As China's population flows towards megacities and urban agglomerations, population shrinkage (PS) has become an actual challenge that many small and medium-sized cities (SMSCs) have to face directly. However, most of the existing studies treat SMSCs as a homogeneous whole, and comparative analyses of PS in different types of SMSCs need to be strengthened. Based on this, this study used data from the 2010 and 2020 censuses to analyze the spatial characteristics of PS in city-town-rural areas of SMSCs, and identify the influencing factors affecting PS of SMSCs through Elastic Net regression. The study finds that: (1) the PS of SMSCs occurred in towns and rural areas outside urban areas, with 43.2% and 96.2% of SMSCs experiencing PS in towns and rural areas, respectively. (2) SMSCs' PS has significant difference in urban scales, and the degree of PS in SMSCs increased with the downscaling of city size. (3) The spatial distribution of PS in city-town-rural areas are different - the PS in city area is observed in the three provinces of Northeast China and the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, the PS in town area shows the characteristics of “large dispersion and small concentration”, and the PS in rural areas is widely spread in the vast majority of SMSCs. (4) The influencing factors of PS in SMSCs are diversified, and their effects are different according to the scale level, administrative level and regional distribution of the city. This study is conducive to the exploration of urban development laws in the era of negative population growth, and can provide valuable references to guide the optimal layout of the urban system in the new development stage and promote the high-quality development of SMSCs.

Transport geography focuses on the interactions between transportation systems and geographical spaces, as well as their impacts on socioeconomic development and environmental change. In recent years, the scope and focus of transport geography have continued to expand, and new changes have taken place in its research paradigm. To promote the innovative development of transport geography, this article builds upon the discipline's connotations, characteristics and research frontiers. It conducts an interdisciplinary dialogue around four thematic sessions: Theory, Sector, Interdiscipline and Prospect. (1) The Theory session proposes that the localization and globalization of the theories and concepts of transport geography, as well as the transformation of research objects and paradigms, have become the key focuses of scholars' future research. (2) The Sector session puts forward that air transportation, maritime shipping, logistics activities and road transportation have different roles and functions for the development of transport geography. (3) The Interdiscipline session suggests that transport geography is closely related to disciplines such as spatial planning, computer science, sociology and GIS, and has the potential for interdisciplinary research. (4) The Prospect session points out the direction of transport geography in the future from the dimensions of low-altitude transportation, new transportation models, mobility and disciplinary frontiers.

The renovation of old residential compounds is an important issue that involves both the public and the government, which influence residents' quality of life and government decision-making. In the context of urban renewal, it is crucial to effectively integrate residents' perceptions and public participation to deepen research. To explore the government's response mode and its influencing factors under public participation, this study selected the core areas (Dongcheng district and Xicheng district) of Beijing as a case study. It employed natural language processing technology and spatial analysis methods to conduct text mining on data from Beijing's 12345 citizen hotline. The results show that: (1) The renovation of old residential compounds primarily addresses basic issues and improvements, with a notable spatial proximity effect. However, improvement-related issues are less frequent, and their spatial distribution is random, with no proximity effect. (2) Basic demands for renovation are prioritized, while the response speed to improvement-related problems is slower, with diverse methods of addressing them. (3) Differences in the types of appeals, the interests of individuals and groups, the timing of appeals, and the emotions expressed by residents are key factors affecting the government's response mode. This study provides an empirical basis and demonstration for the government to effectively promote the renovation of old residential compounds with public participation, and offers significant theoretical support for advancing people-oriented urban renewal.

In the era of knowledge economy, the location selection of cultural and creative talents tends to be diversified, and traditional regional factors are difficult to explain their flow mechanism well. Amenity theory provides a new perspective for this. Using Gephi social network analysis and geographic detector, this study explores the mobility characteristics and influencing mechanisms of gaming talents in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area at different mobility scales and career stages from a amenity perspective. The results show that: (1) In the gaming industry system of the Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou and Shenzhen are the regional multifunctional centers, while Zhuhai, Foshan, Huizhou, Dongguan, and Hong Kong play the role of gaming talent developers, and Macao, Jiangmen, and Zhaoqing play the role of gaming talent cultivators. (2) The Greater Bay Area has a strong attraction for gaming talents who are seeking employment for the first time in both local and neighboring areas. The spatial proximity orientation of talents is significant, mainly manifested as local attachment under the continuation of academic connections and out of town transition under geographical proximity. (3) There is a strong phenomenon of level proximity circulation and diffusion in the re-employment of gaming talents. Among them, the same level circulation phenomenon of gaming talents in Shenzhen is more obvious, while the gradient diffusion effect between Guangzhou and neighboring cities is stronger. (4) The decision of gaming talents to choose a career again is a combination of personal and family choices between enterprises and cities. In the early stages of their career, they have a high frequency of mobility, but in the later stages, they show a high degree of local “embeddedness” and are relatively less constrained by geographical space. Their mobility can be divided into two categories: life mobility and career mobility, with the latter mostly occurring between large enterprises. (5) The influence of amenity on gaming talents at different scales and career stages is heterogeneous. Talents are more sensitive to amenity when they move across the country, and have a stronger preference for amenity when they choose a career again. The influence of amenity factors, such as employment environment, quality of life, and healthy development, is relatively large. The impact mechanism of amenity on gaming talents can be summarized at different scales as two aspects: national mobility under the superposition of diverse needs, and Greater Bay Area mobility under the dominance of industry and supporting facilities. At different stages, the mobility can be summarized as two aspects: personal growth needs when choosing a job for the first time, and expectations for settling down and starting a career when choosing a job again.

In recent years, the efficiency of remote sensing scene image classification has significantly improved with the application of deep learning techniques. However, most of these methods heavily rely on pre-trained weights, and their performance may degrade without them. To address this issue, this paper proposes a three-branch fusion algorithm (EMA_ConvNeXt_Swin Transformer: ECST model), which integrates the Swin Transformer and ConvNeXt while incorporating an Efficient Multi-scale Attention (EMA) module after each fusion stage to enhance global contextual features, whereas the ConvNeXt branch specializes in extracting local spatial features. A dedicated fusion module is designed to refine and integrate the outputs of these two branches. The subsequent EMA module further establishes long-range dependencies in the spatial domain, enhancing the global contextual representation of the feature maps and facilitating richer feature aggregation. Experiments were conducted on two benchmark datasets, NWPU-RESISC45 and AID, achieving classification accuracies of 91.25% and 90.9%, respectively. To comprehensively evaluate the proposed model, two comparative experiments were designed: A comparison with classical deep learning models (AlexNet, VGG, Vision Transformer, ConvNeXt, and Swin Transformer), all tested without utilizing pre-trained weights.A comparison with state-of-the-art models that leverage pre-trained weights.The results demonstrate that the ECST model significantly outperforms classical models in accuracy when no pre-trained weights are used. Furthermore, it achieves competitive performance against mainstream models that rely on pre-training. Without relying on pre-trained weights, the proposed ECST model delivers superior classification performance compared to classical deep learning models and remains highly competitive when benchmarked against state-of-the-art models that utilize pre-trained weights. These findings highlight the model's effectiveness in remote sensing scene classification and its potential to reduce dependency on pre-trained weights in future applications.

The integrated urban-rural development is an inevitable requirement of Chinese modernization. Rural population is the key subject in promoting rural modernization and urban-rural integration, and the study of rural population rheology is not only related to the coordinated development of rural human-land relations, but also the core issue in efficiently promoting rural construction. The rural population under the guidance of tourism development is being influenced by the flow of multiple factors, showing the phenomena of diversification of subjects, diversification of structure, and polymorphism of distribution. Through a systematic review of domestic and international literature on rural tourism destinations population research, it is found that there is a lack of a theoretical framework for the population rheology in rural tourism destinations from the perspective of rheology, and that the expression of spatial and temporal population rheology at a fine scale through the integration of multi-source data remains underdeveloped. This study establishes a theoretical foundation for population rheology in rural tourism. First, we define its scientific connotation and development trends. Second, we integrate theories from rheology and computational social science to construct a multi-phase analytical framework. This framework, grounded in the integration of multi-source social, temporal, and spatial data, comprises four phases: scale, structure, quality, and trend. Finally, we propose key future research directions, including multidimensional differentiation, spatiotemporal characteristics, influencing factors, evolution patterns, dynamic mechanisms, and guiding policies for population rheology. The aim is to provide theoretical and practical references for optimizing population structure, facilitating orderly flow, and promoting rational distribution in rural tourism destinations, thereby contributing to rural revitalization, urban-rural integration, and the modernization of agriculture and rural areas.

