Archive

  • Select all
    |
    Perspectives and Contention
  • Perspectives and Contention
    Yongmin SHANG, Gang ZENG
    2017, 36(12): 2279-2290. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201712001
    Download PDF ( ) HTML ( )   Knowledge map   Save

    Influenced by some complex factors such as economic development conditions, the regional economic development models keep constantly self-adjusting and reconstructing. Based on the trinity of "technology-organization-region", we tackle the issue of role and mechanism of scientific and technological innovation, by concentrating on how to promote the transformation of regional economic development models. Employing the Malmquist index method, we make an empirical analysis, by using 16 typical models in China as an example. We find that: (1) the dynamics of regional economic development models depends on a comprehensive tri-polar analytical framework, namely technology, organization and region, which bound together in a reflexive manner that stimulates an evolutionary dynamic. (2) Scientific and technological innovation plays an extreme positive role in regional economic development models transformation, which is mainly manifested during the process of the improvement in economic development and transformation of economic structure. On the whole, there is an obvious trend that China is undergoing a shift from traditional economic models to innovation-driven ones. (3) Due to the uncertainty and vagueness of scientific and technological innovative effects, the context is assumed to be a crucial factor and expected to influence the innovation strategy and transformation path. The regions should set different innovation strategies to suit its own developmental stages or/and different resource endowment. Specifically, strengthening technology acquisition and innovation cooperation is the optimal choice for central and western underdeveloped regions, while eastern developed regions should pay more attention to creating and accumulating new knowledge, also seeking originality innovation and enhancing the endogenous innovation capability.

  • Articles
  • Articles
    Zhouying SONG, Shuyun CHE, Weidong LIU
    2017, 36(12): 2291-2304. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201712002
    Download PDF ( ) HTML ( )   Knowledge map   Save

    Since the implementation of "Promoting the Rising of Central China", Central China has embraced a foreign trade boom, with a sharp rise of its proportion in China's foreign trade. At the same time, "One Belt and One Road" provide important chance for the development of Central China. Under this background, this paper uses several indices (such as trade intensity index, revealed comparative advantage, coefficient of variation, export similar index and modularity) to analyze the spatial pattern and trade structure of foreign trade in Central China. The research results show that Central China has witnessed a divergence in provincial foreign trade expansion. Henan turns into the core driving force of the whole trade in Central China. The foreign trade continuously extends from capital cities to adjacent areas in Central China. Second, the major trade partners of Central China are USA, Japan, and resource-exporters such as Australia. In contrast, the closest trade companions of Central China are developing countries in Southeast Asia and Africa. Third, Central China has a relatively ideal trade structure. The main export goods of Central China are mechanical and electrical equipment, while the main import goods are ore, slag and mechanical. The provinces in Central China can be divided into three export groups and two import groups based on the trade structure similarity. The first export group, including Anhui and Hubei, is featured by exporting mechanical; the second group, consisting of Hunan and Jiangxi, mainly export electrical equipment and mechanical. The third export group, including Henan and Shanxi, mainly export electrical equipment and mechanicals and steel. The first import group, consisting of Hubei, Hunan and Anhui, mainly import ore and slag and mechanicals. The second import group, including Jiangxi, Shanxi and Henan, is featured by electrical equipment, ore and slag.

  • Articles
    Yabo ZHAO, Xiaofeng LIU, Yuejing GE
    2017, 36(12): 2305-2320. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201712003
    Download PDF ( ) HTML ( )   Knowledge map   Save

    The Belt and Road Initiative is not only a global strategy of China, but also a win-win Chinese scheme to promote global cooperation. To create a mutual beneficial nonzero and new game pattern, it is an international cooperation strategy to take the economic trade as the carrier, the global interconnection as the core concept and the mutual benefit as the basic purpose. The space mismatch and imbalance of the production and consumption as well as the supply and demand of oil and gas resource promote the cross-region cooperation on oil and gas. As China is the largest energy consumer and import country in the world, studies on the oil and gas cooperation between China and the countries along the Belt and Road are of great significance to promote the Belt and Road construction and to guarantee the oil and gas security of China. What is status of the energy relationship between China and the countries along the route? And what is spatial pattern formed? These are the questions that this paper attempts to answer. Firstly, this paper analyzes the distribution pattern of oil and gas along the route. Subsequently, indexes like guarantee degree, dependency degree and interdependence degree are applied to examine the interdependence relationship between China and the countries along the route on oil and gas. Finally, the conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) The spatial distribution of oil and gas resources along the route presents a pattern with two centers of Russia and the Middle East. (2) The main distribution areas are concentrated in 19 countries in Western Asia, the Middle East, Mongolia and Russia, of which Saudi Arab, Iran, Iraq and Iran, Russia, and Qatar are top countries with the most abundant oil and gas. (3) In terms of oil cooperation, the guarantee degree of Saudi Arab and Russia to China is relatively high, while Mongolia, Oman and Yemen are extremely dependent on China. Except Saudi Arab and Russia, most countries are passive in the oil relationship with China. (4) As for the gas cooperation, Turkmenistan is both of high guarantee degree and high dependency degree on China. Most countries, except Qatar and Russia, are passive in the gas relationship with China. Based on the above result, the paper proposes the following suggestions: China should adopt different strategies on different types of countries with the aid of the platform of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), promote oil and gas cooperation with countries along the route by strengthening the interconnection and building cooperation community. Besides, strengthening the intensity of investment and purchase of oil and gas resources in the countries along the Belt and Road can provide long-term guarantee for the oil and gas security of China. What’s more, enhancing the sea defense is another approach to guarantee the oil and gas security as well as the transport passages, ensuring sailing safety and achieving a security pattern that it is safe to both land and sea.

  • Articles
    Yu LIANG, Xinqi ZHENG, Qinghua SONG, Shujian BAI
    2017, 36(12): 2321-2331. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201712004
    Download PDF ( ) HTML ( )   Knowledge map   Save

    In order to analyze the accessibility of the traffic network development in Chinese Mainland, examine its characteristics and existing problem and provide the support for optimizing the traffic network plans, this paper took the railway and highway network in Chinese Mainland as the research object, the year of 2007, 2016 and 2030 as the time nodes, and extended the space syntax model to realize the macro scaled application and analyzed accessibility evolution in research area. Firstly, we divided the traffic network into four types, classified the traffic network and built the space syntax model on these time nodes. Secondly, we judged the axes level with accessibility and analyzed its changes. We used major cities to break long axis and the experimental result showed that the extended model was more applicable. Later, the space syntax model was constructed for these time nodes and the space syntax indexes were calculated by programming. In order to make qualitative estimation, the accessibility of the axis was measured by using the value of connectivity and local integration so that the accessibility of traffic network on these time nodes was analyzed. The following conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) China's regional accessibility center was not obvious in comprehensive consideration of a variety of transportation networks. Overall, the accessibility centers were located in urban agglomerations around the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, the Yangtze River Delta, and Chengdu-Chongqing region. The axis value of global integration would continue to rise in the future. (2) With Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration as a point, the traffic network structure was forming a crossing pattern, and axis with good accessibility should gradually become the linear and planar distribution. (3) To improve the accessibility of traffic network was to intensify this diamond-type structure. Besides, high-speed railways and expressways should play major roles in traffic network expansion. We extended the traffic network of high-speed railway and expressway along development axes and tried to verify the conclusion. The result showed that the axial distribution pattern with good accessibility would become basically planar distribution so that the expansion plan of traffic network in this paper was turned out to be true.

  • Articles
    Chaozhi ZHANG, Xin ZHANG
    2017, 36(12): 2332-2342. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201712005
    Download PDF ( ) HTML ( )   Knowledge map   Save

    In the age of the mobile world, tourists are shifting their gaze from the destination to glances on the way. The tourist experience still encompasses a "three-stage" model - travel to site, on-site activities, and the return travel. However, it remains unclear why tourists enjoy the travelling process rather than the destination experience, how the mobile experience forms, and what comprises the structure of the mobile experience. In this study, a perspective on mobility was gained by observing cyclists travelling on their way from Sichuan to Tibet, which is a popular mobile travel activity for young Chinese. Both observation and semi-structured interviews were used to analyze the mobile travel experience of cyclists. The findings suggested that mobile travel experience is structured by behavioral, environmental and emotional atmospheres, with each represented by three dimensions respectively. The behavioral atmosphere included cycling activities, landscape appreciation and social interaction; the environmental atmosphere included religion atmosphere, folk customs and "on-the-way" atmosphere; the emotional atmosphere included shock and horror, reflective and being moved, and freedom and pleasure. This paper constructed a behavioral-, environmental- and emotional-mobile travel experience model, revealing how cyclists pace themselves slowly and interact with their surroundings. This strengthens both ties with the local neighborhood and self-social identity. Furthermore, the travel endpoint is no longer the "place" or "destination", but is rather the complex emotional experience of on-the-way ambience, which is considered critical for the mobility process. Thus, emotional atmosphere should be a focus of development at tourist destinations.

