With the increasingly severe global energy crisis, countries are working together to control carbon emissions and develop low-carbon economies. In this context, the new energy vehicle industry has entered a stage of rapid growth. However, how to analyze the interaction between the new energy vehicle production network and local regions has become one of the key issues of academic attention. This article selects BYD, a benchmark enterprise for new energy vehicles in China, and focuses on the strategic coupling mode and driving mechanism between BYD's production network and typical regions by organizing its domestic core suppliers for new energy vehicles in 2022. The study shows that: (1) The overall production layout of different production system components in China has formed a spatial pattern with the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta, and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as the cores. Specifically, the production network of batteries and electric drive systems has the largest scale and high degree of agglomeration, while the clustering degree of body and chassis accessories is the lowest, and the high-frequency connections of the production network are mainly concentrated between cities in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta. (2) In the process of interaction between production networks and regional development, due to the influence of regional location advantages and enterprise spatial stickiness, a differentiated coupling mode has emerged, mainly manifested as the coexistence of dependent coupling, reciprocal coupling, and absorption coupling. (3) The interactive relationship channel between local production networks and regional development constructed based on "network characteristics-strategic coupling-regional interaction" promotes the transformation of enterprise production from field related space to value related space, providing practical support for the localization of strategic coupling theory in China. This article attempts to divide the production system of new energy vehicles into intelligent electronic and electrical systems, battery and electric drive systems, thermal management systems, and vehicle chassis decoration systems. Based on typical cases, it analyzes the strategic coupling mode and mechanism. On the one hand, it provides practical support for the localization plan of strategic coupling through theoretical construction and deduction, and on the other hand, it provides empirical support for analyzing the interactive relationship between the production network and regional development of domestic leading enterprises in China.

Unveiling the evolutionary rules and mechanisms of land transfer scale and land transfer price holds referential significance for enhancing the role of land resources in macroeconomic control. This paper takes the land market transaction data from 295 cities in China from 2007 to 2022 as a case study. Using cold-hot spot analysis, standard deviation ellipses and a comprehensive land price model, this analysis depicts the spatio-temporal characteristics of land transfer scale and price changes. A bivariate spatial autocorrelation model is employed to analyze the spatial interaction between the scale and price of land transfer. Furthermore, the geographical detector is used to uncover the formation mechanism. The findings of the study reveal that: (1) The land transfer scale experiences a trajectory of rapid growth, sharp decline and gradual rise, exhibiting a spatial pattern of "hot in the east, but cold in the west". The gravities of industrial and mining land and commercial land transfer shift westward, whereas those of residential land and other land types move southward. (2) Residential land prices and commercial land prices rise quickly, while the transfer prices of industrial and mining land and other types of land increase slowly. All types of land prices show a pattern of "higher in the southeast, but lower in the northwest", transitioning from scattered points to clustered regions, which reduce local disparities but expand the overall gap. (3) A significant positive spatial correlation is observed between the scale and price of land transfer. The local spatial pattern displays high-high and low-high clustering to the east of the Hu Huanyong Line, while low-low clustering and high-low clustering are found to the west of the Hu Huanyong Line. (4) The impact of multifactor interactions on land transfer scale and land transfer price is greater than that of single factors. Changes in land transfer scale and price are the result of policy implementation and location condition optimization under the guidance of economic development and social life. Therefore, regional coordinated development should be promoted by optimizing land transfer structure, regulating land transfer prices, guiding the interactive effects between land transfer scale and price, and ensuring the orderly operation of the land factor market.

Taking the counties in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration as the study area, this paper first constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system based on the connotation of urban resilience and innovation efficiency to measure the development level of urban resilience and innovation efficiency from 2000 to 2021. Then, combining spatial autocorrelation and center of gravity models, we examine the spatial and temporal evolutionary characteristics of urban resilience and innovation efficiency coupling coordination, and use geo-detectors and spatio-temporal geographically-weighted regression to detect the main influencing factors and reveal their spatial heterogeneity. Results show that: (1) From 2000 to 2021, the comprehensive level of urban resilience is low in the study area, but the overall trend is stable and rising, and the spatial gradient diffusion trend is generally displayed with Beijing and Tianjin as the core. (2) The efficiency of scientific and technological innovation has an “N-shaped” fluctuation, which shows the trend of first contraction and then expansion in space. (3) The coupling coordination level of urban resilience and innovation efficiency showed a gradual upward trend as a whole, and the spatial pattern presented a “circle pattern” of inward and outward decline. The migration path of the center of gravity showed a change pattern of “southeast shift, northwest return”, and the positive correlation of coupling coordination space and local spatial agglomeration were significant. (4) The spatio-temporal evolution of the coupling coordination between urban resilience and innovation efficiency is mainly driven by economic development and social basic factors, which is the result of the joint action of natural environment and cultural level. The impact of natural and socio-economic factors on the coupling coordination in the study area shows obvious spatial heterogeneity.

Optimizing territorial spatial patterns and promoting balanced development are the major national strategies. It is necessary to examine the characteristics and driving factors of territorial space evolution and identify one or more main axes that support China's regional coordinated development. To this end, this paper uses the Hu Huanyong Line (Hu Line) and the Bole-Taipei Line (BT Line) as spatial references and classifies the land territorial space into three categories: urban-rural construction space, agricultural production space, and ecological conservation space. Various spatial statistical and analytical methods are employed to analyze the layout, evolution, and structural transformation characteristics of China's land territorial space from 2000 to 2020. Additionally, the study quantitatively verifies the balance and sources of differences in territorial space evolution on both sides of these key lines and further identifies the key influencing factors and their spatial differentiation effects. Findings indicate that: (1) Over the past two decades, significant expansion of urban-rural construction space in China has narrowed east-west and south-north disparities, accompanied by noticeable degradation. Agricultural production space has shifted westward along the Hu Line, while ecological conservation space has globally decreased, highlighting significant dynamic interchanges between agricultural production and ecological conservation spaces. (2) The Hu and BT lines effectively capture spatial differentiation characteristics of China's territorial space evolution. The Hu Line effectively scales non-stationary changes in farming-forestry patterns, while the BT Line serves as a watershed for determining whether national urban-rural construction spaces degrade. Currently, China's territorial space evolution remains primarily characterized by east-west disparities, with minimal differences between the south and the north. (3) China's territorial space evolution is a complex outcome of policy, natural geography, transportation location, and socio-economy. Geographic conditions and transportation locations are common factors constraining China's overall spatial evolution, with significant differences in natural conditions between the east and the west, and prominent transportation location factors between the south and the north. Based on the conclusions, strategic recommendations include balancing urban-rural spatial layouts to mitigate north-south disparities, timely responses to the new trends of agricultural space shifts, and dynamic monitoring of regional ecological and agricultural space changes across the Pan-Hu Huanyong Line region.

Since its inception, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has garnered widespread international attention. Its vision of green development aligns with the theme of global sustainability, but has been long attacked by the Western public opinion. The study of Western public opinion's discourse construction of the Green BRI could help advance its construction, uphold China's national environmental image, and bolster China's international discourse influence. Based on LDA and Word2vec models, this research conducts comprehensive examination of the Western media reports on BRI under the issues of resources, environment, and ecology since 2013 by means of text analysis. The spatio-temporal evolutionary characteristics of report topics are investigated, and the mechanism of discourse construction and the geopolitical motivations behind Western public opinion are revealed. The study finds that: (1) Western media's engagement with the Green BRI could be categorized into three periods, namely, the observing period (2013-2016), the developing period (2017-2021), and the silent period (from 2022 to the present). (2) The primary concerns of Western media revolved around the negative impacts of fossil fuels on the aspects of resource depletion, environmental pollution, and ecological degradation; the transition process, trade activities, and investment dynamics of clean energy, as well as the international environmental cooperation and energy competition. The multifaceted interactions between infrastructure development and wildlife conservation were also prominent topics. (3) Western media reports displayed spatially differential characteristics, suggesting varying levels of engagement and prioritization. The UK and the US were widely concerned over global environmental issues, while paying great attention to their own state interests and China's negative environmental performance. France and Germany avoided associating their own affairs with the Green BRI, Canada and Australia almost exclusively concentrated on their self-interests, and New Zealand exhibited relatively low enthusiasm for reporting. (4) In order to maintain the consistency of their national roles, Western countries employed public opinion tactics to construct discursive narratives around the Green BRI, which were ideological, grand narrative-driven, demonizing, and romanticizing. The national public opinion roles of countries were not only shaped by their interests and positions as "the Self", but also influenced by the expectations of other countries as "the Other".

The mobility of leading scientists is a crucial factor in shaping the global scientific landscape. Drawing on the education and work resumes of Nobel laureates in natural sciences since 1901, this study explores the spatiotemporal dynamics of leading scientists' mobility throughout their careers and examines the spatiotemporal pattern evolution of the world science center, using their mobility as a lens. The findings reveal several key insights: (1) The international mobility of leading scientists during their education phase exhibits a relatively wide range of sources and a high concentration of destinations. During the work phase, mobility shifts from intra-European movement to transatlantic movement. Compared to the education phase, the flow during the work phase becomes even more concentrated, showing a distinct “cone-shaped” pattern; (2) A transfer of the world science center is evident, driven by the mobility of leading scientists, notably from Germany to the United States between 1930 and 1940. (3) The geographic transfer of the world science center is often led by dominant scientific disciplines, transitioning from single subject breakthroughs to a more balanced disciplinary landscape. Compared to the overall transfer of the science center, disciplinary shifts occur earlier and decline later. (4) A distinct “front and rear” phenomenon characterizes the geographic transfer of the world science center: Birthplace cluster centers typically lag behind awarding centers, suggesting that the world science center is not solely relying on local talents to cultivate, but gradually realizes independent talent cultivation on the basis of gathering talents from other scientific centers. Conversely, education centers precede and decline earlier than awarding centers. This shows that education center is a prerequisite for the formation of science center. In conclusion, this study underscores the intertwined relationship between mobility of leading scientists, the evolution of scientific disciplines, and the shifting geography of global scientific prominence, shedding light on the complex dynamics driving scientific progress.

In recent years, the “geographies of science and technology” has drawn sustained scholarly attention, with researchers exploring the intricate connections between scientific knowledge and geography by examining the space of scientific practices and the contextuality of knowledge circulation. This research orientation is based on the localist of the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) and the interpretive path of critical historical geography, extends geographical perspective into the spatial dimensions of science / knowledge ontology, highlighting the research potential to recognize the intricate dynamics of “power-space-knowledge” in the modern world. Tracing its origins, the intellectual foundations and academic characteristics of this field are closely tied to the emergence of the “Historical Geography of Science” in the 1990s. Although existing studies have not systematically unveiled the academic trajectory of this field's early development, it is precisely the critical turn in historical geography itself that has triggered the deconstruction and reflection on “meta-narratives” of history, which has also provided an opportunity for the integration and development of geography and the sociology of scientific knowledge. This interplay laid the theoretical and methodological foundation for the Historical Geography of Science. This article examines the intellectual trajectory and theoretical evolution of this field, offering insights into the interplay between scientific knowledge and geography while providing guidance for future research.

Understanding the spatial and temporal differences in ecosystem health and their driving factors is conducive to ecosystem management and restoration. Although existing studies have assessed ecosystem health in different regions, few studies have explored the spatial heterogeneity of ecosystem health and its driving forces in depth. In this paper, the mountain-basin system on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains is divided into five ecological zones (northern grassland area, central mixed area, desert area, cultivated area and southern mountain area). Based on the vital-organization-resilience framework, the spatial and temporal changes of ecosystem health in this basin during 2000-2020 are analyzed. The interactive effects of geographical factors on the spatial and temporal differentiation of ecosystem health were studied by using geographic detectors and constraint lines. The results showed that: (1) The ecosystem health status in the study area showed a gourd-shaped distribution trend with more low values and less high values, the ecosystem health index showed an increasing trend, and the overall ecosystem health status showed a significant improvement trend. (2) There were differences in the change trend of ecosystem health in different ecological zones. The health status of ecosystem in the northern grassland area, the central mixed area and the cultivated land area improved, while the health status of ecosystem in the desert area decreased. (3) The interpretation ability of different geographic factors on the spatial differentiation of ecosystem health was significantly different in different time periods and different regions. Natural factors such as soil type, regional division, average annual surface temperature and annual evaporation played a dominant role, while human activities had little influence overall. The factor interaction detection showed that the influence of the two-factor interaction was higher than that of the single factor, and the dominant interaction had some differences in different regions, but all of them were the interaction combination of soil type, annual surface temperature and other factors. The results can provide more effective and detailed decision support for ecosystem protection in the mountain-basin system on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains and other areas with similar conditions.

Networked collaborative governance is an effective means of solving cross-scale environmental protection problems, and clarifying the formation mechanism and barriers of cross-regional environmental collaborative governance networks can effectively enhance governance effectiveness. This paper constructs a collaborative environmental governance network based on the environmental cooperation policy of the Pan-Pearl River Delta (PPRD) region (excluding Hong Kong and Macao), introduces an exponential random graph model to quantitatively simulate the driving influences of the endogenous and exogenous conditions of the network, explains the tendency of self-organization structure in the network pattern combined with relationship dependence, and analyzes the mechanism of the effects of provincial attributes and inter-provincial relations on the formation of trans-regional environmental collaborative governance networks. The results show that the PPRD collaborative environmental governance network as a whole consists of provinces along the Pearl River Basin in a diamond structure, with Guangdong and Guangxi facing the whole region in a dual-core dispersed linkage, locally embedded in an extensive agglomeration structure, and with an obvious small-world nature. Self-organized dependence within the cooperative area network is significant, with a tendency of the ternary structural hole closure and star structure, indicating that relational transmission and preferential dependence effects contribute to the cooperative linkages. The level of economic development and interprovincial environmental differences drove provinces to establish cooperation externally, the effect of regulatory system proximity was negative, cross-regional cooperation was not limited by the scope of the environmental inspectorates to which they belonged, and the role of geographic proximity was not obvious, as a result of the close ties between distant provinces under the influence of shared resources or cross-regional ecological impacts. This study deepens the theoretical knowledge of the formation mechanism of trans-regional environmental collaborative governance network, and provides explanatory logic and decision-making references for improving the network governance effectiveness and optimizing regional collaborative development.

The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out the need to promote the expansion of high-quality medical resources and balanced regional layout. Based on the multi-cycle Acc-Cost model, this paper constructs a research framework of “current situation assessment-scenario simulation-site optimization-pattern characterization” to evaluate the accessibility of medical resources in Beijing and further analyze the optimization and allocation plans for new medical resources under multiple scenarios. The research results indicate that: (1) The accessibility of medical facilities in Beijing peaks in the central urban area and gradually decreases outward, showing a typical “central urban area - suburban area - remote suburban area” concentric decay pattern. (2) The limiting growth scenario identifies 8 optimal sites for new tertiary hospitals and 174 optimal sites for new general hospitals through 182 model iterations, the natural trend scenario identifies 13 optimal sites for new tertiary hospitals and 232 optimal sites for new general hospitals, and the stimulating growth scenario identifies 21 optimal sites for new tertiary hospitals and 381 optimal sites for new general hospitals. (3) The limiting growth scenario is more representative, as it can more comprehensively incorporate factors such as natural growth, population dispersion, and planning guidance into the model. Under this scenario, the model has a good optimization effect, capable of covering more than 99% of the population with poor medical resource accessibility through 5.6% of new tertiary hospitals and 10.4% of new general hospitals. (4) Based on the limiting growth scenario, the study divides the entire area of Beijing into resource balance areas, resource overflow areas, and key optimization areas, proposing a “bottom line” for medical treatment throughout Beijing and facilitating the “last mile” of medical treatment across the entire area. The study provides a theoretical reference for characterizing the optimized allocation pattern of tiered medical resources in reality and offers new perspectives and methods for further research on the optimization and allocation of public service facilities.

