The spatial difference of market dynamics of Chinese exporters
Received date: 2018-05-30
Request revised date: 2019-04-11
Online published: 2019-09-11
Copyright
With the growth of the total export of Chinese firms, the export dynamics of firms in various regions show obvious spatial imbalance. The study of export dynamics helps to better understand the patterns that support the growth of trade and the changes in the structure of the trade type. This study tries to examine the pattern of export dynamics of Chinese firms over the past decade and identify the influencing factors of export dynamics based on using prefecture level cities from the perspective of export varieties. During 2003-2011, the export dynamics changed from high-speed growth to substantial decline and then to steady growth. In terms of Chinese firms’ entry and exit dynamics, the export entry rate and export exit rate in most regions have been significantly reduced in time dimension, and the export dynamic of firms tended to be stable; in spatial dimension, the eastern region had a lower level of export entry rate and export exit rate than the central and western regions. At the same time, it showed the characteristics of regional agglomeration, and the trade-growing areas showed the trend of moving from the coastal to the inland areas. This trend was more obvious in general trade compared with processing trade. Empirical research shows that Chinese firms' exporting dynamics are affected by export product variety and export market variety. Export product variety improves the entry rate of local firms through information discovery effect, but does not help firms keep in the foreign markets, which means that the export learning effect does not work at least in the short to medium term. However, export market variety can restrain firms from withdrawing from the markets, though it has no benefit to improve the entry rate. As for the robustness check, this paper divided the observations into two parts according to trade types, and finds that the risk diversification effect is more obvious in general trade. For the firms that are able to export repeatedly or continuously, the diversity of export products can reduce the exit rate, indicating that the export learning effect may be related to the duration of firms' participation in exports.
HU Xuqian , HE Canfei . The spatial difference of market dynamics of Chinese exporters[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019 , 38(9) : 2129 -2147 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020180562
表1 参与不同贸易方式企业的出口动态Tab. 1 Export dynamics of firms in different trade types |
| 年份 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 企业个数 | |||||||||
| 加工贸易 | 36985 | 40899 | 44460 | 46264 | 52307 | 51584 | 49060 | 48135 | 47458 |
| 一般贸易 | 74432 | 97538 | 120138 | 146866 | 162456 | 175228 | 181799 | 194764 | 209386 |
| 进入率(%) | |||||||||
| 加工贸易 | 24.32 | 26.07 | 23.93 | 19.96 | 29.57 | 17.52 | 16.19 | 16.87 | 17.16 |
| 一般贸易 | 39.94 | 45.78 | 38.52 | 36.91 | 27.80 | 23.04 | 20.94 | 20.84 | 20.02 |
| 退出率(%) | |||||||||
| 加工贸易 | 16.50 | 15.48 | 15.22 | 15.90 | 16.51 | 18.90 | 21.08 | 18.75 | 18.57 |
| 一般贸易 | 14.80 | 14.73 | 15.35 | 14.66 | 17.18 | 15.18 | 17.19 | 13.71 | 12.52 |
| 出口份额(%) | |||||||||
| 加工贸易 | 55.33 | 55.47 | 54.85 | 52.82 | 56.10 | 54.10 | 56.53 | 55.18 | 52.59 |
| 一般贸易 | 44.67 | 44.53 | 45.15 | 47.18 | 43.90 | 45.90 | 43.47 | 44.82 | 47.41 |
注:一部分企业两种贸易均有参与,故两种贸易的企业个数之和大于企业总个数。 |
图8 中国地级市加工贸易企业出口动态注:该图基于国家测绘地理信息局标准地图(审图号为GS(2016)1599)绘制,底图无修改。 Fig. 8 Export dynamics of Chinese firms in processing trade at prefecture level |
表2 主要自变量的相关关系Tab. 2 The correlation of main variables |
| RELVAR | UNRELVAR | Total | VA | Disp_n | Disp_d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RELVAR | 1 | |||||
