 104(49): 19214~19219.
[3] 许靖华. 太阳、气候、饥荒与民族大迁移. 中国科学(D 辑), 1998, 28(4): 366~384.
[4] 王会昌. 2000年来中国北方游牧民族南迁与气候变化. 地理科学, 1996, 16 (3): 274~279.
[5] 葛全胜, 王维强. 人口压力、气候变化与太平天国. 地理研究,1995, 14(4):32~41.
[6] 李伯重. 气候变化与中国历史上人口的几次大起大落. 人口研究, 1999,23 (1): 15~19.
[7] 倪根金. 试论气候变迁对我国古代北方农业经济的影响. 农业考古, 1988, (1): 292~299.
[8] 方修琦. 从农业气候条件看我国北方原始农业的衰落与农牧交错带的形成. 自然资源学报, 1999, 14(3):212~218.
[9] 张养才. 历史时期气候变迁与我国稻作区演变关系的研究. 科学通讯, 1982,(4):237~241.
[10] 邹逸麟. 历史时期黄河流域水稻生产的地域分布和环境制约. 复旦学报(社会科学版), 1985, (3):222~231.
[11] 王铮, 黎华群, 孔祥德, 等. 气候变暖对中国农业影响的历史借鉴. 自然科学进展, 2005, 15(6): 706~713.
[12] IPCC. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2007. 994~996.
[13] 刘颖杰, 林而达. 气候变化对中国不同地区农业的影响. 气候变化研究进展, 2007, 3(4):229~233.
[14] 杨尚英. 气候变化对我国农业影响的研究进展. 安徽农业科学, 2006, 34(2):303~304.
[15] Yang Bao, Braeuning A, Johnson K R, et al. General characteristics of temperature variation in China during the last two millennia. Geophysical Research Letters, 2002, 29(9):381~384.
[16] Tan Ming, Liu Tungsheng. Cyclic rapid warming on centennial-cale revealed by a 2650-year stalagmite record of warm season temperature. Geophysical Research Letters, 2003,30(20):16~17.
[17] 葛全胜, 郑景云, 方修琦, 等. 过去2000年中国东部冬半年温度变化. 第四纪研究, 2002, 22(2):166~173.
[18] 满志敏. 中国历史时期气候变化研究. 济南:山东教育出版社, 2009. 1~504.
[19] 谭其骧. 对历史时期的中国边界和边疆的几点看法. 中国史研究动态, 1979,(11):1~11.
[20] 王子今. 秦汉时期生态环境研究. 北京:北京大学出版社, 2007. 436~440.
[21] 满志敏, 葛全胜, 张丕远. 气候变化对历史上农牧过渡带影响的个例研究. 地理研究, 2000, 19(2):141~147.
[22] 陈新海. 南北朝时期黄河中下游的主要农业区. 中国历史地理论丛, 1990,5(2): 103~119.
[23] 蓝勇. 唐代气候变化与唐代历史兴衰. 中国历史地理论丛, 2001, 16(1):1~15.
[24] 王尚义. 历史时期鄂尔多斯高原农牧业的交替及其对自然环境的影响. 见:历史地理(第五辑).上海:上海人民出版社, 1987.11~24.
[25] 张丕远. 中国历史气候变化. 济南:山东科学技术出版社, 1996. 395~413.
[26] 邹逸麟. 明清时期北部农牧过渡带的推移和气候冷暖变化. 复旦学报(社会科学版), 1995, (1): 25~33.
[27] 汤懋苍, 汤池. 历史上气候变化对我国社会发展的影响初探.高原气象, 2000, 19(2):159~165.
[28] 郭文韬. 中国古代的农作制和耕作法. 北京:农业出版社, 1981. 1~27.
[29] 龚高法, 张丕远. 气候寒暖变化及其对农业生产的影响.见:纪念科学家竺可桢论文集. 北京: 北京科学普及出版社, 1982.195~212.
[30] 刘伟, 钟巍, 薛积彬, 等. 明清时期广东地区气候变冷对社会经济发展的影响. 华南师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2006, (3):134~141.
[31] 张家诚. 气候变化对中国农业生产的影响初探. 地理研究, 1982 , 1(2): 8~15.
[32] 吴慧. 中国历代粮食亩产研究. 北京: 农业出版社, 1985.1~232.
[33] 余也非. 中国历代粮食平均亩产量考略. 重庆师范大学学报, 1980, (3):8~20.
[34] 吴存浩. 中国农业史(1~4卷). 北京: 警官教育出版社, 1996. 1~1273.
[35] 赵冈. 农业经济史论集——产权、人口与农业生产. 北京: 农业出版社, 2001. 1~271.
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |