Unveiling the evolutionary rules and mechanisms of land transfer scale and land transfer price holds referential significance for enhancing the role of land resources in macroeconomic control. This paper takes the land market transaction data from 295 cities in China from 2007 to 2022 as a case study. Using cold-hot spot analysis, standard deviation ellipses and a comprehensive land price model, this analysis depicts the spatio-temporal characteristics of land transfer scale and price changes. A bivariate spatial autocorrelation model is employed to analyze the spatial interaction between the scale and price of land transfer. Furthermore, the geographical detector is used to uncover the formation mechanism. The findings of the study reveal that: (1) The land transfer scale experiences a trajectory of rapid growth, sharp decline and gradual rise, exhibiting a spatial pattern of "hot in the east, but cold in the west". The gravities of industrial and mining land and commercial land transfer shift westward, whereas those of residential land and other land types move southward. (2) Residential land prices and commercial land prices rise quickly, while the transfer prices of industrial and mining land and other types of land increase slowly. All types of land prices show a pattern of "higher in the southeast, but lower in the northwest", transitioning from scattered points to clustered regions, which reduce local disparities but expand the overall gap. (3) A significant positive spatial correlation is observed between the scale and price of land transfer. The local spatial pattern displays high-high and low-high clustering to the east of the Hu Huanyong Line, while low-low clustering and high-low clustering are found to the west of the Hu Huanyong Line. (4) The impact of multifactor interactions on land transfer scale and land transfer price is greater than that of single factors. Changes in land transfer scale and price are the result of policy implementation and location condition optimization under the guidance of economic development and social life. Therefore, regional coordinated development should be promoted by optimizing land transfer structure, regulating land transfer prices, guiding the interactive effects between land transfer scale and price, and ensuring the orderly operation of the land factor market.

With the increasingly severe global energy crisis, countries are working together to control carbon emissions and develop low-carbon economies. In this context, the new energy vehicle industry has entered a stage of rapid growth. However, how to analyze the interaction between the new energy vehicle production network and local regions has become one of the key issues of academic attention. This article selects BYD, a benchmark enterprise for new energy vehicles in China, and focuses on the strategic coupling mode and driving mechanism between BYD's production network and typical regions by organizing its domestic core suppliers for new energy vehicles in 2022. The study shows that: (1) The overall production layout of different production system components in China has formed a spatial pattern with the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta, and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as the cores. Specifically, the production network of batteries and electric drive systems has the largest scale and high degree of agglomeration, while the clustering degree of body and chassis accessories is the lowest, and the high-frequency connections of the production network are mainly concentrated between cities in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta. (2) In the process of interaction between production networks and regional development, due to the influence of regional location advantages and enterprise spatial stickiness, a differentiated coupling mode has emerged, mainly manifested as the coexistence of dependent coupling, reciprocal coupling, and absorption coupling. (3) The interactive relationship channel between local production networks and regional development constructed based on "network characteristics-strategic coupling-regional interaction" promotes the transformation of enterprise production from field related space to value related space, providing practical support for the localization of strategic coupling theory in China. This article attempts to divide the production system of new energy vehicles into intelligent electronic and electrical systems, battery and electric drive systems, thermal management systems, and vehicle chassis decoration systems. Based on typical cases, it analyzes the strategic coupling mode and mechanism. On the one hand, it provides practical support for the localization plan of strategic coupling through theoretical construction and deduction, and on the other hand, it provides empirical support for analyzing the interactive relationship between the production network and regional development of domestic leading enterprises in China.

In recent years, the “geographies of science and technology” has drawn sustained scholarly attention, with researchers exploring the intricate connections between scientific knowledge and geography by examining the space of scientific practices and the contextuality of knowledge circulation. This research orientation is based on the localist of the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) and the interpretive path of critical historical geography, extends geographical perspective into the spatial dimensions of science / knowledge ontology, highlighting the research potential to recognize the intricate dynamics of “power-space-knowledge” in the modern world. Tracing its origins, the intellectual foundations and academic characteristics of this field are closely tied to the emergence of the “Historical Geography of Science” in the 1990s. Although existing studies have not systematically unveiled the academic trajectory of this field's early development, it is precisely the critical turn in historical geography itself that has triggered the deconstruction and reflection on “meta-narratives” of history, which has also provided an opportunity for the integration and development of geography and the sociology of scientific knowledge. This interplay laid the theoretical and methodological foundation for the Historical Geography of Science. This article examines the intellectual trajectory and theoretical evolution of this field, offering insights into the interplay between scientific knowledge and geography while providing guidance for future research.

Afforestation and forest restoration in arid and semi-arid regions with sparse vegetation have strong carbon sequestration and ecological restoration capabilities. However, the effectiveness of carbon sequestration in these dry areas heavily depends on the spatial distribution of precipitation. To explore the dependency of carbon sequestration effectiveness on precipitation in arid region afforestation, this study takes Shaanxi province, China, as a case study. It utilizes a combination of geographic remote sensing technology, panel threshold regression, and partially linear functional coefficient panel data models to evaluate the effectiveness of afforestation carbon sequestration under varying precipitation conditions, focusing on both environment-effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. The results indicate significant environment-effectiveness of afforestation carbon sequestration in Shaanxi. From 2000 to 2020, large-scale ecological restoration projects, primarily afforestation, were implemented across Shaanxi. As a result, the total vegetation carbon sequestration showed an overall upward trend, with the marginal contribution of afforestation carbon sequestration reaching 462.647 t/km². In the arid regions of the province, the marginal contribution was 512.868 t/km², 2.67 times higher than in humid areas. The panel threshold model showed that when precipitation ranged from 366.468 to 525.470 mm, afforestation carbon sequestration effectiveness was optimal, with a marginal contribution of 511.493 t/km². According to the partially linear functional coefficient panel data model, the environment-effectiveness of afforestation carbon sequestration in Shaanxi follows an inverted "U"-shaped pattern with increasing precipitation. The maximum marginal contribution, approximately 534.691 t/km², reaches a precipitation threshold of 495.539 mm. Beyond this threshold, environment-effectiveness diminishes due to reduced solar radiation in relatively wet areas, lowering vegetation carbon sequestration efficiency. In terms of cost-effectiveness, the cost of afforestation carbon sequestration tends to increase with higher levels of precipitation. Consequently, arid regions may offer greater cost advantages for such initiatives. The average cost in the arid regions of Shaanxi is 581 yuan/t, 16.29% lower than in humid regions. Therefore, it is crucial to respect the "forest-water-carbon" interaction dynamics, carefully assess regional characteristics, and leverage the environmental and cost advantages of afforestation in arid regions. By strategically planning and optimizing spatial afforestation activities, carbon sequestration benefits can be maximized, so as to promote sustainable land management and enhancing the overall ecological and economic value of these regions.

Taking the counties in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration as the study area, this paper first constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system based on the connotation of urban resilience and innovation efficiency to measure the development level of urban resilience and innovation efficiency from 2000 to 2021. Then, combining spatial autocorrelation and center of gravity models, we examine the spatial and temporal evolutionary characteristics of urban resilience and innovation efficiency coupling coordination, and use geo-detectors and spatio-temporal geographically-weighted regression to detect the main influencing factors and reveal their spatial heterogeneity. Results show that: (1) From 2000 to 2021, the comprehensive level of urban resilience is low in the study area, but the overall trend is stable and rising, and the spatial gradient diffusion trend is generally displayed with Beijing and Tianjin as the core. (2) The efficiency of scientific and technological innovation has an “N-shaped” fluctuation, which shows the trend of first contraction and then expansion in space. (3) The coupling coordination level of urban resilience and innovation efficiency showed a gradual upward trend as a whole, and the spatial pattern presented a “circle pattern” of inward and outward decline. The migration path of the center of gravity showed a change pattern of “southeast shift, northwest return”, and the positive correlation of coupling coordination space and local spatial agglomeration were significant. (4) The spatio-temporal evolution of the coupling coordination between urban resilience and innovation efficiency is mainly driven by economic development and social basic factors, which is the result of the joint action of natural environment and cultural level. The impact of natural and socio-economic factors on the coupling coordination in the study area shows obvious spatial heterogeneity.