This article constructs a mid-to-high-end manufacturing industry global production network utilizing the global value chain decomposition framework and inter-country input-output tables from OECD to analyze its structural features and determinants. Analysis results indicate that the mid-to-high-end manufacturing industry global production network is sparse and dominated by a few core countries, exhibiting strong reciprocity and agglomeration, which can be clearly divided into three major communities: Europe, America and Asia. From 1995 to 2018, the core countries of the three communities gradually shifted from Germany, America and Japan to Germany, America and China. Besides, based on the establishment of bilateral production linkages, this article analyzes the determinants of its formation and evolution by combining supply chain network formation theory and exponential random graph model. The research results indicate that: (1) Trade gravity model can still explain the establishment of bilateral production linkages. The larger mid-to-high-end manufacturing industrial scale two countries holds, the more likely they will cooperate with each other; The higher the iceberg cost between two countries, the less likely they will cooperate. (2) The stronger the scientific power of a country, the more likely it is to become an exporter, and the less likely to become an importer. (3) Improvement of marginal labor cost, labor quality and wage will reduce the possibility of participating in the mid-to-high-end manufacturing global production network for a country. (4) Cascading effect of network will affect the formation of production network, and recursive and intricate structure of production relationships between upstream suppliers will affect the establishment of downstream production relationships.

Toward the growing desire for a better living of the public in China, the spatial matching contradiction between supply and demand of consumption is increasingly sharp. Do the geographical characteristics of individual consumer preferences exert a significant impact on the spatial pattern of the segmented consumer market? This question lies at the very core of understanding and resolving the supply-demand contradiction. Starting from this fundamental query, this in-depth study put forward the innovative "Geo Wanderlust Index"(GWI), which took 290 administrative districts as the basic unit and integrated POI and regional statistical data to measure and identify the regional differences in residents' preferences for different types of leisure consumption. Based on controlling social and economic environment factors, this paper explores the relationship between residents' leisure consumption preference and natural geographical environment factors through a multiple linear regression model. The findings of this study are both fascinating and significant. It firmly confirmed the existence of geo-wanderlust. That is to say, residents' leisure consumption preferences are substantially influenced by the natural and social environments. For instance, residents in the Sichuan and Chongqing regions, as well as those in first-tier cities like Beijing, demonstrate a stronger inclination towards engaging in leisure activities. Interestingly, it was also discovered that regional characteristics do not conform to the traditional distribution demarcated by the classic geographical dividing line - the Hu Huanyong Line. Secondly, by subdividing different types of consumption, it is found that there are significant differences in the impact of natural and social environmental factors; and the worse the climatic conditions, the more people enjoy leisure consumption. For development consumption, the climate impact is not significant, but the social environment factor of housing prices has a significant positive impact, that is, people in areas with greater pressure prefer development leisure consumption. This study preliminarily confirms the explanatory power of neo-environmental determinism on regional differences in leisure consumption preferences, provides a new research perspective for exploring the spatial structure of residents' leisure consumption, as well as suggestions and references for optimizing the spatial layout of leisure industry.

Hainan Island's village names in Li language serve as important carriers of the Li ethnic history and culture, representing precious intangible cultural heritages. From the perspective of cultural heritage, this article employs GIS spatial analysis and binomial logistic regression methods to explore the cultural representation, spatial distribution, and influencing factors of Hainan Island's village names in Li language. The findings showed that: (1) Hainan Island's village names in Li language reflects not only the characteristics of the natural landscape but also the cultural traits of the Li ethnic group. Natural landscape names are named after mountains, water, animals and plants, etc., which directly record and represent the living environment and natural ecological culture of Li people. Cultural place names are named after ancient Li-Dong, memorial stories, families, folk skills, etc., exhibiting the multi-characteristic culture of Li ethnic group, such as Li-Dong culture, folk culture, He-Mu culture and so on. Compound place names, exemplified by pastoral landscape designations, embody the harmonious coexistence of natural and human elements. (2) The spatial distribution of place names of Hainan Island is unbalanced, characterized by "Han in the coastal plain, while Li in the inland mountains". The spatial pattern of Li place names is closely related to the physio-geographical environment and the distribution of Li people's humanistic activities. (3) The formation of the spatial pattern of village names in Li language on Hainan Island is jointly affected by various factors: historical and political factors are dominant in forming the distribution of village names in Li language. Natural environmental factors play a foundational role in the distribution pattern of village names in Li language, while transportation accessibility acts as the dynamic factors that affect the distribution of the place names. By exploring and interpreting the excellent culture of village names in Li language, and clarifying its spatial pattern and influencing factors, it is helpful to carry forward the protection, promotion, and sustainable development of the cultural heritage of place names in Li language.

