Knowledge integration and technological innovation of multi-locational firms (MLFs) have emerged as a critical theoretical frontier for economic geography in response to the reshaping of the global innovation landscape. Employing bibliometric analysis and inductive reasoning, this paper reviews the theoretical evolution and methodological innovations in MLFs knowledge integration research and identifies future research directions. Overall, current research exhibits the following characteristics: (1) Research foci have centered on hotspots such as the spatial attributes of knowledge sources, knowledge integration mechanisms, and innovation effects, with the research content shifting from static organizational deconstruction to dynamic integration mechanisms. (2) Research perspectives have evolved from an emphasis on geographical proximity toward innovations recognizing multi-scalar nested networks. This shift has equipped economic geography with theoretical tools to unravel the knowledge dynamics that underpin corporate geographical expansion. (3) Research methodologies have transitioned from qualitative analysis to methodological pluralism. Early studies relied predominantly on static descriptive analysis, whereas contemporary research integrates diverse methods such as social network analysis, spatial analysis, and econometric modeling. However, significant academic debates and research gaps persist. Future research is recommended to deepen theoretical understanding by exploring the local and organizational buzz within MLFs and the interactive coupling mechanisms between virtual and physical spaces. Methodologically, it is crucial to enhance case studies and comparative analysis. At the practical level, research on knowledge integration within indigenous Chinese firms should be strengthened to offer geographical insights for corporate growth strategies and regional innovation policies.

Under the guidance of new quality productive forces, leveraging cross-regional capital, supply, and innovation networks to access external resources is crucial for promoting local industrial upgrading and achieving path breakthroughs. As a representative of the innovation transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), specialized and sophisticated “little giant” enterprises play a vital role in strengthening, extending, and stabilizing industrial chains. However, existing studies mainly emphasize the role of local resources and institutional environments, while paying limited attention to the impact of inter-city investment, production, and innovation networks. Drawing on embeddedness theory, this study systematically depicts the embedding of “little giant” enterprises into investment, production, and innovation networks, constructs multi-dimensional network embedding indicators, and applies negative binomial regression models to examine their mechanisms of influence and spatial heterogeneity. The results show that: (1) the cross-city relations of “little giant” enterprises exhibit regional investment connections, decentralized supplier/customer networks, and concentrated innovation collaborations; (2) investment, production, and innovation network embedding significantly promote firm growth, with production networks for physical goods showing the strongest effect, further amplified through their interaction with investment, virtual service and innovation networks; (3) the effects of network embedding demonstrate significant heterogeneity, jointly shaped by industrial sectors and the spatial location of cities. This study proposes and confirms the isomorphism between micro-level enterprise relational embedding and macro-level urban structural embedding, offering a new theoretical perspective and methodological approach for understanding SME innovation transformation. Moreover, the heterogeneity results provide practical insights for local governments to selectively deepen network embedding based on local characteristics, thereby enhancing the innovation capacity of SMEs.

The coupling and coordinated development of cargo insurance and logistics industry is of great significance for constructing a resilient transportation and logistics system and promoting high-quality regional economic development. This paper takes the port-type national logistics hub cities as examples, and employs a modified coupling coordination degree model together with a spatial Durbin model to thoroughly examine the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics, coupling coordination relationship, and influencing factors of the development of cargo insurance and logistics industry from 2005 to 2022. The study reveals the following: (1) The development level of cargo insurance and logistics industry in port-type national logistics hub cities generally shows an upward trend. While the relative and absolute differences in cargo insurance development are widening, the logistics industry exhibits a mixed pattern of converging relative gaps and expanding absolute gaps. (2) The development of cargo insurance and the logistics industry in port‑ype national logistics hub cities is generally in a state of moderate disequilibrium, yet the coupling coordination level shows a fluctuating upward trend. At both the regional and city levels, the coupling coordination disparity between cargo insurance and logistics development is pronounced and widening. (3) The coupling coordination degree between cargo insurance and logistics industry in port‑type national logistics hub cities has a significant spatial correlation, and the coupling coordination types present a concentrated and contiguous distribution pattern. The spatial distribution pattern of coupling coordination level gradually decreases from coastal to inland areas. (4) Based on the spatial Durbin model results, industrial structure, economic openness, investment intensity, insurance market entities, technological innovation, and population density have a significant promoting effect on the coordinated development of cargo insurance and logistics industry, while government intervention has a significant inhibitory effect. Economic openness and population density have significant positive spatial spillover effects, while industrial structure, insurance market entities, and government intervention have significant negative spatial spillover effects. Finally, the interaction mechanisms between cargo insurance and the logistics industry, as well as strategies for their coupled and coordinated development, are discussed.

Against the backdrop of deep integration between the global digital economy and the real economy, the collaborative agglomeration of digital and real industries has emerged as a key pathway for driving high-quality regional industrial development. This trend offers new opportunities and momentum for the transformation and innovative development of Northeast China's old industrial bases. Based on enterprise data, this study examines three digital industries and four real industries. It decomposes the level of collaborative agglomeration between digital and real industries into two dimensions: quality and height. The study evaluates the collaborative agglomeration levels among typical industries in Liaoning Province from 2000 to 2022 and explores influencing factors from three perspectives: regional development foundations, industrial technological linkages, and enterprise structures. The study finds that: (1) The scale of digital and real industries in Liaoning has expanded, with real industries dominating, but digital industries growing faster. The collaborative agglomeration level in the province has generally increased, with the level of collaboration being significantly affected by the height of collaboration. The gap in collaborative agglomeration levels between prefecture-level cities has narrowed, with the overall spatial pattern showing that cities to the east of the “Shenyang-Dalian Line” perform better than those to the west. (2) Multiple factors influence the collaborative agglomeration level of Liaoning's digital and real industries. Regional development foundations and enterprise structures exert greater impact on this collaborative agglomeration than industrial technology linkages. Furthermore, significant variations exist in how internal factors within each of these three dimensions affect the collaborative agglomeration levels of digital and real industries in prefecture-level cities and their surrounding regions.

The growing complexity of geopolitical dynamics and the international investment environment has reshaped the global investment network, accelerating the transformation of Shanghai's role as a pivotal node within this network. This study investigates inter-city corporate investment at a global scale and employs Temporal Exponential Random Graph Models (TERGM) to analyze the structural evolution of the global investment network from 2003 to 2023, with particular emphasis on Shanghai's function in bridging on-shore and off-shore investment networks. The findings reveal that: (1) As a strategic linkage node, Shanghai counters the trend of “flattening” in the global investment network, fostering the growing prominence of small-world characteristics by directly or indirectly facilitating the establishment of investment connections between on-shore and off-shore firms; (2) Shanghai has gradually evolved from a regional node into a globally significant hub, serving as an intermediary that enhances positive feedback loops between on-shore and off-shore investment networks. Its contribution to the development of off-shore investment networks is particularly noteworthy, as two-way investments established through Shanghai lay the groundwork for reciprocity and structural stability within the global inter-city investment network; (3) From the perspective of Shanghai as a strategic linkage node, off-shore firms exhibit a pronounced preference for investing in on-shore firms, which is more evident than the outward investment initiated by on-shore firms.

Agricultural technology innovation plays a significant role in agricultural development, but its impact on the urban-rural income gap remains unclear. Based on the panel data of 108 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2008 to 2022, this paper applies kernel density estimation to explore the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of agricultural technology innovation and the urban-rural income gap, and employs a spatial Durbin model with two-way fixed effects to estimate the direct and spatial spillover effects of agricultural technology innovation on the urban-rural income gap. The results show that: (1) The urban-rural income gap has strong agglomeration characteristics, presenting a pattern of “high in the west and low in the east”, while the agglomeration features of agricultural technology innovation are not significant, showing a pattern of “high in the east and low in the west”. Both spatial patterns have strong stability. (2) Agricultural technology innovation can significantly narrow the urban-rural income gap in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and there is a spillover effect, which can promote the narrowing of the urban-rural income gap in neighboring regions. Both types of agricultural technology innovation, invention patents and utility model patents, significantly contribute to narrowing the urban-rural income gap, with invention patents exerting a stronger effect. (3) There is spatial heterogeneity in the impact of agricultural technology innovation on the urban-rural income gap. The impact of agricultural technology innovation on the upper and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Economic Belt is significant, and the impact on the upper reaches is stronger than that on the lower reaches, while the impact on the middle reaches is not significant. Building cross-regional agricultural technology sharing platforms, fostering multi-dimensional flows of innovation elements, and coordinating all factors to bridge the urban-rural digital divide are pivotal measures for leveraging the income-regulating function of agricultural technology innovation.