| UNRELVAR | 0.4772 | 1 | ||||
| Total | 0.4642 | 0.1805 | 1 | |||
| VA | -0.0248 | -0.0137 | -0.0176 | 1 | ||
| Disp_n | 0.4509 | 0.4937 | 0.2229 | -0.0149 | 1 | |
| Disp_d | 0.3685 | 0.3713 | 0.1654 | -0.0228 | 0.4588 | 1 |
表3 出口多样性对进入率的影响Tab. 3 The impact of export variety on the entry rate |
| 模型(1) | 模型(2) | 模型(3) | 模型(4) | 模型(5) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 变量 | ER | ER | ER | ER | ER |
| 0.134*** | |||||
| 0.159** | 0.301** | 0.295*** | 0.285** | ||
| 0.078 | 0.087* | 0.086 | 0.083 | ||
| -0.036*** | -0.036*** | ||||
| -0.037*** | -0.037*** | -0.027*** | |||
| -0.019* | -0.021* | -0.008 | |||
| 0.029 | |||||
| 0.023 | |||||
| -0.020** | |||||
| 0.011 | |||||
| √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
| 0.586*** | 0.624*** | 0.699*** | 0.665*** | 0.674** | |
| Observations | 4741 | 4741 | 4741 | 4741 | 4741 |
| Number of id | 601 | 601 | 601 | 601 | 601 |
注:*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1;“ √ ”表示模型中加入控制变量。 |
表4 出口多样性对退出率的影响Tab. 4 The impact of export variety on the exit rate |
| 模型(6) | 模型(7) | 模型(8) | 模型(9) | 模型(10) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 变量 | XR | XR | XR | XR | XR |
| 0.655e-04 | |||||
| -0.010 | -0.009 | -0.009 | -0.009 | ||
| 0.003 | 0.003 | -0.003 | 0.004 | ||
| -0.006** | -0.006** | ||||
| -0.001*** | -0.001*** | -0.001** | |||
| -2.490e-04 | -2.440e-04 | -0.003 | |||
| -4.900e-04 | |||||
| 0.023 | |||||
| 0.002*** | |||||
| 0.004* | |||||
| √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
| 0.431*** | 0.432*** | 0.420*** | 0.353*** | 0.355*** | |
| Observations | 4741 | 4741 | 4741 | 4741 | 4741 |
| Number of id | 601 | 601 | 601 | 601 | 601 |
注:*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1;“ √ ”表示模型中加入控制变量。 |
表5 出口多样性对进入率的影响(按贸易方式分组回归)Tab. 5 The impact of export variety on the entry rate (the group regression results of trade types) |
| 一般贸易 | 加工贸易 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 变量 | 模型(1) | 模型(3) | 模型(1) | 模型(3) | |
| 0.187*** | 0.140* | ||||
| 0.311*** | 0.254* | ||||
| 0.040* | 0.133 | ||||
| -0.528e-04 | 0.001 | ||||
| 0.571e-04 | 0.397e-04 | ||||
| 0.001 | -0.088 | ||||
| √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
| 0.566*** | 0.561*** | 1.518*** | 1.931*** | ||
| Observations | 2433 | 2433 | 2308 | 2308 | |
| Number of id | 310 | 310 | 291 | 291 | |
注:*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1;“ √ ”表示模型中加入控制变量。 |
表6 出口多样性对退出率的影响(按贸易方式分组回归)Tab. 6 The impact of export variety on the exit rate (the group regression results of trade types) |
| 一般贸易 | 加工贸易 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 变量 | 模型(6) | 模型(8) | 模型(6) | 模型(8) | |
| -0.018 | -0.021 | ||||
| -0.009 | -0.044 | ||||
| 0.006 | 0.005 | ||||
| -0.004*** | -0.001*** | ||||
| -0.004** | 0.003* | ||||
| -0.009 | -0.002 | ||||
| √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
| 0.150*** | 0.151*** | 0.177*** | 0.179*** | ||
| Observations | 2433 | 2433 | 2308 | 2308 | |
| Number of id | 310 | 310 | 291 | 291 | |
注:*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1;“ √ ”表示模型中加入控制变量。 |
表7 稳健性检验(剔除仅存在一年出口的企业)Tab. 7 Robustness test (excluding firms that only export for one year) |
| 进入率 | 退出率 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 变量 | 模型(1) | 模型(3) | 模型(6) | 模型(8) | |
| 0.223*** | -0.039 | ||||
| 0.228*** | -0.026** | ||||
| 0.089* | -0.001 | ||||
| -0.003* | -0.001** | ||||
| -0.045** | -0.003** | ||||
| -0.037** | -0.002 | ||||
| √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
| 0.151*** | 0.157*** | 0.170*** | 0.172*** | ||
| Observations | 4637 | 4637 | 4637 | 4637 | |
| Number of id | 601 | 601 | 601 | 601 | |
注:*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1;“ √ ”表示模型中加入控制变量。 |
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