  • Articles
    Jingbo HUANG, Xianghua FAN, Huijie HUANG
    2017, 36(12): 2343-2354. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201712006
    Download PDF ( ) HTML ( )   Knowledge map   Save

    The degradation of environmental quality poses a major challenge to many destinations, especially ecotourist sites, which reduces its attractiveness and competitiveness, and will negatively affect its further sustainable development of tourism. To mitigate this phenomenon, it is critical to identify the factors affecting individuals' environmentally friendly behavior. This study, from the cognition perspective, uses a synthetic behavioral model to examine the effects of environmental knowledge, perceived value, environmental attitude, and perceived consumer effectiveness on environmentally friendly behavior of tourists engaged in ecotourism. Based on the published literature, eight hypotheses are proposed as follows: H1a: environmental knowledge has a significant direct effect on perceived value; H1b: environmental knowledge has a significant direct effect on environmental attitude; H1c: environmental knowledge has a significant direct effect on perceived consumer effectiveness; H2a: perceived value has a significant direct effect on environmental attitude; H2b: perceived value has a significant direct effect on environmentally friendly behavior; H3a: perceived consumer effectiveness has a significant direct effect on environmental attitude; H3b: perceived consumer effectiveness has a significant direct effect on environmentally friendly behavior; H4: environmental attitude has a significant direct effect on environmentally friendly behavior. The first-hand data are collected from ecotourists at Mangshan National Nature Reserve in Hunan province by random intercepting method, and data collection yields 357 valid questionnaires. Then the analysis is carried out by means of SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 21.0. The findings showed that environmental knowledge plays a key role in the formation of environmentally friendly behavior, which has the largest total effects on environmentally friendly behavior with the value of 0.576, compared to other explanatory variables of environmentally friendly behavior. Environmental knowledge is an important antecedent variables of perceived value, perceived consumer effectiveness, and environmental attitude, with road path coefficients of 0.479, 0.484, and 0.436, respectively. Environmental attitude is a significant direct predicting indicator of environmentally friendly behavior, because environmental attitude has the most direct effects on environmentally friendly behavior among the three direct explanatory variables of it with road path coefficient of 0.70. Several practical implications were derived from the research findings, which contributes to encouraging and cultivating the environmentally friendly behavior of tourists.

  • Articles
    Xia WANG, Feng ZHEN, Lizhen SHEN, Xiaogen WU
    2017, 36(12): 2355-2368. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201712007
    Download PDF ( ) HTML ( )   Knowledge map   Save

    To improve the accuracy and long-term effect of poverty alleviation, it is of great significance to investigate poor residents' satisfaction with tourism poverty alleviation. Despite its importance, few studies have been conducted on the evaluation of poor residents' satisfaction with tourism poverty alleviation. Based on the multidimensional poverty theory, this paper constructs the evaluation factors of poor residents' satisfaction with tourism poverty alleviation based on literature review, multidimensional poverty indicators of the United Nations, as well as depth interviews with the poor residents. Employing fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model, and taking Langde Town in Guizhou Province as an example, we carried out the quantitative evaluation of poor residents' satisfaction with tourism poverty alleviation. The results indicate that: (1) The evaluation items of poor residents' satisfaction with tourism poverty alleviation can be grouped into eight categories based on principal component analysis, namely, economic conditions, living standard, participation in tourism development and the stability of the benefits, health level, social harmony, public facilities, educational conditions, and ecology and culture. Among the eight evaluation factors, economic conditions, participation in tourism development and the stability of the benefits, and living standard are the three factors that poor residents most concerned. (2) The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of poor residents' satisfaction with tourism poverty alleviation in Langde Town is 3.68, indicating that the level of poor residents' satisfaction with tourism poverty alleviation in this town is between the level of "moderate" and "satisfied". (3) The importance-performance evaluation of poor residents' satisfaction with tourism poverty alleviation revealed the weaknesses of the current tourism poverty alleviation in the study area, namely, "poverty alleviation accuracy", "benefit distribution of poverty alleviation", "tourism development participation", "tourism decision-making participation", and "the long-term effect of tourism poverty alleviation", which provides scientific reference for improving poor residents' satisfaction with tourism poverty alleviation. Collectively, this study makes theoretical contribution to tourism research by applying multidimensional poverty theory into the evaluation of poor residents' satisfaction with tourism poverty alleviation.