Unraveling the spatiotemporal patterns of coordinated urban-rural elements transformation is of great importance for promoting urban-rural integrated development. Based on the three core elements of the urban-rural system-population, land, and industry (“P-L-I”)，this study takes the Urban Agglomeration in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River as the study area. Guided by the evolution of population, land, and industry-related policies, the spatiotemporal evolution of transformation levels of the three elements during the two periods (2000-2011 and 2011-2020) was compared to reveal the spatiotemporal patterns of coordinated urban-rural transformation. The results show that: (1) Population, land, and industry transformations (PLIT) exhibit spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Temporally, the transformation levels of population, land, and industry increased throughout both phases, although their growth rates were lower during 2011-2020 than during 2000-2011. Spatially, the transformation levels of the three elements display a clear core-periphery structure; (2) The overall coordination degree of PLIT increases continuously, with improvements in land-use efficiency playing a pivotal role in enhancing overall factor coordination. In contrast, the coordination degree I-L transformation exhibited a persistent downward trend, whereas the coordination degree of P-L and P-I transformation improve steadily. Compared with the first phase, the evolutionary rates during 2011-2020 slowed significantly. (3) Transformation patterns vary across elements, with land use transformation gradually shifting from initially violating Gibrat's law to exhibiting scale-independent growth, while population and industrial transformation remain diminishing returns effect in both stages and consistently deviate from the Gibrat hypothesis. Adopting a multi-dimensional perspective on policy shifts, element synergies, and scale effects, the study deepens the geographical understanding of spatiotemporal patterns in the coordinated transformation of P-L-I elements within urban-rural system, offering theoretical guidance for enhancing regional integration and optimizing factor allocation.

Realizing common prosperity (CP) is a core requirement of Chinese-style modernization. A scientifically rigorous evaluation system is crucial for identifying developmental bottlenecks and designing effective optimization strategies. However, existing research remains rigid and often neglects county-level perspectives. Guided by the new development philosophy and a problem-oriented approach, this study constructs a multi-dimensional framework to evaluate county-level CP across five dimensions: high-quality economic development, urban-rural gap narrowing, regional coordination, equitable income distribution, and shared public services, using Zhejiang Province as a case study. The results highlight four main findings. First, the application results of the newly established multi-dimensional evaluation system demonstrate strong applicability and explanatory power, and have a higher visibility in identifying the issue of the persisting challenges of common prosperity. Second, from 2012 to 2022, Zhejiang's county-level CP rose by 64.52%, displaying a spatial gradient from northeast to southwest with strong agglomeration. Yet the rise of mountainous counties signals an evolving pattern. The kernel density curves of the five dimensions all remain unimodal and gradually shift to the right, suggesting that Zhejiang has made steady and continuous advances in fostering high-quality economic growth and addressing the four major developmental imbalances. Third, based on the priority ranking method, the 63 counties in Zhejiang were identified into 6 types of regions. During the research period, the number of leading regions with advanced promotion increased significantly, while the scope of economic quality improvement regions and urban-rural gap bridging regions decreased significantly. However, the specific challenges in some regions still showed strong path locking. Fourth, we propose differentiated optimization suggestions based on the concept of “four engines driving and six wheels coordinating”, focusing on key elements such as industry, innovation, environment and policy, and provide tailored guidance for six types of regions to resolve issues in achieving common prosperity.