Since its inception, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has garnered widespread international attention. Its vision of green development aligns with the theme of global sustainability, but has been long attacked by the Western public opinion. The study of Western public opinion's discourse construction of the Green BRI could help advance its construction, uphold China's national environmental image, and bolster China's international discourse influence. Based on LDA and Word2vec models, this research conducts comprehensive examination of the Western media reports on BRI under the issues of resources, environment, and ecology since 2013 by means of text analysis. The spatio-temporal evolutionary characteristics of report topics are investigated, and the mechanism of discourse construction and the geopolitical motivations behind Western public opinion are revealed. The study finds that: (1) Western media's engagement with the Green BRI could be categorized into three periods, namely, the observing period (2013-2016), the developing period (2017-2021), and the silent period (from 2022 to the present). (2) The primary concerns of Western media revolved around the negative impacts of fossil fuels on the aspects of resource depletion, environmental pollution, and ecological degradation; the transition process, trade activities, and investment dynamics of clean energy, as well as the international environmental cooperation and energy competition. The multifaceted interactions between infrastructure development and wildlife conservation were also prominent topics. (3) Western media reports displayed spatially differential characteristics, suggesting varying levels of engagement and prioritization. The UK and the US were widely concerned over global environmental issues, while paying great attention to their own state interests and China's negative environmental performance. France and Germany avoided associating their own affairs with the Green BRI, Canada and Australia almost exclusively concentrated on their self-interests, and New Zealand exhibited relatively low enthusiasm for reporting. (4) In order to maintain the consistency of their national roles, Western countries employed public opinion tactics to construct discursive narratives around the Green BRI, which were ideological, grand narrative-driven, demonizing, and romanticizing. The national public opinion roles of countries were not only shaped by their interests and positions as "the Self", but also influenced by the expectations of other countries as "the Other".

Optimizing territorial spatial patterns and promoting balanced development are the major national strategies. It is necessary to examine the characteristics and driving factors of territorial space evolution and identify one or more main axes that support China's regional coordinated development. To this end, this paper uses the Hu Huanyong Line (Hu Line) and the Bole-Taipei Line (BT Line) as spatial references and classifies the land territorial space into three categories: urban-rural construction space, agricultural production space, and ecological conservation space. Various spatial statistical and analytical methods are employed to analyze the layout, evolution, and structural transformation characteristics of China's land territorial space from 2000 to 2020. Additionally, the study quantitatively verifies the balance and sources of differences in territorial space evolution on both sides of these key lines and further identifies the key influencing factors and their spatial differentiation effects. Findings indicate that: (1) Over the past two decades, significant expansion of urban-rural construction space in China has narrowed east-west and south-north disparities, accompanied by noticeable degradation. Agricultural production space has shifted westward along the Hu Line, while ecological conservation space has globally decreased, highlighting significant dynamic interchanges between agricultural production and ecological conservation spaces. (2) The Hu and BT lines effectively capture spatial differentiation characteristics of China's territorial space evolution. The Hu Line effectively scales non-stationary changes in farming-forestry patterns, while the BT Line serves as a watershed for determining whether national urban-rural construction spaces degrade. Currently, China's territorial space evolution remains primarily characterized by east-west disparities, with minimal differences between the south and the north. (3) China's territorial space evolution is a complex outcome of policy, natural geography, transportation location, and socio-economy. Geographic conditions and transportation locations are common factors constraining China's overall spatial evolution, with significant differences in natural conditions between the east and the west, and prominent transportation location factors between the south and the north. Based on the conclusions, strategic recommendations include balancing urban-rural spatial layouts to mitigate north-south disparities, timely responses to the new trends of agricultural space shifts, and dynamic monitoring of regional ecological and agricultural space changes across the Pan-Hu Huanyong Line region.

Deindustrialization is a regional economic phenomenon that has emerged as a result of technological progress, industrial upgrading and the globalization of production, but premature deindustrialization can adversely affect the high-quality development of regional economies. This paper identifies deindustrialized cities based on the characteristics of changes in the proportion of manufacturing industries at the city level in China, analyzes their spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, and explores the impact of related factors on urban deindustrialization. The results are found: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the development of deindustrialization at the municipal level in China is universal, and the ratio of deindustrialized cities increases with the increase of city size class. The number of newly added deindustrialized cities expanded and then contracted over time, with a concentration in 2011-2014. (2) Deindustrialization at the municipal level in China is more likely to be premature deindustrialization, accounting for 56.48% of deindustrialized cities, mainly in the central and western regions. Resource-oriented cities are more prone to premature deindustrialization because of their structural rigidity and resource endowment. (3) The deindustrialization of cities is influenced by various factors. Financialization and technological innovation significantly drive deindustrialization in terms of both output and employment. Factors such as productivity levels, resource endowments, interregional industrial division and cooperation, and environmental regulations have different impacts on output and employment deindustrialization. Compared to the significant impact of rising production factor costs on deindustrialization in eastern cities, the central, western, and northeastern regions are more influenced by the levels of financialization and transportation connectivity. Interregional industrial division and cooperation tend to induce deindustrialization in the western and northeastern regions, yet they facilitate industrial development in the eastern and central regions.