  • Articles
    Chuankai YANG, Ye LIU, Wei XU, Yuemin NING
    2017, 36(12): 2369-2382. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201712008
    Download PDF ( ) HTML ( )   Knowledge map   Save

    China has experienced the unprecedented surge of rural-urban migration since the mid-1980s, which has led to rapid urban population growth. With the development of human-oriented new urbanization, the individual migration intentions attracted more attentions from scholars and governments in recent years. However, previous studies mainly examined the factors underpinning the peasant workers' intentions of settling down in various cities or returning rural hometowns, devoting insufficient attention to the peasants' migration intentions of leaving the countryside and moving to cities to settle down permanently. Based on the data of Chinese General Social Survey in 2010 (CGSS2010), the paper described the migration intentions of 4116 rural residents and then explained their migration intentions from three levels of individual, household and county with the multilevel Logistic model. The results are as follows. (1) The spatial heterogeneity makes the peasants who live in the same village have more similarity in migration intentions than those who live in different villages. Single level model ignores the spatial heterogeneity, and the inclusion of the spatial heterogeneity in the multilevel model can yield a better estimated result than single level model. (2) Most of the peasants do not intend to leave the countryside and move to cities in the next five years, and nearly 90% of peasants intend to stay in the countryside. 63.3% of peasants who intend to move to cities incline to moving to small cities and towns (counties, county-level cities and small towns), while 29.8% of peasants tend to move to prefecture-level cities, provincial capital cities and municipalities. (3) The peasants' migration decisions of leaving the countryside and moving to cities can be seen as a two-stage process. First, they decide whether or not to move to cities, and then they need to consider which city to settle down after they decide to leave the countryside. The empirical results show that the first-stage migration intentions are shaped by individual, household, and contextual factors jointly. Specifically, the peasants who have more human capitals (younger, with more education years, with migration experience), the peasants whose household has more children, higher economic status, more lands and more relationships with the city, and the peasants living in developed regions are more likely to move to cities. However, the second-stage migration decision is mainly shaped by regional economic development level and the residence locations. Specifically, the peasants living in undeveloped areas with their current residences not far from large cities have more willingness to move to large cities. (4) Finally, based on these findings above, some policy implications can be drawn. The governments should pay more attentions to improving the attractiveness of county-level cities and towns. And increasing peasants' human capitals and promoting the development of rural economy are the effective ways to promote the development of new urbanization.

  • Articles
    Junfeng LI, Lingyu GAO, Zuoxing MA
    2017, 36(12): 2383-2392. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201712009
    Download PDF ( ) HTML ( )   Knowledge map   Save

    Based on the survey data of the questionnaires, the urban residential satisfaction and its influencing factors (including family structure, age structure, educational level, income level and occupational type) of the residents choosing to live trans-Yangtze River in Pukou District were analyzed by using SPSS, AMOS and Structural Equation Model. Results show that the overall residential satisfaction is high. There exists different residential satisfaction between different attributes. The satisfaction is higher among those who are younger or older, and have the average income level, the more stable work and the simple family structure. Moreover, the satisfaction is lower among those who have a large family, have a high wage, and do an unstable job. There is no significant difference in living satisfaction among the people with high school degree or above. Residential satisfaction of cross-river choosing residence is influenced by many factors, including housing quality, natural environment, traffic accessibility, shopping environment, infrastructure and community quality. Housing quality and natural environment are the most important factors that affect the residential satisfaction. The Yangtze River has a certain influence on the satisfaction of people choosing residence across the river in Nanjing, but it is not the decisive factor. The inevitable time and economic cost affect the residential satisfaction experience, so the traffic accessibility is the most critical factor. With the trans-Yangtze River development of the city, the river function switches from the production to the life function gradually. The influence on the satisfaction of cross-river choosing residence by river is becoming weak. The traffic integration on both sides of the river is important to promote the coordinated development of urban space, and is also the best way to improve the living satisfaction of the trans-Yangtze River choosing residence. Therefore, in addition to the housing quality improvement, and optimization of the living environment, improvement of trans-Yangtze River traffic accessibility is still the most important content of urban construction in Nanjing. The purpose of this study is to clarify the influencing factors of trans-Yangtze River choosing residence from the micro-subject view, and provide reference for policy making of the government. Moreover, the result has practical significance to accelerate the development of the cities across the Yangtze River.