Urban-rural integration has accelerated factor flows, giving rise to a reverse commuting pattern where individuals live in cities but work in villages. Leveraging mobile signaling data and SVM algorithms, this study develops a “function-role” taxonomy to decode commuter patterns and spatial dynamics in Guangzhou. Key findings include: (1) Urban-to-rural reverse commuting in Guangzhou involves nearly 350,000 people daily, accounting for approximately 12.30% of rural employment, emerging as a new commuting type. (2) Urban-to-rural reverse commuting exhibit long distances yet avoid extremes, featuring intra-suburban flows dominated, supplemented by central-to-inner and inner-to-outer suburb movements, with rare cross-ring flows from outer suburban to inner rural areas. (3) Rural multifunctionality and urban amenities jointly shape five commuter types via SVM classification: rural consumption-oriented business operators, rural consumption-oriented service workers, industrial enterprise operators, industrial enterprise service workers, and public service providers. (4) Urban-rural residency gaps require upgraded rural services; prioritize local consumption industries with urban industrial relocation; optimize job-housing layouts for efficient resource flow. This study reveals urban-rural reverse commuting patterns, analyzes their characteristics and underlying causes, and proposes corresponding solutions. Key policy implications include job-housing optimization, rural functional transformation, and the reallocation of services under urban-rural integration.

Chinese-style rural modernization constitutes a vital component of China's modernization process. In this new stage of comprehensively advancing rural revitalization and integrated urban-rural development, its theoretical construction and practical exploration urgently require deepening and innovation. With the continuous advancement of globalization, urbanization, industrialization, and digitalization, the research on rural modernization has exhibited new trends and characteristics marked by interdisciplinary convergence. This paper systematically traces the phased evolution and key domains of China's rural modernization, analyzes structural obstacles in rural areas amid shifting urban-rural relations and pathways to overcome them, and explores the reshaping mechanism of rural economic and social space by in-situ urbanization and rural digitalization. Simultaneously, anchored in a comparative global perspective on rural modernization practices, it further examines China's localized explorations in rural gradient division of labor, diversified development pathways, and agricultural industrial system innovation. At the institutional and governance levels, this paper focuses on the practical bottlenecks and mechanism innovations in rural land transfers and the market-based allocation of urban-rural factors, while delving into the construction of multi-stakeholder modern rural governance system. The study concludes that China's rural modernization currently faces practical challenges including sluggish industrial upgrading, ineffective governance, and insufficient endogenous driving. Future research should strengthen the theoretical construction of Chinese rural modernization by grounding in the local characteristics like the “small-scale farming in a large country” model, breaking through from Western theoretical dependence, and establishing an autonomous theoretical paradigm. Its research framework should revolve around core dimensions such as theoretical innovation and spatial restructuring, human-earth coordination and urban-rural integration, and dynamic transformation and governance innovation, systematically elucidating the connotations, mechanisms, and pathways of rural modernization. Methodologically, it should promote integrated innovation across disciplinary paradigms. Practically, it should emphasize the precise alignment and implementation effectiveness of policies. This approach aims to provide theoretical support and practical solutions for comprehensively promoting the modernization of rural areas with Chinese characteristics, and contributing Chinese wisdom to the sustainable development of rural areas worldwide.

Supply chain synergy is a critical frontier research issue that needs urgent attention in the study of rural e-commerce development and growth in the field of geography. This study adopts methods such as coupling coordination analysis to measure the level of supply chain synergy development in each region of the country, reveals its spatial differentiation through exploratory spatial data analysis, and explores the mechanism by which supply chain synergy affects the development of rural e-commerce on this basis. The study indicates that the development level of the production segment in e-commerce supply chains shows significant regional differentiation, with high-value areas concentrated in the eastern coastal regions. The high-value areas of the distribution segment highly overlap with provincial capital cities, while the delivery segment exhibits a pattern of regional heterogeneity but intra-provincial homogeneity. The level of supply chain collaborative development exhibits a clear gradient distribution pattern, with significant differences between different regions, and high-coordination areas are primarily concentrated in economically developed regions dominated by the three major urban agglomerations. The results of the regression analysis indicate that the level of regional supply chain collaborative development has a robust and significantly positive impact on the development of rural e-commerce. Supply chain collaboration exhibits a negative spillover effect, and there is strong regional heterogeneity between the eastern and western regions.