Alcohol-based drinking consumption has increasingly become an important part of residents' daily leisure life. There is a geographical tradition cognition that people from northern China would have higher preference for drinking than those from southern China, but geographers have not provided scientific answers for this question yet. Starting from this gap, this study attempts to verify the existence of such a regional preference and further reveal its general impact factors of spatial distribution. This study uses Baidu keyword search indexes and Amap alcohol POI data to represent the alcohol-based drinking preferences in each city of China, by considering the interferences of the size of population, structure of population, average income of the citizens, and the prosperity of urban economies. In order to better understand the research results, this study frames the leisure preference of alcohol-based drinking consumption as the "Libai Index", which is composed of Libai expected consumption index and Libai actual consumption index. The results show that: (1) The sptial distribution of the Libai Index is inconsistent with the geographical tradition cognition of Chinese drinking behavior. The Libai Index does not show obvious north-south and east-west differentiation or follow the geographical distribution of the famous Hu Huanyong Line. The region with the highest preference is not the most economically developed cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, but the Sichuan-Chongqing region with Chengdu and Chongqing as the core. (2) In terms of natural environment, the lower the temperature is, the higher the Libai expected consumption index will be; the lower the temperature and the shorter the sunshine duration are, the higher is the Libai actual consumption index; however, precipitation, humidity and wind speed do not have significant impact on the two Libai indexes. (3) In terms of socio-economic environment, housing price level and night light are significantly positively correlated with the two Libai indexes. The findings of this study correct the traditional misunderstanding of the geographical distribution of alcohol-based drinking preference. It reveals the influence of natural environmental factors such as temperature and sunshine duration and social economic factors such as housing price and night light index on alcohol consumption. This work resonates with the neo-environmental determinism and affirms that this theory still has good explanatory power. At the same time, this paper is also a pro-active attempt for the utilization of multi-structure geo-data.

Understanding the spatial and temporal differences in ecosystem health and their driving factors is conducive to ecosystem management and restoration. Although existing studies have assessed ecosystem health in different regions, few studies have explored the spatial heterogeneity of ecosystem health and its driving forces in depth. In this paper, the mountain-basin system on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains is divided into five ecological zones (northern grassland area, central mixed area, desert area, cultivated area and southern mountain area). Based on the vital-organization-resilience framework, the spatial and temporal changes of ecosystem health in this basin during 2000-2020 are analyzed. The interactive effects of geographical factors on the spatial and temporal differentiation of ecosystem health were studied by using geographic detectors and constraint lines. The results showed that: (1) The ecosystem health status in the study area showed a gourd-shaped distribution trend with more low values and less high values, the ecosystem health index showed an increasing trend, and the overall ecosystem health status showed a significant improvement trend. (2) There were differences in the change trend of ecosystem health in different ecological zones. The health status of ecosystem in the northern grassland area, the central mixed area and the cultivated land area improved, while the health status of ecosystem in the desert area decreased. (3) The interpretation ability of different geographic factors on the spatial differentiation of ecosystem health was significantly different in different time periods and different regions. Natural factors such as soil type, regional division, average annual surface temperature and annual evaporation played a dominant role, while human activities had little influence overall. The factor interaction detection showed that the influence of the two-factor interaction was higher than that of the single factor, and the dominant interaction had some differences in different regions, but all of them were the interaction combination of soil type, annual surface temperature and other factors. The results can provide more effective and detailed decision support for ecosystem protection in the mountain-basin system on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains and other areas with similar conditions.

