Study on energy cooperation between China and the Central Asia and Russia under the view of energy geopolitics
Received date: 2014-06-02
Request revised date: 2014-10-11
Online published: 2015-02-10
Copyright
At present, China is facing an increasingly severe international energy situation with the rapid economic growth and increasing urbanization level. Central Asia and Russia with rich oil and gas resources are important strategic areas of China to carry out future international energy cooperation to diversify import oil & gas and enhance energy transport safety. Especially, the cooperation of energy is the highlight of China's proposal of building Silk Road economic belt which arouses global attention, and the cooperation among China, the Central Asia and Russia may change the world oil and gas trade pattern. However, energy cooperation is not only an international economic and trade issue, but also a great policy strategy under the geopolitical situations. Firstly, the existing geopolitical order and its revolution in the Central Asia is drawn systematically in the paper, and the key countries, which are the United States, Russia and China, are also analyzed. Secondly, we have a detailed description on the cooperation process among China, the Central Asia and Russia. Also the characteristics and the trend of the cooperation are described. The cooperation between China and the Central Asia goes well and presents a trend of diversification from oil & gas trade to the upstream-downstream industries and even other fields, while the cooperation between China and Russia is full of complications because of the political strategy and price. After Ukrainian crisis, the cooperation tends to be approved. Thirdly, we pointed out the potential risks in the area, including the risk of geopolitical pattern and its change, uncertainty of the Russian policies, the inner conflicts of Central Asia countries, risk of resource nationalization, and the great competitions from international oil & gas company. Fourthly, based on the analysis above, the main cooperation modes are pointed out, which are loans for oil & gas mode, bilateral cooperation mode, joint ventures strategy mode with national company, the integration mode of energy supply and demand under the framework of Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and oil & gas-trade mode, so as to reduce risk as much as possible.
Key words: energy geopolitics; Central Asia; Russia; energy cooperation; China
YANG Yu , LIU Yi , JIN Fengjun . Study on energy cooperation between China and the Central Asia and Russia under the view of energy geopolitics[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2015 , 34(2) : 213 -224 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201502002