Based on the data of the sixth and seventh national population censuses, this paper uses standard deviation ellipse, spatial autocorrelation and multiple linear regression model to reveal the characteristics and mechanism of population aging pattern at county level in China, to provide intellectual support for the in-depth implementation of the national strategy to actively respond to the aging population and help the high-quality development of the population. The results show that: (1) From 2010 to 2020, elderly population at county level presents a northeast-southwest distribution, and the center of gravity of aging rate transitions from southwest to northeast. (2) There is a significant difference in population aging on both sides of the “Hu Line”, the degree of population aging in the southeast half is deepening, and the aging phenomenon in the northwest half is beginning to appear. By 2020, the geographical dividing line of the aging rate will shift counterclockwise from the “Hu-Line” to the northwest. (3) The difference between urban and rural population aging continues to be narrowed, and the growth rate of population aging in rural areas increased significantly, showing the phenomenon of urban and rural inversion. (4) The northeast region and the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River became regions with rapid growth of population aging, while regions with slow growth were distributed in the Pearl River Delta, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Sichuan Basin and Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. (5) Birth rate, inflow rate, ethnic structure of population and proportion of three-generation households to total households are the main factors affecting the regional differences of population aging. Birth rate, inflow rate and living conditions have more significant effects on regional differences of aging rates in the southeast half of China, and ethnic structure has more significant effects on regional differences in the northwest half of the country. To formulate population development policies scientifically and reasonably, to curb the continuous contraction of population, to enhance the willingness to have children, and to strengthen the construction of rural old-age security system have become new measures to actively cope with population aging in the new era.

The revitalization of historical blocks through tourism development has become crucial in promoting urban renewal due to their unique value. The texture of streets plays a significant role in interpreting the connection between tourism development and new urbanization. Taking the historical block of Zhongshan Road in Qingdao as a case study, this research delves into the spatiotemporal narrative process of three distinct stages of historical blocks. Through the lens of street morphology narratology and employing spatial syntax, the study uncovers the laws of spatial production updates in the context of tourism. The research finds that the evolution of a block from a traditional recreation area to a commercial entertainment center to a tourism commercial complex is in essence a process of gradual construction, dependence, deconstruction and reconstruction of space in the evolution process of “commercial entertainment space under power discourse, functional homogeneity space under path dependence, tourism transformation space under commercial decline, and tourism complex space under mass recreation”. This process is influenced by power dynamics and can lead to a decline in street patterns as a result of the creation of uniform, institutionalized social spaces. Tourism development promotes the restructuring of district organizations through the entry of tourists and merchants, and the influence of power capital. The rejuvenation of local culture and the reproduction of collective memory drive the revival of spatial vitality. The research expands on the quantitative analysis of spatial production theory in the context of tourism. It provides a reference value for revitalizing and sustainably developing historical blocks.

Rural industrial transformation plays a pivotal role in rural modernization. However, leveraging rural industrial transformation to drive modernization involves numerous uncertainties. Grounded in the theoretical framework of “factor restructuring-structural upgrading-functional leap”, this study meticulously constructs a five-dimensional evaluation system for rural industrial transformation, encompassing efficiency, marketization, integration, greening, and technology dimensions. The spatial panel Durbin model and the spatio-temporal geographically weighted regression model are applied to analyze the spatial interaction effects among 273 prefecture-level cities in China from 2010 to 2022. The following findings are obtainedas follows: (1) Spatially, the high-value areas of rural industrial transformation have shifted from Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, and southern Liaoning to the Yangtze River Delta, forming a “unipolar agglomeration” pattern centered on southern Jiangsu, while the high-high agglomeration areas of rural modernization have remained stably locked in Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, southern Liaoning, and eastern Hubei. (2) There are dimensional differences in the transmission mechanism. Efficiency and market-oriented transformation generate positive spillover effects through industrial chain diffusion. However, integration exhibits negative spatial spillover owing to the siphoning effect, and technologization is locally locked by the dual constraints of geography and the system. (3) Concerning the spatial heterogeneity of the mechanism, the coefficients of efficiency and marketization increase from the northeast to the southwest in accordance with topographic fragmentation and traffic accessibility. The coefficients of integration and greening decrease from the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region to the periphery due to policy gradients and market attraction. Technology forms a high-value zone in the northeast and the west as a result of environmental coercion.