Urban emergency shelters are the places and facilities where the life and property of people are protected when and after disasters happen. A reasonable spatial layout of these places and facilities plays a crucial role in protecting the life of residents from major disasters such as earthquakes. With the main urban area of Nanjing as an example, mobile user portrait data are analyzed in this paper to obtain the information on daytime and nighttime distribution of urban populations. Travel time data are collected through path planning, and the accessibility of emergency shelters is calculated through the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method. Also, the information on the number of people taking shelter is used to analyze the supply-demand ratio of emergency shelters. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) There is a clear spatial separation of work from residence as shown by the distribution of population in the main urban area of Nanjing, and the density of population is higher in the core urban area than in the outer urban area. The spatial difference in daytime population density is more significant than in nighttime population density, and the spatial layout of emergency shelters is closely related to population density. The emergency shelters accessible within 30 minutes cover a large number of residents whether during daytime or nighttime, showing a basically high overall efficiency of coverage. (2) The accessibility of emergency shelters in the main urban area of Nanjing is generally low, showing a relatively high level in the outer urban area better than in the core urban area. The fluctuation of accessibility during daytime and nighttime is generally insignificant, with a negative correlation shown between accessibility and population density. There is unevenness in the spatial distribution of accessibility of emergency shelters. (3) The overall supply-demand ratio of emergency shelters in the main urban area of Nanjing is low, showing a higher level in the outer urban area than in the core urban area. In the core urban area and Jiangbei district, it is imperative to strengthen the construction and layout optimization of emergency shelters. Finally, suggestions are made in this paper to solve the problems with the spatial layout of emergency shelters in the main urban area of Nanjing. One is to increase the overall number of shelters and the other is to optimize the layout of the existing ones.

The mobility of leading scientists is a crucial factor in shaping the global scientific landscape. Drawing on the education and work resumes of Nobel laureates in natural sciences since 1901, this study explores the spatiotemporal dynamics of leading scientists' mobility throughout their careers and examines the spatiotemporal pattern evolution of the world science center, using their mobility as a lens. The findings reveal several key insights: (1) The international mobility of leading scientists during their education phase exhibits a relatively wide range of sources and a high concentration of destinations. During the work phase, mobility shifts from intra-European movement to transatlantic movement. Compared to the education phase, the flow during the work phase becomes even more concentrated, showing a distinct “cone-shaped” pattern; (2) A transfer of the world science center is evident, driven by the mobility of leading scientists, notably from Germany to the United States between 1930 and 1940. (3) The geographic transfer of the world science center is often led by dominant scientific disciplines, transitioning from single subject breakthroughs to a more balanced disciplinary landscape. Compared to the overall transfer of the science center, disciplinary shifts occur earlier and decline later. (4) A distinct “front and rear” phenomenon characterizes the geographic transfer of the world science center: Birthplace cluster centers typically lag behind awarding centers, suggesting that the world science center is not solely relying on local talents to cultivate, but gradually realizes independent talent cultivation on the basis of gathering talents from other scientific centers. Conversely, education centers precede and decline earlier than awarding centers. This shows that education center is a prerequisite for the formation of science center. In conclusion, this study underscores the intertwined relationship between mobility of leading scientists, the evolution of scientific disciplines, and the shifting geography of global scientific prominence, shedding light on the complex dynamics driving scientific progress.

As a pivotal tactic in proactive policing, police stops are a widely utilized instrument employed by law enforcement agencies across nations to uphold societal security and deter criminal activity. However, there is no unified conclusion on whether police stops can effectively combat crime, and there is a lack of discussion on the spatial heterogeneity of their nonlinear relationship, with most studies focusing on Western countries. Consequently, this study takes the central district of a major city in China as an example, combines data on crime, police stops, ambient population, and points of interest (POIs). Utilizing the XGBoost machine learning model alongside the SHAP additive interpreter, this study delves into the spatio-temporal interplay between police stops and crime, unveiling their nonlinear relationship amidst spatial heterogeneity. The findings reveal that: firstly, the XGBoost model results show that the most important feature for crime prediction in the current week is the number of police stops in the previous week, followed by the ambient population and proportion of local population. Secondly, an analysis with the SHAP additive interpreter reveals that the number of police stops in the previous week exerts a negative impact on overall crime for this week, exhibiting a nonlinear relationship that peaks at a threshold of 5.0 standard values per week for police stops. Thirdly, when SHAP values were explored in conjunction with spatial distribution, the results showed spatial heterogeneity in the impact of police stops on street crime, indicating that most of the grids where the police stops of the previous week had a significant negative effect spatially corresponded to commercial centres with high foot traffic. On the other hand, most of the positively affected grids were spatially distributed in urban villages, passenger terminals, and railway stations, where complex movements of people occur. Finally, to validate the effectiveness of the hotspot policing experiment, consideration of crime non-hotspot areas was added. This study further discusses differences in police tactics between hotspot and non-hotspot areas. Increasing the intensity of police stops in hotspot areas can effectively curb crime, but an excessive number of police stops in non-hotspots of crime can weaken the deterrent effect of police stops on crime. The study's conclusions can inform decision-making to optimize police deployment spatially, and enhance resource efficiency, so as to enrich crime geography research in China.