Against the backdrop of digital capitalism intertwined with new urbanisation, platform labour has emerged as a significant employment channel for migrant workers. Yet beneath its façade of flexibility lie profound labour control and labour rights dilemmas. Existing research predominantly focuses on structural exploitation by platforms, overlooking how migrants' socio-spatial embeddedness shapes their agency under algorithmic governance. This paper integrates platform capitalism, labour process theory, and socio-spatial embeddedness into a unified analytical framework to investigate platform workers' labour processes, rights dilemmas, and differentiated agency. Using grounded theory, this study takes Guangzhou as a case study and analyses data from in-depth interviews with 22 delivery riders and online ethnographic observation. Findings suggest that: (1) Platforms establish a “digital production regime” through sophisticated algorithmic systems and outsourcing models, enabling granular control over labour processes and risk externalisation. This traps riders in pervasive predicaments of ambiguous identity, absent safeguards, and procedural injustice. (2) Riders' forms of agency differ markedly, shaped by the structural positions rooted in their rural-urban identities, and they continue to evolve as they move through the mobility process. In the early stages of mobility, rural migrants with weaker institutional resources relied more heavily on native-place networks, clustered in urban villages, and adopted localised strategies such as relational negotiation and collective mutual aid. Conversely, urban migrants or long-term urban dwellers, leveraging stronger institutional resources and cultural capital, favoured institutionalised responses such as rule-based bargaining and institutional mobilisation. (3) While these tactical adaptations improve individual circumstances, platforms frequently co-opt them as “safety valves” to sustain operations, which reflects domesticated agency. This study reveals that both platform control and worker resistance are profoundly embedded within the socio-spatial structures of urban-rural mobility. It elucidates how migration processes and urban spatial practices shape labour politics in the digital age, offering new insights into labour geography and targeted governance within China's platform economy.

Scientific analysis of the spatial adaptation and interactive response between road network and urban-rural industrial integration holds significant importance for facilitating the two-way flow of factors between urban and rural areas and advancing integrated urban-rural development. Taking Shaanxi as the study area, this paper constructs an evaluation index system for the integration of road network and urban-rural industrial integration, analyzes their spatiotemporal evolution characteristics, and comprehensively employs models such as the Gini coefficient, location entropy index, and sequence matching degree to reveal their compatibility patterns and levels. Furthermore, a PVAR model is adopted to explore their interactive effects. Results indicate that: (1) From 2012 to 2022, both road network and urban-rural industrial integration levels increased annually but at modest rates. The former exhibited a relatively stable spatial pattern, characterized by a clear hierarchy of Guanzhong>Northern Shaanxi>Southern Shaanxi, whereas the latter exhibited a much weaker spatial differentiation. (2) At the provincial scale, the spatial correspondence between road network and urban-rural industrial integration gradually increased. Their spatial centers deviated significantly at the study's outset but gradually converged under complex migration trajectories, indicating room for further spatial equilibrium improvement. (3) At the municipal level, although spatial imbalance between road network and urban-rural industrial integration is evident across 10 prefecture-level cities, most cities exhibit spatial matching coefficients exceeding 0.5, indicating moderate compatibility. (4) Both the road network and urban-rural industrial integration exhibit strong self-impact effects but weak mutual influence. Overall, the latter exerts a stronger promoting effect on the former. This research provides quantitative and scientific evidence for comprehensively understanding the spatial matching and bidirectional causal relationship between road network and urban-rural industrial integration.

The regional equalization of public resources, such as medical resources, is an important aspect of the national strategy for new urbanization and integrated urban-rural development. Using data on the number of medical beds in county-level administrative units and population census information, this study examines the level of equalization of medical resources in China across four periods: 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020. Employing indicators such as the Gini coefficient and the consistency index, the study explores the impact of population mobility on the level of equalization, as well as spatial and temporal heterogeneity. The study found that the number of medical beds per capita in China has increased significantly over the past two decades, while medical resources have continued to concentrate in central urban areas.Although the consistency index between medical resource allocation and population distribution has spatial heterogeneity, it generally converges to a balance of supply and demand. Population mobility has, on the whole, promoted the equalization of medical resources, yet there are marked differences in the direction and magnitude of impact across different regions, with notable county-level differentiation within provinces. Further analysis using multiple linear regression and mediation models reveals that the mobile population significantly enhances the economic vitality of the inflow areas, thereby promoting the growth of medical beds per capita through increasing the capacity of government spending. However, the expansion effect of medical resources cannot fully counterbalance the sharing effect of population growth on medical resources. Consequently, the net inflow of population overall significantly reduces the level of medical resources per capita. This combined effect demonstrates a trend of strengthening followed by weakening over the four study periods. This study of the effects and mechanisms of population mobility at the county level on the equalization of medical resources can provide valuable insights for policymakers. It underscores the importance of guiding balanced population distribution and promoting equitable healthcare resource allocation across regions.