Rural population is both crucial participants and beneficiaries in rural revitalization, and changes in its quantity and structure have profound impacts on agricultural and rural development. This study, based on Chinese population census data in 2010 and 2020, categorizes rural population into linked cohort, the post-1995 cohort, the post-1985 cohort, the post-1970s cohort, and the post-1955 cohort by employing the life cycle theory. Drawing on "Thünen ring" model, it classifies county-level units into core, proximal, and peripheral types according to their distance gradients from the central cities, namely, Harbin and Changchun, so as to reveal the spatial patterns of rural population decline and its age profiles across different spatial gradients. The findings show that: (1) During 2010-2020, the rural population age structure in the Songnen Plain underwent rapid changes, evolving into its later stages and trending toward fewer children and severe aging. (2) The rural population decline shows remarkable characteristics of spatial universality and all-cohort encompassing. The rural population decline intensity across different regional types exhibits a trend of initial increase followed by a decline with advancing age. Shaped by public service accessibility and employment market stability, significant disparities exist in the decline intensity among age cohorts across regional categories. (3) The age profiles disparities in rural population decline across the Songnen Plain fundamentally stem from the interplay between spatial disparities and family life cycle dynamics. This phenomenon not only mirrors the uneven allocation of regional public service resources but also underscores the contemporary transformation of intergenerational responsibilities and its profound impacts on migration patterns.

As the main body of agricultural production, the transformation of the scale and structure of the rural population has a profound impact on farmland non-grain production in China. Exploring the impact mechanism of rural population transformation on farmland non-grain production is crucial for formulating targeted prevention and governance strategies. Therefore, this study revealed the phased characteristics of rural population transformation, as well as the correlation between the spatiotemporal evolution and pattern characteristics of farmland non-grain production and rural population transformation. The results indicated that rural population transformation in China from 2000 to 2020 was characterized by an accele-rated decrease in both total rural population and agricultural employment, coupled with rapidly intensifying aging, and a slowdown in the growth of average education years and the downsize of farmer households. Based on regional characteristics, the transformation of rural population in China can be clustered into three areas: rural employment non-agricultural area, rural population aging area, and rural education popularization area. Spatially, non-grain production in China showed a distribution pattern of “higher in the Northwest and Southeast, lower in the Northeast and North China; increasing in the Northwest and Southwest, decreasing in the Northeast and North China”. Temporally, a downward trend was observed before 2015, follow-ed by a significant annual increase of 0.44 percentage points thereafter, particularly in areas with widespread rural education. The spatio-temporal pattern of farmland non-grain production was primarily shaped by the total rural population, agricultural employment, total dependency ratio, and rural aging, showing spatio-temporal differences in these effects. Farmland non-grain production was strongly inhibited by a shrinking rural population, an increasing dependency ratio, and intensifying rural aging. A reduction in agricultural employ-ment exacerbates the shift toward non-grain use of cultivated land, particularly in areas experi-encing significant rural non-agricultural employment growth and widespread educational attain-ment. Imple-menting three key measures—establishing a collectively managed farmland trans-fer platform, increasing rural pensions, and creating more local non-farm job opportunities—can effectively curb the trend of farmland non-grain production.

Specialized villages and towns (SVTs), as micro-scale carriers of industrial clusters in rural areas, represent a critical pathway for achieving agricultural and rural modernization and serve as a key driver for implementing the rural revitalization strategy. Henan Province, a major agricultural region in China, provides a typical case for exploring the spatial agglomeration mechanisms of rural industries through its development of SVTs. However, current research has primarily focused on global driving factors and linear relationships, while the spatial heterogeneity across regions and nonlinear mechanisms remain underexplored. To address this gap, we examine 254 provincial-level “One Village, One Product” (OVOP) demonstration villages and towns in Henan Province, employing kernel density analysis, multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR), and XGBoost machine learning to systematically investigate their spatial distribution patterns and underlying driving mechanisms.The findings reveal three key insights: (1) The spatial distribution of SVTs exhibits a “gap ring-shaped” agglomeration pattern centered around Zhengzhou, the provincial capital. High-density clusters are concentrated in the border areas of Xuchang, Luohe, and Kaifeng, with agglomeration intensity decreasing radially from the ring zone toward both the core and peripheral regions, forming a spatial gradient structure characterized by “initial enhancement followed by decline”. (2) The MGWR results indicate that natural factors, such as elevation, exert a stable and significantly inhibitory effect across the study area. In contrast, socioeconomic factors demonstrate pronounced spatial heterogeneity and “regional adaptability”: factors like distance to the provincial capital and urbanization rate suppress the formation of specialized villages in economically developed regions (e.g., central and northern Henan), while exhibiting a facilitative effect in less developed southeastern Henan. (3) The XGBoost model further uncovers nonlinear mechanisms, identifying distance to the provincial capital as the most critical driver. Most socioeconomic variables exhibit an “inverted U-shaped” relationship with the distribution of specialized villages, indicating a threshold effect where marginal benefits peak within a specific range before transitioning to suppression. High-value concentration zones predominantly occur in the “urban-rural transitional interface”, defined by an optimal interplay between distance to the provincial capital and other factors, highlighting this zone's dual advantages of market accessibility and land availability for specialized village development.