The construction of digital government stands as a cornerstone in the quest for national governance modernization and the holistic advancement of digital progress. This paper, for the first time, quantifies the extent of the digital government development level of 337 Chinese cities, encompassing all prefecture and higher-level administrations, spanning a period from 2017 through 2022. Utilizing comprehensive data extracted from work reports of local governments, this analysis delves into not only the temporal and spatial patterns of such developments but also the various factors that influence these trends. The findings of the study reveal that: (1) China's digital government development level shows a consistent year-on-year increasing trend with an average annual growth rate of 11.54%, with the fastest growth rate in public service capacity, followed by the security capacity, and finally the government transparency level. (2) Geographically, it presents a decreasing regional pattern in the eastern, central and western regions in terms of the digital government development level, and the gap between the western region and the other two regions is gradually widening. (3) It has significant spatial agglomeration characteristics, and the degree of this agglomeration gradually increases over the years. (4) It exhibits a clear "core-periphery" structure, where cities with higher digital government development levels are concentrated in the areas with higher administrative levels and five major urban agglomerations. (5) There is an absence of a trend towards convergence at the national level, but the internal differences within each of the three major regions have demonstrated a narrowing tendency. (6) The empirical analysis reveals that the economic development level emerges as a key factor affecting the digital government development level, and other influencing factors, including the urban population size, industrial structure characteristics, government fiscal capacity and network infrastructure, exhibit heterogeneous impacts on distinct government digital indicators and in different regional contexts. In conclusion, this study provides a new research perspective for measuring the digital government development level within China at the city level, which is of great significance for further understanding the characteristics of China's digital government development level and suggests several important policy implications.

High-speed railway station areas play an important role in promoting the integration of transportation, industry and urban development, and have become an important carrier for cities to generate economic ties and their spatial associations. This paper takes the five major urban agglomerations in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) as the research unit, constructs the affiliation network model from the perspective of “total-sub” enterprises between high-speed rail station areas and cities, adopts the methods of social network analysis and GIS spatial analysis to portray the affiliation network pattern of the urban agglomerations in the YREB in the perspective of the enterprises undertaking high-speed rail station areas, and further utilizes the geographic detector model to reveal the role mechanism of the network formation. The results found that: (1) The overall network of cities in the YREB shows a “multi-core radial” spatial pattern, with strong connectivity and concentration, obvious corridor effect, and the network in the central and western parts of the country is not developed enough. The network pattern is characterized by “dense in the east and sparse in the west”; the characteristics of small groups in the network are more obvious, and the network characteristics of “inward connection and outward expansion” in the central urban agglomeration and “strong inside and weak outside” in the eastern and western urban agglomerations are obvious; (2) The inter-group network of the urban agglomerations in the YREB under the viewpoint of the high-speed railway station area undertaking enterprises is presented in the form of “inter-group network”. (2) The inter-city network of the urban agglomerations from the perspective of enterprises receiving high-speed rail station areas shows a “bridge-crossing” linkage pattern, and the network pattern of inter-city links within the urban agglomerations shows “strong linkage”, “gradient linkage” and “neighboring linkage”. (3) The spatial distribution of out-degree nodes of the urban association network from the perspective of the high-speed railway station area receiving enterprises is characterized by a pattern of “high-grade scattered dots, low-grade numerous”, while the in-degree nodes are characterized by a pattern of “high-grade clusters, and low-grade clusters”. High-grade clusters become pieces, and low-grade beads become lines; (4) The pattern of urban agglomeration association network under the perspective of high-speed rail station area receiving enterprises is affected by the interaction of five dimensional factors, namely, city level, station area business environment, station area infrastructure, station area development degree, and station-city linkage, among which, the factors such as internal accessibility, city level, station location, and government preferential policies have a significant influence on the urban agglomeration association network. Among them, internal accessibility, city grade, station location and governmental preferential policies play an obvious role in the formation of the network pattern of city connections in the high-speed railwaystation area.