The spatial distribution and accessibility of public service resources have attracted extensive attention. However, existing studies mainly focus on the single dimensional features such as distance and quantity of public services, neglecting multidimensional measurement and comprehensive evaluation of the spatial matching relationship between supply and demand of public services. In this study, a comprehensive conceptual framework is developed to define and measure public service spatial mismatch from three dimensions, namely proximity, availability and quality. The spatial mismatch of four types of public services (education, healthcare, park and metro) in Beijing is assessed. K-means cluster algorithm is applied to analyze the spatial mode of public service spatial mismatch. Results reveal that there is a center-periphery pattern of public service spatial mismatch in Beijing. The mismatch degree of proximity is low. Most areas have easy access to public services. The mismatch degree of availability is moderate. The spatial pattern of availability varies markedly across service types. The mismatch degree of quality is the highest, with high-quality services clustered in the city center. According to the cluster analysis, the public service spatial mismatch of Beijing is divided into six types, which presents a spatial mode combining concentric circle mode and sector mode. This study can provide multidimensional and sub-regional policy guidance for promoting the high-quality development of public services. This study can further enrich the theory of spatial mismatch and evaluation methods of public service spatial allocation.

As a critical lens for examining urban socio-spatial stratification and educational equity in transitional China, the study of Jiaoyufication remains underdeveloped, particularly regarding the governmental institutional logic and regional implementation pathways of its public-good attributes. This gap is especially evident in the lack of empirical research on representative cities in western China. Taking the central area of Chengdu City as a case study, this paper applies a “producer-regulator-consumer” model and utilizes multi-source data to analyze the phenomenon of Jiaoyufication. The findings reveal that: (1) The comprehensive index of Jiaoyufication in the central area of Chengdu City exhibits a “collapsed base and prominent middle” pyramid-like structure, with a spatial pattern characterized by “central polarization and peripheral ascent”. Absolute high-value clusters are concentrated in the inner city, while relative high-value areas display a scattered distribution across multiple urban rings. (2) Highly Jiaoyufied school districts are marked by a population profile of young to middle-aged residents with high incomes, high consumption levels, advanced education, and a technology-driven orientation. (3) Significant Jiaoyufication districts can be categorized into three types: those influenced by traditional elite schools, those inherited from planned work-unit institutions, and those newly developed by educational conglomerates. The spatial patterns of Jiaoyufication exhibit strong historical layering, shaped by institutional arrangements across different developmental phases and the compounding effects of socio-economic transitions. (4) The formation and transformation of Jiaoyufication are driven by the interaction of regulators, producers, and consumers. In Chengdu, a governance model of “latecomer equalization” has emerged in the western districts through an institutional pathway characterized by incremental reform, zonal governance, and proactive intervention.