In recent decades, the intensification of global climate change has led to frequent extreme weather events. Flooding has become the most important source of natural disasters, and its rapid spread will have a serious impact on human life, property and ecological environment. Aiming at the flood disaster risk transfer problem, this paper constructs a flood risk transfer model based on the “source-sink” theory, takes the Yangtze River Delta as an example, explores the spatio-temporal evolution law of flood disaster risk, and examines the characteristics before and after flood risk transfer and its impact on ecology and economy. The results showed that: (1) Flood risk presents a gradual rising trend from 2000 to 2020, and the growth of the extremely high-risk area was the most obvious, and its spatial distribution pattern was “high in the east, low in the west, high in the middle and low in the south”. The extremely high-risk areas were mainly around the Taihu Lake and the Yangtze River, and gradually spread to the surrounding areas during the study period. (2) After the transfer of disasters, there was an overall reduction in flood risk levels by approximately 3.70%, and the risk in central regions experience effective alleviation of flood risk. The change of risk grade was mainly affected by land use type and topographic structure. The spatial direction of flood risk before and after the transfer showed a trend of “north-south rising convex” and “east-west U-shaped” curve distribution. (3) Following flood risk transfer, ecology and economy of the Yangtze River Delta showed a weak recovery trend, and the distribution of the affected ecological environment showed a “low-high” and “high-low” mode. Society- and economy-affected mode is mainly “high-low” mode, which was distributed around the Taihu Lake and central Anhui province, and the areas with strong ecological and economic resilience were scattered in the vicinity of Nanjing. The research results of flood risk transfer effects could provide theoretical guidance for the coordinated management of economic-resource-ecological environment system.

As China's population flows towards megacities and urban agglomerations, population shrinkage (PS) has become an actual challenge that many small and medium-sized cities (SMSCs) have to face directly. However, most of the existing studies treat SMSCs as a homogeneous whole, and comparative analyses of PS in different types of SMSCs need to be strengthened. Based on this, this study used data from the 2010 and 2020 censuses to analyze the spatial characteristics of PS in city-town-rural areas of SMSCs, and identify the influencing factors affecting PS of SMSCs through Elastic Net regression. The study finds that: (1) the PS of SMSCs occurred in towns and rural areas outside urban areas, with 43.2% and 96.2% of SMSCs experiencing PS in towns and rural areas, respectively. (2) SMSCs' PS has significant difference in urban scales, and the degree of PS in SMSCs increased with the downscaling of city size. (3) The spatial distribution of PS in city-town-rural areas are different - the PS in city area is observed in the three provinces of Northeast China and the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, the PS in town area shows the characteristics of “large dispersion and small concentration”, and the PS in rural areas is widely spread in the vast majority of SMSCs. (4) The influencing factors of PS in SMSCs are diversified, and their effects are different according to the scale level, administrative level and regional distribution of the city. This study is conducive to the exploration of urban development laws in the era of negative population growth, and can provide valuable references to guide the optimal layout of the urban system in the new development stage and promote the high-quality development of SMSCs.

The digital economy can play the dual role of macroeconomic “stabiliser” and “accelerator” in the face of heightened economic uncertainty, and it is an important support for cities to enhance economic resilience. This paper constructs a theoretical mechanism framework of the digital economy affecting urban economic resilience, and matches the data of Chinese listed companies with city-level data to empirically test the empowering influence effect and the role mechanism of the digital economy on urban economic resilience. The study finds that: (1) The digital economy significantly enhances cities' shock resilience and resilience to adjustments, thereby substantially increasing their economic resilience, a finding that still holds after a series of robustness tests. (2) The results of the indirect mechanism test combined with the shift-share decomposition method show that the specialised agglomeration of urban industrial structure triggered by the digital economy has weakened the city's economic resilience, but the digital economy can still enhance the city's economic resilience by improving its innovation capacity, and this conclusion still holds true in further tests at the industry level and at the firm level. (3) The digital economy in non-resource cities and large cities more significantly affects the economic resilience of cities, influenced by resource path dependence and city population size. (4) During the recovery and adjustment period, the digital economy generates positive spatial spillovers to neighbouring cities and enhances the economic resilience of neighbouring cities, mainly through the expansion and development of their markets. The above conclusions provide important empirical evidence for further developing the digital economy and enhancing the economic resilience of cities.