The Qinling-Daba Mountains are an important geographic-ecological transitional zone in China, developing diverse and unique forest ecosystems, whose forest ecosystems and carbon sequestration potentials are related to the regional ecological balance and the specific layout of the national dual-carbon policy. At present, the studies on forest aboveground biomass in this area have mainly focused on the local areas, such as Mt. Taibai, Mt. Shennongjia, Huoditang forest area, and the central part of the Qinling Mountains, or only focused on the biomass of a single or a few species, which resulted in fragmented results and could not comprehensively and accurately reflect the overall situation of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) in this area. Therefore, this study utilized the 267 broadleaved forest samples obtained from the "Comprehensive Scientific Investigation of China's North-South Transitional Zone" to investigate the spatial distribution of broadleaved AGB and its environmental influencing factors. The results showed that: (1) Broadleaved forest AGB was low in the eastern Qinling-Daba Mountains and high in the central and western parts; two longitudinal distribution patterns were discovered for broadleaved forest AGB in this area, and one was that the biomass in the mountains located in the north and south of this area gradually increased from west to east, and the other was that the biomass in the central part (Longnan-Hanzhong-Shiyan) gradually decreased from west to east; and the latitudinal distribution pattern of broadleaved forest AGB showed a trend of "increasing-decreasing-increasing-decreasing" from south to north. The altitudinal distribution pattern showed a "first increasing-then decreasing" pattern with increasing altitude. (2) The pattern of broadleaved forest AGB was the result of the interaction between human activities and natural factors, and the influence of each environmental factor was manifested as temperature > terrain > HAI > precipitation, in addition to the factors that play an important role in the growth, development and distribution of plant, such as temperature, precipitation, and terrain, the influence of human activities (HAI) on the broadleaved forest AGB in the study area should be paid more attention. The results can provide support for research on forest ecosystems and their carbon storage capacity, climate change in the Qinling-Daba Mountains, and also provide scientific basis for national and regional ecological planning and environment-economy coordinated development.

Networked collaborative governance is an effective means of solving cross-scale environmental protection problems, and clarifying the formation mechanism and barriers of cross-regional environmental collaborative governance networks can effectively enhance governance effectiveness. This paper constructs a collaborative environmental governance network based on the environmental cooperation policy of the Pan-Pearl River Delta (PPRD) region (excluding Hong Kong and Macao), introduces an exponential random graph model to quantitatively simulate the driving influences of the endogenous and exogenous conditions of the network, explains the tendency of self-organization structure in the network pattern combined with relationship dependence, and analyzes the mechanism of the effects of provincial attributes and inter-provincial relations on the formation of trans-regional environmental collaborative governance networks. The results show that the PPRD collaborative environmental governance network as a whole consists of provinces along the Pearl River Basin in a diamond structure, with Guangdong and Guangxi facing the whole region in a dual-core dispersed linkage, locally embedded in an extensive agglomeration structure, and with an obvious small-world nature. Self-organized dependence within the cooperative area network is significant, with a tendency of the ternary structural hole closure and star structure, indicating that relational transmission and preferential dependence effects contribute to the cooperative linkages. The level of economic development and interprovincial environmental differences drove provinces to establish cooperation externally, the effect of regulatory system proximity was negative, cross-regional cooperation was not limited by the scope of the environmental inspectorates to which they belonged, and the role of geographic proximity was not obvious, as a result of the close ties between distant provinces under the influence of shared resources or cross-regional ecological impacts. This study deepens the theoretical knowledge of the formation mechanism of trans-regional environmental collaborative governance network, and provides explanatory logic and decision-making references for improving the network governance effectiveness and optimizing regional collaborative development.