  • Articles
    Lin LIN, Shiyuan LI, Juan ZENG
    2017, 36(12): 2393-2404. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201712010
    Download PDF ( ) HTML ( )   Knowledge map   Save

    Hakka settlement has been becoming one of the most important settlement types in the Lingnan area, albeit it experiences a short history. By focusing on the Hakka settlements in Guangdong Zengcheng, this paper conduct research on the evolution and its role of Hakka settlements, using the conditional logit estimator and historical document analysis as well as spot investigation. Our findings are shown as follows: Hakka tends to form and develop settlements in the region with close ties of clan and blood and the same origin of native place as well as ethnicity relationship, with being far away from the plains having abundant water resources, such as Dongjiang River, fertile and and dense population in Southern Zengcheng. Zengcheng Hakka settlements have experienced four stages, which play different roles. The first stage is rudiment stage, and Hakka immigrated into the area during the Zhengde periods in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. The second stage is formation stage, which laid the foundation of the development by forming fifty rural settlements. The third stage is stable development stage, with not only promoting the development of Hakka culture, but also improving its social status. The fourth stage is consistent of flourish stage, and it achieves the development of both Hakka and Guangfu settlements. Together immigration and subdivision and replacement of villages drive the continual expansion of Hakka in Guangfu area in Guangzhou. As for the replacement, it is an advanced form for the evolution of Hakka settlement, and it further demonstrates Hakka greater competitive power, thus fostering Hakka to expand from the barren and low hill to the basin and valley with better natural resources conditions.

  • Articles
    Dong HAN, Jiajun QIAO, Yuling MA
    2017, 36(12): 2405-2418. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201712011
    Download PDF ( ) HTML ( )   Knowledge map   Save

    With the acceleration industrialization and urbanization, great changes have taken place in rural areas of China. Under this background, characterizing the spatio-temporal differentiation and evolution of rural development has become a key issue in rural geography research. Rurality is an important concept to describe the rural space and regional type. And rurality index can be used to determine the differences in the level of rural development. This paper developed a rurality index system to evaluate the rurality at a village scale in Gongyi city, a region that has experienced rapid industrialization. Moreover, with the help of Exploratory Spatial data Analysis (ESDA) method, we analyzed spatio-temporal differentiation and evolution of rurality in Gongyi city from 2005 to 2015. The results showed that, compared with the study of rurality of macro scale, the study of micro scale could reveal the difference of rurality more subtly within the region. (1) From the perspective of the time dimension, the rurality of village scale in Gongyi city declined since 2005, but the difference among the villages had become wider. (2) From the perspective of spatial distribution, the distribution showed strong positive spatial autocorrelation. The villages with similar rurality tended to be agglomerated, and the trend of agglomeration continued to increase. (3) From the perspective of spatio-temporal evolution, the distribution for "cold spot" and "hot spot" region of village rurality tended to be strengthened in spatial agglomeration. The "hot spot" areas were mainly concentrated in the peripheral villages locked in the southwestern, northwestern and northeastern parts of the city. The distribution of “cold spot” areas exhibited a "Pole-Axis" spatial pattern, with the urban area as nuclear, the portal town in the west and east of the city as axis nodes and the national way as the diffusion axis. (4) From the perspective of driving factors, the influence of urban development, economic transition, location and transportation, historical lock-in effect, and the driving effect of economic elite in the village were the primary factors affecting rurality and its variation of space structure. Thus, we should promote further development of rural areas by accelerating new-type urbanization and industrialization, enhancing the traffic connection, extending historical lock-in effect, and cultivating the economic elite in the village.

  • Articles
    Yukang SUN, Tieshan SUN, Qiangmin XI
    2017, 36(12): 2419-2431. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201712012
    Download PDF ( ) HTML ( )   Knowledge map   Save