The persistent constraints of locational disadvantages and inefficient factor allocation have long hindered the development of underdeveloped mountainous villages. Exploring their counter-adversity transformation pathways is of great significance for advancing Chinese-style agricultural and rural modernization as well as common prosperity. This study integrates the theoretical perspectives of “negative lock-in” and “resource-focused action” to construct a comprehensive analytical framework. Using Yanbo Village in Guizhou Province as a case, the study applies qualitative research methods to examine the stage-based evolution and driving mechanisms of its counter-adversity transformation. The findings reveal that: (1) The counter-adversity transformation of Yanbo Village in overcoming negative lock-in can be divided into three stages: breakthrough, expansion, and elevation. Resource-focused action evolved from basic resource bricolage, to systematic resource choreography, and eventually to multidimensional resource orchestration, forming a diversified development system aligned with local realities and market demands. (2) The village's transformation has relied on a synergistic mechanism of “internal resource integration and external resource acquisition”, which has driven the optimization of resource structures and the conversion of development potential across four dimensions: human capital, benefit distribution, governance, and external support. (3) The essence of Yanbo Village's counter-adversity transformation does not lie in the external infusion of a single resource, but rather in a systemic process grounded in local agency, characterized by multi-resource synergy and the progressive optimization of development mechanisms. This transformation embodies a logic of internal integration, external linkage, and collaborative value enhancement. This study expands the theoretical understanding of rural transformation under the dilemma of negative lock-in and provides practical insights for the development of similar regions.

The “production-living-ecological” spaces (PLES) are an important aspect of territorial spatial research. However, the theoretical and methodological systems for PLES evaluation remain incomplete. This paper proposes a shift in the evaluation object to the “human-land spatial system”. This approach overcomes a key limitation of traditional methods—the “land element method” and “indicator system method”—which substitute land elements or functions for the actual spatial entity. Based on these, it constructs a framework, principles, and procedures for the evaluation of PLES. Furthermore, it demonstrates the application of key theories and methods for evaluating PLES by taking the Huaihe Ecological Economic Belt as an example. This research covers the following aspects: (1) Guided by the proposed theories of the human-land and urban-rural spatial systems, this study adopts space as its physical evaluation object to analyze the structure, scale, and characteristics of PLES from the perspectives of dialectical materialism and structuralism. (2) This paper constructs a comprehensive methodology for PLES evaluation by integrating multiple theoretical foundations into a cohesive framework. The core evaluation framework is built upon the geographical paradigm of “pattern-process-mechanism-effect” and the formal logic of “ontology-extension”. Guided by the systems theory concept of “elements-structure-function”, the methodology establishes evaluation principles centered on “basic elements-fundamental structure-underlying function” “qualitative-quantitative” “region-locality-plot”, and “urban-rural” dimensions. Finally, the evaluation procedure is organized according to the philosophical “entity-attribute” view, progressing through “entity evaluation, attribute evaluation, and comprehensive evaluation”. (3) The study reveals distinct distribution patterns of PLES in the Huaihe Ecological Economic Belt. Production and living spaces are more concentrated in the east and north, with lower densities in the west and south. In contrast, ecological space is predominantly located in the southeast, with less in the northwest. These findings provide a scientific basis for future research on territorial spatial planning.