Mountains, oases, and deserts dominate the landscapes of the arid Northwest China. Special landscape background conditions and intensified human activities have put local ecosystems under serious threat. Integrated management of ecosystem services is an important prerequisite for sustainable regional development. Therefore, investigating the causes of ecosystem service bundles in typical areas facilitates efficient and integrated management of ecosystem services in arid zones. In this study, we selected the Shiyang River Basin, a typical "mountain-oasis-desert" system. We quantitatively assessed five key ecosystem services in the basin using the InVEST and CASA models. The spatial distribution pattern of the five ecosystem services in the watershed was mapped. We identified five ecosystem service bundles via the K-means cluster method, and the number and spatial distribution of ecosystem service bundles in the watershed were counted and mapped. The reasons for the formation of dominant ecosystem service bundles in different sub-systems were examined using redundancy analysis. The results showed that: (1) The five key ecosystem services in the Shiyang River Basin exhibited different spatial distribution patterns, and overall services gradually declined from the mountain ecosystem to the desert ecosystem. (2) Five types of ecosystem service bundles were identified in the watershed, with variations in their numbers and spatial location within each subsystem. The mountain subsystem is dominated by ecological conservation bundle; the oasis subsystem is dominated by ecological minimum bundle; the desert subsystem is dominated by ecologically depleted bundle. (3) An ecological conservation bundle with higher levels of all services is more likely to form in the mountain subsystem in response to annual precipitation and vegetation cover (FVC). In the oasis subsystem, population density, GDP, and soil moisture contribute to the formation of a food supply bundle dominated by food production services. In the desert subsystem, coarse sand content, mean annual temperature, and potential evapotranspiration are the main factors inhibiting each service, leading to the formation of an ecologically depleted bundle with low levels of each service. The study's results provide a relevant theoretical basis for the integrated ecological management of the Shiyang River Basin and other inland river basin areas in arid zones.

In the era of knowledge economy, the location selection of cultural and creative talents tends to be diversified, and traditional regional factors are difficult to explain their flow mechanism well. Amenity theory provides a new perspective for this. Using Gephi social network analysis and geographic detector, this study explores the mobility characteristics and influencing mechanisms of gaming talents in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area at different mobility scales and career stages from a amenity perspective. The results show that: (1) In the gaming industry system of the Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou and Shenzhen are the regional multifunctional centers, while Zhuhai, Foshan, Huizhou, Dongguan, and Hong Kong play the role of gaming talent developers, and Macao, Jiangmen, and Zhaoqing play the role of gaming talent cultivators. (2) The Greater Bay Area has a strong attraction for gaming talents who are seeking employment for the first time in both local and neighboring areas. The spatial proximity orientation of talents is significant, mainly manifested as local attachment under the continuation of academic connections and out of town transition under geographical proximity. (3) There is a strong phenomenon of level proximity circulation and diffusion in the re-employment of gaming talents. Among them, the same level circulation phenomenon of gaming talents in Shenzhen is more obvious, while the gradient diffusion effect between Guangzhou and neighboring cities is stronger. (4) The decision of gaming talents to choose a career again is a combination of personal and family choices between enterprises and cities. In the early stages of their career, they have a high frequency of mobility, but in the later stages, they show a high degree of local “embeddedness” and are relatively less constrained by geographical space. Their mobility can be divided into two categories: life mobility and career mobility, with the latter mostly occurring between large enterprises. (5) The influence of amenity on gaming talents at different scales and career stages is heterogeneous. Talents are more sensitive to amenity when they move across the country, and have a stronger preference for amenity when they choose a career again. The influence of amenity factors, such as employment environment, quality of life, and healthy development, is relatively large. The impact mechanism of amenity on gaming talents can be summarized at different scales as two aspects: national mobility under the superposition of diverse needs, and Greater Bay Area mobility under the dominance of industry and supporting facilities. At different stages, the mobility can be summarized as two aspects: personal growth needs when choosing a job for the first time, and expectations for settling down and starting a career when choosing a job again.