    Innovation activities are most active and abundant at the city level, because innovation is highly dependent on the spatial proximity. But there are few in-depth studies on the urban internal innovative activities for the lack of micro-scale innovation data. Using the patent data at township and sub-district levels, this article analyzes the spatial structure, influencing factors and spillover effect of the innovation agglomeration in Beijing. The following conclusions can be drawn: Firstly, innovation shows a higher degree of spatial concentration than production. The spatial distribution of innovation activities presents a "core-periphery" pattern and the core area includes the six main districts such as Haidian, Chaoyang, Shijingshan, Fengtai, Dongcheng and Xicheng. However, innovation activities are not concentrated in the center of the city, instead an innovation ring forms in the range of 5-20 km from the city center. In the administrative region of Beijing, six innovation clusters are formed: Zhongguancun-Shangdi, Wangjing, CBD, Financial Street, Yizhuang Economic and Technological Development Zone, and Fengtai Science and Technology City. Secondly, we use SDM (Spatial Dubin Model) method to analyze the factors that can influence the innovative agglomeration. Result shows that the spatial distribution of urban internal innovation is mainly affected by innovation input and innovation environment factors. The more R&D personnel and capital are injected by companies, universities and research institutions, the more patents the local innovation system has. Besides, the innovation environment factors including local technology service level, the degree of industrial diversity, the manufacturing base and the proportion of large companies have great influence on the local innovation agglomeration. Thirdly, we divided the influence into direct effect and indirect effect, while the indirect effect reflects the spillover effect of the innovative factors. Then, we found that the innovation input and innovation environment factors have obvious spatial spillover effects on the innovative agglomeration. R&D input from the enterprises, universities and research institutions have positive externalities on the surrounding areas, and local technology service level and the degree of local industrial diversity also have positive influence on the innovation out of the surrounding areas. But the manufacturing base and the proportion of large companies do not show obvious spatial externalities. In addition, there are obvious differences in the spatial distance of innovative spillovers. The R&D input from companies and the degree of local industrial diversity have a greater distance of spillover than R&D input from universities and research institutions and local technology service industry.

  • Articles
    Xianguo QIAO, Ke GUO, Liqing ZHAO, Yao YANG, Haiwei ZHAO
    2017, 36(12): 2432-2440. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201712013
    Download PDF ( ) HTML ( )   Knowledge map   Save

    Stipa basiplumosa steppe is an endemic vegetation formation that occurs restrictedly on Tibetan Plateau. Based on primary plots data obtained from fieldworks during 2012-2015 as well as some earlier documents, we studied the eco-geographic distribution, community characteristics and classification of the Stipa basiplumosa steppe. The results showed that: Stipa basiplumosa formation was distributeds mainly on the outskirts of lake basin and the central section of proluvial fan of Ngari, Nakchu and Shigatse prefectures. It is cold and arid in the distribution area. Quantitative values such as average height, coverage, aboveground biomass and species richness of the formation are lower than those of most of the other steppes. Species composition is simple, and families like Compositae, Poaceae, Leguminosae, Cyperaceae play important roles. In addition, hemicryptophytes and therophytes are in the ascendant among the species life forms. The ecological type of water is simply divided into xerophytes and mesophytes, accounting for 71% and 29%, respectively. Eight floristic geographic elements are involved; Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and central Asia-middle Asia elements are the two major floristic ones. Based on classification and nomenclature system of Chinese vegetation, Stipa basiplumosa formation is classified into 7 association groups, consisting of 20 associations.

  • Articles
    Haiwei ZHAO, Ke GUO, Xianguo QIAO, Changcheng LIU
    2017, 36(12): 2441-2450. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201712014
    Download PDF ( ) HTML ( )   Knowledge map   Save

    Alpine desert is a unique vegetation type on the northwestern part of the Tibetan Plateau and the adjacent highlands, in which Ceratoides compacta alpine desert is the most typical and widespread formation. Based on the primary relevés obtained from fieldworks, we studied the ecogeographical characteristics of Ceratoides compacta alpine desert on the Tibetan Plateau systematically, including its distributions, community characteristics and environmental features. The research showed that the distribution of Ceratoides compacta alpine desert followed both the plateau zonality rule and the non-zonality rule of vegetation in which the latter was strongly influenced by local topography, soil moisture and chemical properties. Generally, the plant community was sparse with great variance in coverage. Ceratoides compacta alpine desert was rather deficient in species and plants of some specific families including Compositae, Gramineae, Cruciferae, Leguminosae and Chenopodiaceae played an important role in the community. Moreover, the majority of these species belonged to the genera of the north temperate areal type. In addition, the environment of Ceratoides compacta alpine desert was mainly characterized by frost weather, climatic and physiologic drought as well as saline-alkali and barren soil.

  • Crime Geography
  • Crime Geography
    Lin LIU, Chao JIANG, Suhong ZHOU, Kai LIU, Chong XU, Jingjing CAO
    2017, 36(12): 2451-2464. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201712015
    Download PDF ( ) HTML ( )   Knowledge map   Save