The classification and interaction of production-living-ecological (PLE) spaces in rural areas present urgent spatial issues in advancing the modernisation of rural areas with Chinese characteristics. Using finely detailed 2023 POI data, high-precision land use data, and agricultural enterprise density data, this paper applies a coupling coordination model and a bivariate spatial autocorrelation model to analyse the distribution and coordination of PLE space functions in Yanling County, Henan Province, a region notable for its advanced agricul-tural industrialization. In addition, it employs a multi-scale geographically weighted regression model to identify the driving factors behind the coordination level of PLE space functions. The study found that: ① The PLE space functions in Yanling County's villages exhibit a radial layered structure centred on the county seat, with production functions forming a “one centre with multiple points” layout, living functions showing a decreasing gradient from the center, and ecological functions maintaining a high-value, ubiquitous distribution. ② The coordination level of village PLE space functions shows a layered graded coordination with spatial differentiation. ③ The values of PLE space functions and their coordination levels have significant spatial correlation and heterogeneity, with production and living space functions highly integrated and positively correlated with coordination levels, while the ecological space shows a significant negative correlation, presenting a dispersed pattern; ④ The distance from the central town, road density, population density, nighttime light index and distribution of agricultural enterprise impact the coordination level of village PLE space functions significantly and exhibit multi-scale geographic differentiation mechanisms. Overall, the study's conclusions contribute to a more fined classification and mechanistic analysis of village PLE space functions, providing a scientific reference for efficient micro-scale land use and for delineating the “Three Zones and Three Lines”.

Analyzing and understanding the complex mutual-feedback relationship between rural land use and industrial transitions is of great significance for deciphering the intrinsic dynamics of rural territorial systems and formulating effective rural development policies. This paper firstly constructs a theoretical framework for the mutual feedback between rural land use and industrial transitions; to this end, it establishes respective evaluation index systems and, finally, employs a linkage equation model and a mediation effect model to examine their interactive effects. The results found that: (1) Rural land use and industrial transitions exhibit a direct positive interaction. Specifically, a positive interaction exists between arable land use transition and agricultural transition, as well as between construction land transition and the integration of secondary and tertiary industries. Every 1% increase in the transition level of arable land will promote a 0.559% increase in the transition level of agriculture; every 1% increase in the transition level of agriculture will bring about a 0.594% increase in the transition level of arable land; every 1% increase in the transition level of construction land leads to a 0.560% increase in the transition level of the integration of the secondary and tertiary industries; and every 1% increase in the transition level of the integration of the secondary and tertiary industries leads to a 0.190% increase in the transition level of construction land. (2) Land use transition also exerts an indirect influence on industrial transition. Specifically, arable land use transition indirectly affects the integration of secondary and tertiary industries, with a mediation effect size of 0.138; and construction land use transition indirectly influences agricultural industry transition, with a mediation effect size of 0.231. Rural development policies should be oriented towards actively leveraging the mutual feedback between land use and industrial transitions. The goal is to foster their positive interaction, optimize the interactive pathways, and ultimately transform this synergy into an intrinsic driver for rural transition, thereby advancing rural revitalization.

In recent years, with the prevalence of anti-globalization and trade protectionism, global trade frictions have occurred frequently, posing a threat to global economic growth. In-depth analysis of the characteristics of the global trade frictions relations and scientific assessment of their driving factors can not only help clarify the world economic pattern and trade situation, but also provide scientific basis for China to actively respond to trade frictions and promote high-level opening up. Based on the global trade frictions data from 2009 to 2022, this paper adopts GIS and complex networks to explore the evolution of the global trade frictions, and empirically analyses their driving factors using the negative binomial regression model. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The intensity of global trade frictions has fluctuated, initially rising before declining, with state aid and subsidy policies being the main forms. Resource-intensive products and labor-intensive products have always been the hot spots among them. (2) The initiators are more concentrated and show the trend of high in the north while low in the south, which are absolutely dominated by the high-income countries and the upper-middle-income countries and their share fluctuates dramatically. The targets have become more dispersed, which are dominated by high-income countries and their share has a “stratified effect”. (3) Global trade frictions relations are netted into a global trade frictions network, which shows a trend of first expanding and then shrinking. Its core-periphery structure is developing steadily, and the core significantly shifts to the east, resulting in the prominent position of world's major trading countries. (4) The main drivers of the evolution of global trade frictions networks include economic development of the initiators and targets, scientific and technological level of the initiators, trade proximity, political inclination proximity, and organizational proximity.