The forefront of planetary gentrification theory and its enlightenment to Chinese rural-urban governance
Received date: 2021-09-17
Accepted date: 2022-02-16
Online published: 2022-08-10
Gentrification has become the frontier of the transformation of rural-urban social space worldwide. Loretta Lees pointed out that gentrification has become the experienced/experiencing process of global urban (re)development and named it as “planetary gentrification”. It breaks the dualism and Anglo-American lens of traditional gentrification studies, and re-discusses the polycentric relations between the global and the local, core and periphery based on the comparative urbanism. In the context of China's new-type urbanization and rural revitalization, the flow of social wealth and the division of social classes provide vertical impetus for gentrification, while the evolution of rural-urban relations provides horizontal tension. China's socialist system and land ownership system will expand the richness of international gentrification research. Thus, it is of great significance to explore gentrification phenomenon and its governance. Based on the theoretical review and case comparison, the planetary gentrification has made a great breakthrough in ontology, epistemology and methodology of traditional gentrification research. Differences between the global North and the global South have increased the scope of gentrification research and the possibility of theoretical innovation. On the one hand, the planetary gentrification theory compares and summarizes the general trend of gentrification research in the world, especially the particularity of gentrification processes in the Global South. On the other hand, it combines the epistemological turn of urban studies to place gentrification research in the larger narrative of global urban and rural transformation. Meanwhile, there are still some limitations in the planetary gentrification theory. It is necessary to investigate the complexity of gentrification processes in China and other Global South countries. Planetary gentrification has good theoretical applicability in the Chinese context. The rise of the new urban middle class in China, the large-scale gentrification process and the multi-scalar interaction of urban and rural space consistent with the planetary gentrification. In the future, we can carry out localized innovation based on the unique rural-urban relations, central-local relations and the multi-scalar interactions in China. In the context of planetary gentrification, attentions should be paid to the transformation of governance mode, regional strategy and rural-urban relations on China's rural-urban governance in the future. Global experience, regional differences and rural-urban integration are the key points for the modernization of governance. Researchers should take a critical axiological stance on gentrification itself, and make contributions to maintaining spatial justice and realizing common prosperity. Paying attention to the planetary gentrification theory will help research of gentrification in China better connect with the international research and provide non-Western experience.
Key words: gentrification; urbanization; governance; social justice; middle class
ZHANG Qingyuan , YE Chao . The forefront of planetary gentrification theory and its enlightenment to Chinese rural-urban governance[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2022 , 41(6) : 1778 -1795 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020210847
表1 传统绅士化理论与星球绅士化理论的本体论、认识论和方法论比较Tab. 1 A comparison of ontology, epistemology and methodology between traditional gentrification theory and planetary gentrification theory |
传统绅士化 | 星球绅士化 | ||
---|---|---|---|
本体论 | 空间作用范围 | 城市内城社区 | 广泛的城乡空间 |
尺度作用关系 | 社区尺度直接与城市尺度作用 | 社区、城市、区域、国家、全球尺度互动 | |
社会替代效应 | 新中产阶层对工人阶层的替代 | 更高社会阶层对较低阶层的替代 | |
发生传播机制 | 从欧美城市中心向外围单向扩散 | 强调全球南方国家的异质性、本土性和多中心性 | |
认识论 | 城市认识论 | 城市是给定的、有固定边界的实体 | 城市是由关系构成的、边界模糊的过程 |
城乡认识论 | 城乡具有核心-边缘二元结构 | 城乡作为更具整体性的结构 | |
方法论 | 发生机制 | 市场行为与消费者的自由选择 | 剩余资本对房地产和建筑环境的投入 |
案例研究 | 单一案例研究 | 多研究案例比较研究 | |
理论构建 | 理论具有固定性 | 理论具有开放性和可探索性 |
表2 全球北方和全球南方绅士化现象比较Tab. 2 A comparison of gentrification in the Global North and the Global South |
国家 | 绅士化地域 | 绅士化主客体 | |
---|---|---|---|
全球北方 | 美国、加拿大 | 城市内城、乡村地区 | 白人富裕阶层-少数族裔移民 |
德国、法国、澳大利亚 | 城市内城社区公共住房 | 中产阶层-低收入群体 | |
日本、韩国、新加坡 | 城市内城、城郊 | 中产阶层-低收入群体 | |
全球南方 | 印度 | 城市贫民窟 | 本地中产阶层-城市贫民 |
俄罗斯 | 乡村地区 | 城市精英阶层-农民 | |
匈牙利、罗马尼亚、波兰 | 小城镇、历史街区 | 西欧中产阶层-本地工人阶层 | |
巴西、阿根廷、墨西哥、智利、巴拿马 | 城市内城、小城镇 | 全球北方及本地中产阶层-本地工人阶层 |
图1 中国600万人民币总资产家庭空间分布注:数据来源于胡润研究院(https://www.hurun.net/zh-CN/Info/Detail?num=FEY5J1G3EQ7P);基于自然资源部地图技术审查中心标准地图服务网站的标准地图(审图号:GS(2020)4619号)绘制,底图无修改。 Fig. 1 Spatial distribution of households with total assets of 6 million yuan in China |
真诚感谢匿名评审专家在论文评审中所付出的时间和精力,专家对本文研究意义的阐释、行文逻辑的梳理、重要概念的说明等方面的修改意见,使作者获益匪浅。
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