    With an aim of exploring main behavioral patterns of criminals in a specific region, this research analyzed the spatial-temporal distribution and shift patterns of urban burglary hotspot in the DP peninsula of H city, China. Calls for service data on burglary crime during 2006-2010 were obtained from the Public Security Bureau of H city, and several field investigations on residents' behavior and geographic environment were carried out. Based on the 1068 burglary incidents geocoded in space, the temporal, spatial, and spatial-temporal patterns of burglary were depicted with standardized crime intensity index and kernel density estimation. Thereafter, a theoretical framework for analyzing the causes of these spatial-temporal patterns of burglary was constructed, which was then examined based on the materials collected from field investigations. Apart from qualitative analysis, the box-plot was used to discern the impact of "attractiveness" and "accessibility" on burglary occurrence. The empirical results showed that burglary incidents were not evenly distributed in time and space in the DP peninsula, and obvious spatial-temporal patterns of crime shift at multiple scales can be consistently observed. At the "month of year" scale, burglaries were most concentrated in commercial communities along the main roads at the end of the year, while at the "time of day" scale, the burglary hotspots shifted along the roads as time goes on. At the "day of month" scale, two crime shift patterns can be clearly observed around the main hotpots in the western and central parts of the DP peninsula. In particular, the centripetal distribution of shifting crime hotspots in space highly resembles the shift patterns of individual burglars' movement patterns. These spatial-temporal crime patterns indicated that most burglars in DP peninsula were rational, as these patterns were generated from the heterogeneous couplings of agents and environment in different spatial-temporal locations. Most burglaries happened in the communities with relatively high expected value and relatively low guardianship level. The conjunctive analysis of the impacts of "attraction" and "accessibility" showed that the accessibility factor played a much more important role in the occurrence of burglary, which further demonstrated the critical role of "opportunity" for potential burglars. Overall, this study showed the promise of criminal profiling based on aggregate crime incidents data in a specific region.

  • Crime Geography
    Yang WANG, Lixia JIN, Hong'ou ZHANG, Kangmin WU, Changjian WANG, Gengzhi HUANG
    2017, 36(12): 2465-2478. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201712016
    Download PDF ( ) HTML ( )   Knowledge map   Save

    The spatial distribution of inner-city crime rates and crime risks is a topic of great concern in the fields of criminal geography and urban geography. Many empirical studies have shown that inner city criminal behaviors exhibit distinct spatial differentiation characteristics. This is of great importance to pattern analysis of real crime, especially has greater practical significance for its role in predicting patterns of urban crime risk. Because of restrictions related to the difficulty of acquiring real crime data and issues of confidentiality, there are currently few academic summaries of crime risk patterns and model results for Chinese inner-city residents.

    Using social disorganization theory, the criminal risks of 118 neighborhoods were evaluated by the characteristics of social space in Guangzhou. The comprehensive evaluation system of property criminal risks and violent criminal risks are composed of social factors, including a floating population, sex and age, income, unemployment, education, matrimony, occupation, and housing. The scores of criminal risks in terms of neighborhoods were then examined based on information entropy. The heterogeneities of criminal risks in four layers of a circle were subsequently captured by GDI. On this basis, hot spots of criminal risks were explored by methods of spatial autocorrelation (GMI, LMI). Finally, the model and dynamics of spatial patterns were summarized according to the results obtained.

    The results show that: (1) there exists obvious spatial differentiation for criminal risks in Guangzhou. The criminal risk in the old city is the highest, and that in the core area is the lowest. The differentiation of property risks and violent criminal risks in the inner circles are different, and (2) the spatial correlation and agglomeration of criminal risks are obvious in this city. Hot spots of criminal risks are located in the old city and the western fan-shaped area. (3) The curve corresponding to property criminal risk shows a "U" shape from the city center to the periphery. Moreover, the curve of violent criminal risk is a "wave" shape. Their spacial models show the "circle layer + fan shape".

  • Crime Geography
    Luzi XIAO, Lin LIU, Guangwen SONG, Suhong ZHOU, Dongping LONG, Jiaxin FENG
    2017, 36(12): 2479-2491. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201712017
    Download PDF ( ) HTML ( )   Knowledge map   Save

    Residential burglary is one of the common property crimes in China, which has attracted the attention from many scholars. Domestic literatures of residential burglary mainly focus on its spatial pattern and try to explain why some places suffer more crimes than other places do. Although some of them have explored how social environment and natural environment affect residential burglary, they failed to consider the complex characteristics of population and housing in the context of China's rapid urbanization. To address this, rational choice theory is applied to explain the relationship between community environment and residential burglary in ZG city, one of the biggest cities in the south of China. Using the data of residential burglary, census and road network from 226 police districts, a negative binomial regression model is estimated. Results show that both of the population characteristics and the housing characteristics have significant impacts on burglary. In terms of population characteristics, police districts with more highly educated intellectuals suffer less residential burglaries, while those with more young and middle-aged migrant workers suffer more. As for housing characteristics, police districts with more ordinary commercial residential buildings are easier to attract residential burglars, and those with more public-owned housing can effectively reduce the residential burglary rate. In addition to population and housing characteristics, the results also show that the density of road network has significant impact on residential burglary, while the density of bus lines has no effect on it. In conclusion, the balance of the perceived risk and reward of different environments would affect the spatial distribution of burglaries. Residential burglars roughly follow the rule of "safety first, benefit second" when committing crimes. This study can shed light on how population and housing characteristics influence the spatial pattern of residential burglary in China, and provide suggestions on crime prevention and control to the police.