Tab. 1 Oil & gas cooperation projects between China and the Central Asia表1 部分中国—中亚油气资源合作项目一览表 |
合作时间 | 合作国家 | 合作内容 | |
---|---|---|---|
油气资源贸易与合作开发 | 1997.06 | 哈萨克斯坦 | 中哈签订《阿克纠宾油气股份公司购股协议》购买阿克纠宾斯克油气公司60.3%的股权,标志着中国正式进入中亚油气市场 |
1997.08 | 哈萨克斯坦 | 中石油中标哈萨克斯坦第二大油田——新乌津油田 | |
2002.05 | 哈萨克斯坦土库曼斯坦 | 中国先后签署了土库曼斯坦和哈萨克斯坦里海盆地东缘中区块开发协议 | |
2003.06 | 哈萨克斯坦 | 中石油再签阿克纠宾斯克购股协议,占阿克纠宾斯克油田股份达到85.6% | |
2003.10 | 哈萨克斯坦 | 中石油购买雪佛龙—德士古北布扎奇股份,购得北布扎奇油田 | |
2004.11 | 哈萨克斯坦 | 中石油收购肯尼斯油田和贝克塔斯油田(KAM项目)50%的股权 | |
2004.06 | 乌兹别克斯坦 | 中石油与乌兹别克斯坦国家石油天然气公司签署互惠合作协议 | |
2005.10 | 哈萨克斯坦 | 中国石油收购PK石油公司 | |
2005.01 | 哈萨克斯坦 | 中石化完成对美国第一国际石油公司的整合,在其所属的哈萨克斯坦石油勘探区内进行全面勘探作业 | |
2005.05 | 乌兹别克斯坦 | 中乌双方签署了石油勘探和开采领域长期合作的政府正式协议 | |
2006.07 | 哈萨克斯坦 | 中石油与哈萨克斯坦能矿部签署协议将原PK石油公司33%的股份转给哈萨克斯坦国家石油公司 | |
2006.12 | 乌兹别克斯坦 | 中石油获得乌兹别克斯坦《油气勘探作业许可证》,可在三个盆地5个陆上勘探区块开展油气勘探作业 | |
2006.04 | 土库曼斯坦 | 签署了《中华人民共和国政府和土库曼斯坦政府关于实施中土天然气管道项目和土库曼斯坦向中国出售天然气的总协议》 | |
2009.04 | 哈萨克斯坦 | 中哈签署了100亿美元的石油贷款协议 | |
2009.06 | 土库曼斯坦 | 中土双方签署了40亿美元的贷款协议 | |
2009.11 | 哈萨克斯坦 | 中石油购买曼格什套油气公司100%的股份 | |
2010.06 | 乌兹别克斯坦 | 中乌签署《中乌天然气领域扩大合作的谅解备忘录》和《关于天然气购销的框架协议》,向中国供气100亿m3 | |
2011.02 | 哈萨克斯坦 | 中哈签署《关于哈国乌里赫套项目合作的原则协议》,联合勘探开发乌里赫套气田 | |
2013.09 | 土库曼斯坦 | 中石油和土库曼斯坦天然气康采恩签署年增供250亿m3天然气购销等协议 | |
2013.09 | 土库曼斯坦 | 中石油承建的土库曼斯坦复兴气田南约洛坦年100亿m3产能建设项目投产 | |
2013.09 | 哈萨克斯坦 | 中哈达成协议,中石油以50亿美元收购卡沙甘油田8.33%的股份 | |
油气管道建设 | 2003.06 | 哈萨克斯坦 | 中哈签署了分阶段建设从哈国阿特劳—中国阿拉山口输油管道的协议,一期2006年竣工,二期2009年竣工投产 |
2004.07 | 哈萨克斯坦 | 中哈各自参股50%成立“中哈管道有限责任公司”(KCP),负责中哈原油管道的项目投资、工程建设、管道运营管理等业务 | |
2005.12 | 哈萨克斯坦 | 中哈原油管道一期工程开始投油,并于2006年5月全线通油 | |
2006.04 | 土库曼斯坦 | 中土关于输气管道建设的框架协议 | |
2007.08 | 土库曼斯坦 | 中国—中亚天然气管道土库曼斯坦段开工建设 | |
2007.11 | 哈萨克斯坦 | 中石油与哈萨克斯坦签署关于未来管道建设的原则性协议 | |
2008.06 | 乌兹别克斯坦 | 中国—中亚天然气乌兹别克斯坦段开工建设 | |
2008.07 | 哈萨克斯坦 | 中国—中亚天然气管道哈萨克斯坦段开工建设 | |
2009.07 | 哈萨克斯坦 | 中哈原油管道二期工程建成,哈萨克斯坦西部到新疆全线贯通 | |
2009.10 | 哈萨克斯坦 | 中哈输气管道协议从别伊涅乌到奇姆肯特与中亚—中国输气管道相连输气能力100亿m3,可拓展至150亿m3 | |
2009.12 | 土、乌、哈 | 中亚—中国天然气管道输气管道A线通气,据协议未来30年每年向中国输送天然气300亿m3 | |
土、乌、哈 | |||
2010.10 | 中亚天然气管道B线投产,实现双线通气。气源地为土库曼斯坦 | ||
2011.02 | 土库曼斯坦 | 中土双方就土方向中国每年增供200亿m3天然气达成共识 | |
2012.10 | 土、乌、哈 | 中国—中亚天然气管道A/B线300亿m3输气能力建设全部完成 | |
2012.09 | 土库曼斯坦 | 中国—中亚天然气管道C线计划开工建设 | |
2013.09 | 土库曼斯坦 | 中国—中亚天然气管道D线建设启动,定于2016年建成通气 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
[1] |
[
|
[2] |
[
|
[3] |
[
|
[4] |
[
|
[5] |
[
|
[6] |
[
|
[7] |
[
|
[8] |
[
|
[9] |
[
|
[10] |
[
|
[11] |
[
|
[12] |
[
|
[13] |
[
|
[14] |
[
|
[15] |
[
|
[16] |
[
|
[17] |
[
|
[18] |
[
|
[19] |
[
|
[20] |
[
|
[21] |
[
|
[22] |
[
|
[23] |
[
|
[24] |
[
|
/
〈 |
|
〉 |