Due to the spatial and temporal complexity of the protection and utilization of historical and cultural resources, the complex and dynamic evolution of gentrification in urban historical and cultural districts and the governance practices therein are of particularly concern for not only policy makers but also those who aim to retain a cultural and humane facet of cities. Taking Fuzhou City, one of the second-batch national historical and cultural cities, as a case study, this paper employs the methodology of grounded theory to analyze the diverse goals, driving forces, actors, processes, manifestations, and social outcomes that have constituted gentrification in historical and cultural districts across different periods, therefore revealing the multiple logics that drive gentrification and their interactions with, and effects on, urban spatial change. Furthermore, it summarizes the evolution of governance models for urban historical and cultural districts and the restructuring of governance structure. The results show that: (1) The gentrification process in Fuzhou's historical and cultural districts exhibit significant differences across different historical phases, which is divisible into three stages: a residential gentrification stage with passive and weak governance (1986-2005), a tourism gentrification stage under proactive governance (2006-2014), and a creative gentrification stage with the co-creation model of governance (2015-present); (2) In the early stage, under the financial constraints, the municipal government leveraged historical and cultural resources to attract market actors. The market force dominated the protection and development of the districts, serving the logic of capital appreciation and economic growth, while the municipal government adopted a relatively laissez-faire and relaxed approach, yet simultaneously accumulated governance experience and experimented with new measures. In the intermediate stage, the government proactively advanced the dual logics of cultural conservation and commercial development in the regeneration of historic and cultural districts, and further spatially diffused the municipal government-led governance model formed during this process, which was characterized by strong state promotion of development alongside the building of urban cultural imagination. In the latest stage, the municipal government has focused on fostering public culture and social participation, promoting the upgrading and transition of its own governance role and the establishment of a new governance structure featuring multi-actor involvement. (3) The municipal government tends to hold a dominant position in urban spatial governance. By promoting the governance transition through the strategic division of roles and flexible practice of governmental instruments, this dominance is key to the continuous improvement in the quality of protection and development of urban historical and cultural districts. The multiple logics of gentrification in this process provide new insights for both the progress of international theoretical study and the practice of urban spatial governance.

Building the Long March National Cultural Park is essential for establishing a Chinese civilization identification system and fulfilling people's aspirations for a better life. Analyzing the spatial characteristics, tourism response, and pattern clustering of red cultural heritage along the route is key to addressing challenges in heritage revitalization and promoting integrated cultural-tourism development. Using 451 heritage sites, this study constructs a tourism response system from a linear perspective and employs HDBSCAN, MGWR, and K-means clustering to uncover spatial features, tourism responses, and pattern classifications. The results show that: (1) The red cultural heritage along the Long March route can be grouped into seven major clusters—such as Hunan-Guizhou, Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia, and the Central Soviet Area—based on geographical and historical continuity. In terms of spatial pattern, revolutionary sites, former residences, activity sites, and all heritage types collectively show a clustered distribution, while martyr cemeteries and revolutionary memorials exhibit method-dependent distributional differences. Density analysis identifies Yan'an in Shaanxi and Zunyi in Guizhou as the primary concentration areas. This spatial structure results from the interplay of natural, historical, policy, and transportation factors. (2) The response between red cultural heritage and tourism development along the route demonstrates clear scale dependence and spatial non-stationarity. In terms of scale, high-level scenic areas represent a medium-scale response indicator with wider bandwidth, whereas tourism revenue, national-level protected sites, transport density, travel agencies, homestays, traditional villages, and the share of tertiary industry act as local-scale indicators. Regarding response direction, heritage shows bidirectional (positive/negative) responses with high-level scenic areas, national protected sites, traditional villages, agencies, homestays, and tertiary industry share; a generally positive but locally negative response with transport accessibility; and a globally negative response with tourism revenue. (3) Based on tourism response heterogeneity, the red cultural heritage along the route is classified into three types: KTTP-dominant, HTTP-dominant, and THP-dominant. KTTP-dominant sites are widely distributed across Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, and Henan, showing stronger responses to national protected sites, traditional villages, and transport accessibility. HTTP-dominant sites cluster in Guizhou, exhibiting pronounced positive responses to high-level attractions, travel agencies, and transport accessibility. THP-dominant sites center on Yan'an, with high spatial alignment to homestays, travel agencies, and tertiary industry proportion.

With the rapid commodification of rural tourism in China, the property rights structure of tourism operations has evolved into a coexistence of integral and elemental property rights. Understanding how the spatial boundaries of these operational rights are generated and transformed has become crucial for maintaining community cohesion and market order. Drawing on seven years of ethnographic fieldwork in Azheke Village, a core settlement of the Hani Rice Terraces World Heritage Site in Yunnan, this study develops an analytical framework comprising institutional empowerment, local response, and negotiated governance to reveal the dynamic interactions between external institutional inputs and local practices. The findings show that integral property rights help establish unified operational order and improve governance efficiency. However, heterogeneous individual and collective claims such as homestead-based entrepreneurship, household entrance fees, and charging of public spaces have led to the emergence of elemental property rights, creating spatial tensions and institutional frictions. External actors, including experts, government, and tourists, exert influence through dominant and encouraging forms of empowerment, while villagers and village groups respond with active and collective claims grounded in livelihood rationality and moral economy. To address fragmented practices, the research team implemented a flexible regulatory strategy that gradually shifted governance from a model of unified operation to a resilient property rights structure characterized by integral institutions and multi-actor participation. This study deepens theoretical understanding of the evolving property rights configurations in rural tourism and provides practical insights into achieving procedural and distributive justice in rural spatial governance.