  • Crime Geography
    Chong XU, Lin LIU, Suhong ZHOU, Chao JIANG
    2017, 36(12): 2492-2504. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201712018
    Download PDF ( ) HTML ( )   Knowledge map   Save

    Urban crime has increasingly become a major issue in the context of rapid urbanization in China. Investigating the patterns and effects of spatial factors on urban crime is of great importantce for urban public safety and security. The relationship between robbery and spatial factors has long been a popular topic in crime research. Focusing on the DP peninsula of H City as the study area and using a total number of 373 street robbery incidences obtained from the Public Security Bureau Call for Service Data in the period of 2006-2011, this study examines the spatial heterogeneity in the effects of micro-spatial factors on street robberies by Moran's I, ordinary least squared regression (OLS) model and geographically weighted regression (GWR) model. Firstly, a theoretical framework is developed for analyzing the impacts of micro scale spatial factors on street robbery. Those micro scale spatial variables are identified based on two criminal justice theories - routine activities theory and rational choice theory. Those variables include the number of bus stops, the number of intersections, the length of road net, the distance to the nearest police station, the degree of mixed land use, and the distance to the nearest exit of the peninsula. Secondly, based on the kernel density estimation approach, the variation of crime density is estimated for each grid and is modeled as a function of those contextual micro-spatial variables. The number of micro-spatial variables was cut down with the OLS model test. The analytical results show that spatial heterogeneity exists in the effects of micro-spatial factors on street robberies in the DP peninsula by GWR model test. Especially, the number of bus stops has both positive and negative effects on the crime density, and the effects vary significantly and spatially. The results shed new light on the effects of the spatial factors on crime rate at local scale and suggest the pitfalls of the global averaging model. Overall, the proposed method in this study has the potential to help local police department to identify micro-spatial factors areas with high crime density more explicitly and thus could improve the effectiveness of crime control and prevention efforts centered on street robberies.

  • Crime Geography
    Gang LI, Huijuan WANG, Ran TAN, Ying FU
    2017, 36(12): 2505-2520. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201712019
    Download PDF ( ) HTML ( )   Knowledge map   Save

    Criminal child trafficking has caused huge losses and damage to society and families, which, in recent years, has drawn considerable attention. Current studies on the topic have made little progress because of the lack of relevant empirical research and overall knowledge, particularly about the macroscopic features of child trafficking in China. Consequently, based on 647 pieces of data for children who have successfully found their relatives, including parents, through the online public platform "Baobeihuijia", the sociodemographic and spatiotemporal features and formation mechanism of child trafficking in China were examined. SPSS and ArcGIS analysis methods were used from the perspective of crime geography. This study found that the main purpose of trafficking was for forced adoption, and the total number of trafficked male children is higher than that of female children. The trafficking ages are closely related to sex, with younger ages at higher risk. The probability of being abused and the probability of recovery fluctuates notably with age. Trafficking migration happens more frequently between rural areas. The number of child trafficking cases since 1930 generally increased with some fluctuations and peaked during the 1980s and 1990s. The monthly changes are affected by temperature and air quality, and are related to the frequency and intensity of population migration. The average period of captivity of a trafficked child is 21.28 years, and there is a weak negative correlation between age and length of captivity. The core areas of supply are concentrated in Southwest China, while those of demand are mainly in South China and North China. The two crime flows have formed between the three crime areas: the southern route was from Southwest to South China and the northern route was from Southwest to North China. Much larger flows of child trafficking occurred on the southern route than on the northern route. Both supply and demand crimes were found in the country's half southeast of the Heihe-Tengchong Line. Child trafficking presented a geographical proximity effect, and reflux phenomena occurred in several provinces and cities. The "gradient" difference of the factors between different regions is favorable to the "push-pull" effect of trafficking migration. Finally, recommendations are offered from different aspects and levels for crime prevention and control.