Rural decline poses a global challenge, and accurately identifying and capitalizing on the window of opportunity within rural transformation is of profound significance for revitalizing rural areas in China and worldwide. However, current research lacks a systematic and comprehensive examination of this critical issue. This study constructs an analytical framework for understanding rural transformation mechanisms based on the window of opportunity perspective, integrated with rural regional system theory. This framework reveals the intrinsic commonalities and divergences in qualitative and quantitative research perspectives on the processes and mechanisms of rural transformation, along with their underlying causes. The concept of the window of opportunity for rural transformation refers to the advantageous environmental conditions, including policy, technology, and market factors, which support rural revitalization during specific periods. The essence of rural transformation and revitalization lies in the iterative cycles of "Opening of the window of opportunity - Response of rural actors - Endogenization of the window of opportunity." Following the window of opportunity opening, villages usually encounter similar external conditions, such as policy support, financial investment, infrastructure development, and talent allocation. Despite this, significant disparities emerge in transformation outcomes, with some villages achieving revitalization while others stagnate or decline. These differences stem from variations in each village's capacity to respond to and internalize the opportunities, which depend on factors such as the effectiveness of policy implementation, the extent of technological application, and the scope of market expansion efforts. The success of rural transformation ultimately hinges on the ability of rural development actors to activate their agency, respond promptly and strategically to opportunities, and effectively internalize the advantages of the window of opportunity. This ability determines not only the direction of transformation but also its depth and sustainability, shaping the divergent developmental trajectories of villages. This study introduces a novel perspective and framework for understanding rural transformation by integrating multidisciplinary theories, which not only enhances theoretical research on rural transformation but also offers practical strategies for rural development actors across diverse regions. These strategies emphasize leveraging the window of opportunity to achieve sustainable rural revitalization, thereby contributing valuable insights for both theoretical enrichment and practical application.

The rural areas of central China is an important grain producing area, as well as a region with relatively backward urbanization and industrialization. The modernization transformation of the the industry-agriculture and urban-rural relations is an important driving force for the integrated development of urban and rural areas in traditional agricultural areas. Based on the“process-systematic-regional” perspective, this paper constructs a theoretical analysis framework of urban-rural integrated development, exploring the establishment of an evaluation system for urban-rural integrated development that focuses on “narrowing the gaps-strengthening the connections-promoting co-prosperity”. This research examines the spatiotemporal characteristics and driving mechanisms of urban-rural integrated development in rural areas of central China over the period from 2005 to 2021, employing methodologies including the urban-rural integration index model, kernel density estimation, and the Optimal Parameters-based Geographical Detector. The results show that: (1) Urban-rural integrated development in traditional agricultural areas needs to be comprehensively considered in the three dimensions of the evolution process of urban-rural relationship, the urban-rural integration system project, and the regional characteristics of urban and rural development, so as to improve the regional mechanism and different paths of urban-rural integrated development. (2) During the research period, the level of urban-rural integrated development in the rural areas of central China has moved from a relatively low level to a moderate level, and the overall situation is still in a critical period of narrowing the urban-rural gap. The level of urban-rural connectivity and co-prosperity needs to be further improved. (3) The regional differences in the level of urban-rural integrated development in the study area are prominent, thus formed a high-value area of urban-rural integrated development dominated by provincial capital cities or core metropolitan areas, and a relatively low value area which consists of Enshi Tujia and Miao autonomous prefecture, Huaihua city, Xinyang city and other provincial edge cities. (4) The spatiotemporal pattern of urban-rural integrated development is the result of the interaction between the endogenous driving force of urban and rural areas. Among these, new urbanization and new industrialization serve as the primary driving forces, while agricultural modernization and rural modernization constitute the fundamental driving forces. Urban and rural complementarity, mutual promotion between industry and agriculture, coordination of residential function and industrial development, and integration of industrial development and urban construction constitute the diversified paths of urban-rural integrated development in rural areas of central China.