This article constructs a mid-to-high-end manufacturing industry global production network utilizing the global value chain decomposition framework and inter-country input-output tables from OECD to analyze its structural features and determinants. Analysis results indicate that the mid-to-high-end manufacturing industry global production network is sparse and dominated by a few core countries, exhibiting strong reciprocity and agglomeration, which can be clearly divided into three major communities: Europe, America and Asia. From 1995 to 2018, the core countries of the three communities gradually shifted from Germany, America and Japan to Germany, America and China. Besides, based on the establishment of bilateral production linkages, this article analyzes the determinants of its formation and evolution by combining supply chain network formation theory and exponential random graph model. The research results indicate that: (1) Trade gravity model can still explain the establishment of bilateral production linkages. The larger mid-to-high-end manufacturing industrial scale two countries holds, the more likely they will cooperate with each other; The higher the iceberg cost between two countries, the less likely they will cooperate. (2) The stronger the scientific power of a country, the more likely it is to become an exporter, and the less likely to become an importer. (3) Improvement of marginal labor cost, labor quality and wage will reduce the possibility of participating in the mid-to-high-end manufacturing global production network for a country. (4) Cascading effect of network will affect the formation of production network, and recursive and intricate structure of production relationships between upstream suppliers will affect the establishment of downstream production relationships.

The increasing frequency of extreme high-temperature events due to global climate change, particularly urban heatwaves, has significantly impacted daily urban activities like commuting and leisure, posing serious challenges to the sustainable development of cities. As cities continue to expand and climate-related risks intensify, the precise identification and evaluation of urban heat risks have become crucial for improving urban thermal comfort, ensuring public health, and guiding future urban planning efforts. This study presents a novel framework for urban heat risk assessment, utilizing the "activity-environment" spatiotemporal interaction perspective. Nanjing, a representative high-temperature city in China, serves as the case study. By integrating diverse big data sources—including mobile signaling data, social media data, and street view data—the research assesses heat risks in urban street spaces across three dimensions: heat exposure, heat sensitivity, and heat adaptation. Advanced clustering models are employed to identify and categorize streets with varying degrees of potential heat risks, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of their characteristics. The key findings of the study are as follows: (1) There is considerable spatial heterogeneity in heat exposure and sensitivity within the street spaces of Nanjing's central urban area, with elevated risks particularly concentrated in the city center. However, spatial mismatches between heat exposure and sensitivity patterns are observed in specific districts, such as Xianlin and the Zijin Mountain-Xuanwu Lake area, indicating complex interactions between urban form and thermal risks. (2) Built environment factors exert a significant regulatory and adaptive influence on street heat risks. It was found that objective surface temperatures are more sensitive to variations in the built environment than subjective thermal perceptions, with street morphology and the presence of natural surroundings showing a strong correlation with heat exposure risks. (3) Cluster analysis of Nanjing's central urban street spaces reveals a complex heat risk landscape, which can be categorized into five distinct types. Each category presents different levels of risk across the dimensions of heat exposure, sensitivity, and adaptation, highlighting the importance of tailored urban planning interventions. This research not only provides a refined, street-level assessment of urban heat risks, but also offers valuable insights and practical implications for urban planners and policymakers seeking to enhance the thermal resilience and overall livability of city streets in the face of escalating climate challenges.

The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out the need to promote the expansion of high-quality medical resources and balanced regional layout. Based on the multi-cycle Acc-Cost model, this paper constructs a research framework of “current situation assessment-scenario simulation-site optimization-pattern characterization” to evaluate the accessibility of medical resources in Beijing and further analyze the optimization and allocation plans for new medical resources under multiple scenarios. The research results indicate that: (1) The accessibility of medical facilities in Beijing peaks in the central urban area and gradually decreases outward, showing a typical “central urban area - suburban area - remote suburban area” concentric decay pattern. (2) The limiting growth scenario identifies 8 optimal sites for new tertiary hospitals and 174 optimal sites for new general hospitals through 182 model iterations, the natural trend scenario identifies 13 optimal sites for new tertiary hospitals and 232 optimal sites for new general hospitals, and the stimulating growth scenario identifies 21 optimal sites for new tertiary hospitals and 381 optimal sites for new general hospitals. (3) The limiting growth scenario is more representative, as it can more comprehensively incorporate factors such as natural growth, population dispersion, and planning guidance into the model. Under this scenario, the model has a good optimization effect, capable of covering more than 99% of the population with poor medical resource accessibility through 5.6% of new tertiary hospitals and 10.4% of new general hospitals. (4) Based on the limiting growth scenario, the study divides the entire area of Beijing into resource balance areas, resource overflow areas, and key optimization areas, proposing a “bottom line” for medical treatment throughout Beijing and facilitating the “last mile” of medical treatment across the entire area. The study provides a theoretical reference for characterizing the optimized allocation pattern of tiered medical resources in reality and offers new perspectives and methods for further research on the optimization and allocation of public service facilities.