Rural localities have either been dissolved or rebuilt as a result of the combined effects of tourism development and urban-rural integration. As a key practice field of Chinese-style modernization, the construction of a governance community in the countryside that balances the embeddedness of liquidity and the maintenance of locality in rural tourism has become the core issue of innovative rural governance in the new era. Based on the theory of translocality, this paper takes Yuanjia Village in Shaanxi Province as a case study, and uses semi-structured interviews and participatory observation to examine both the process and the mechanisms underpinning the formation of the governance community in a rural tourism setting. The findings reveal that: (1) Yuanjia Village's governance community has undergone two stages of development. The first is the basic network construction stage (2007-2014), which focused on integrating translocal elements and activating endogenous governance, and the second is the network leap stage (2015-present), which features bidirectional mutual construction of translocal elements and the extension of the governance system. The coordination of village Party branch organization drives the network leap through phased translocality practices. (2) The “translocal mobility” and its tension in Yuanjia Village's tourism development are systematically transformed by the three-dimensional linkage and two-way mutual construction mechanism of power, system, and culture. This mechanism also propels the creation of the governing community. (3) The governance community of Yuanjia Village under the perspective of translocality has gained a sustainable translocal value circulation effect through the closed-loop system of “mobility input-locality transformation-governance capital output-network feedback”. This study extends the application of the translocality theory and broadens the explanatory scope of the governance community framework, and provide important insights into the modernization of rural governance in the context of social mobility.

The 1917-1918 Suiyuan-Chahar-Shanxi (Sui-Cha-Jin) Great Pestis, occurring during the winter-spring transition, stands as a quintessential event of the third global plague pandemic and a landmark in China's epidemic prevention history. Using historical metrological analysis, social network analysis, spatio-temporal clustering, and piecewise structural equation modeling, this study quantitatively analyzes the transmission network, propagation characteristics, mortality differentiation, and driving mechanisms of the plague at a refined “daily” and “village-level” spatio-temporal scale. We found that: (1) The Sui-Cha-Jin Great Pestis originated in Patsebolong Village, Wuyuan County and rapidly spread across eight provinces—Suiyuan, Chahar, Shanxi, Zhili, Jingzhao, Shandong, Anhui, and Jiangsu—affecting 52 counties / banners and 967 villages. Its transmission network centered on major nodes: Saratsi, Kweisui, Fengchen, and Youyu. (2) The Sui-Cha-Jin Great Pestis occurred in winter and spring, lasting 142 days. The most severe outbreak coincided with the Spring Festival travel period. The transmission spread mainly by neighboring infection, supplemented by jumping across points, a pattern that contrasts sharply with the predominantly jump-style transmission of the Northeast China Great Plague in 1910-1911. The spread proceeded at an average rate of 10.08 km per day during the epidemic period and 31.12 km per day during its peak phase. (3) At least 16,285 deaths occurred, with the Saratsi-Fengchen-Taolin transporta-tion corridor as the hardest-hit mortality zone. The gravity center of deaths migrated from northwest to southeast, with the intensity of mortality continuously increasing. (4) Endogenous variables directly influencing the spread of pestis included average temperature, population density, and traffic density. Variables such as humidity, altitude, wind speed, and distance from the first place have an impact on the spread of the pestis through endogenous variables. This study systematically reveals the causal relationship between the geographic environment and the spread of the pestis, provides empirical evidence for understanding the historical geographic differentiation and driving mechanisms, and offers significant reference value for the differentiated prevention and control of major infectious diseases.