The impact of residential building height on residents' self-report health and moderating effect: A case study of Hangzhou
Received date: 2024-05-06
Accepted date: 2024-07-01
Online published: 2024-11-07
Urban vertical growth has dramatically reshaped living spaces, exerting profound influences on the physical and psychological well-being of residents. In the context of the Healthy China Initiative, exploring the relationship between urban vertical growth and health outcomes is of paramount importance. This study dissects the pathways through which urban vertical growth impacts on residents' health, incorporating built environment variables as moderating factors in the dynamic interplay between building height and self-reported health status. Focusing on Hangzhou as a case study, the research uses built environment data and the 2023 urban health examination data set. Employing ordinal logistic regression, threshold analysis, and moderating effect modeling, the study verifies the mechanisms by which residential building height influences residents' self-report health. The study finds that: (1) The building height of Hangzhou is characterized by a "fluctuating decline" from the central area to the outer urban area. Residents' self-report health is low for those living in the area dominated by tall buildings, while that of residents living in the area with more short buildings and fewer tall buildings is high. (2) A significant nonlinear relationship exists between the average building height and residents' self-report health in the residential area, and it varies with the residential floor and building height of residents. When the residential floor or building height is short, the building height is negatively correlated with self-reported health. When the residential floor or building height is high, the building height is positively correlated with self-report health. (3) The built environment of residential area has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between building height and self-report health. For residents living above 3 floors, park square, road connectivity and land use mixed degree strengthened the positive effect of building height on residents' self-report health, while space openness weakened this effect. (4) The self-report health of different groups is affected differently by building height. The self-report health of young and middle-aged people living above the third floor, women, high income, floating population and non-childcare groups are more sensitive to the negative impact of building height, while the self-report health of young and middle-aged people living above the third floor, low income, local people and childcare groups are more sensitive to the positive impact of building height. This research aims to enrich the empirical studies in the field of health geography and provide a scientific basis for urban planning and construction to enhance residents' health.
Key words: building height; self-report health; built environment; moderating effect; Hangzhou
DANG Yunxiao , WANG Hengbo , KONG Lingqiang , ZHANG Wenzhong . The impact of residential building height on residents' self-report health and moderating effect: A case study of Hangzhou[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2024 , 43(11) : 2973 -2988 . DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020240398
表1 样本基本情况与变量描述性统计Tab. 1 Descriptive statistics of samples and variables |
变量 | 变量设定与说明(均值/百分比) |
---|---|
个体特征变量 | |
自评健康 | 居民对自身健康状况的主观评价,1~5分(3.629分) |
居住楼层 | 居民房屋所在的楼层的层高(7.450层) |
楼栋高度 | 居民所居住的楼栋的总层高(16.977层) |
性别 | 男性(48.1%);女性(51.9%) |
年龄 | 18~24岁(7.7%);25~34岁(31.9%);35~44岁(35.7%); 45~59岁(18.9%);60~74岁(5.4%);≥75岁(3.8%) |
学历 | 小学及以下(1.1%);中学(12.3%);大学大专(82.2%);研究生(4.4%) |
户籍 | 本地出生且户口在本地的本地人(64.6%);外地出生且成年后取得本地户口的新市民(21.3%);户口在外地的流动人口(14.1%) |
家庭年收入 | <5万元(8.2%);5~9.9万元(20%);10~19.9万元(34.8%); 20~29.9万元(22.3%);30~49.9万元(10.5%);≥50万元(4.2%) |
客观环境变量 | |
平均建筑高度 | 居住地1 km缓冲区内建筑物的平均高度(20.248 m) |
公园广场 | 居住地1 km缓冲区内公共公园广场的数量(3.663个) |
道路连通度 | 居居住地1 km缓冲区内道路交叉点的数量(51.859个) |
空间开敞性 | 居住地1 km缓冲区内地表无建筑物面积占比(84.3%) |
土地利用混合度 | 居住地1 km缓冲区内POI熵指数(2.185) |
表2 分区居民健康评价特征Tab. 2 Characteristics of health evaluation for residents in different zones |
居住区分类 | 自评健康(个) | 总计 | 健康选项占比 (%) | 自评健康 均值 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
非常不好 | 不好 | 一般 | 好 | 非常好 | ||||
矮楼为主型 | 25 | 122 | 1021 | 793 | 425 | 2386 | 51.0 | 3.617 |
高楼为主型 | 3 | 31 | 239 | 141 | 79 | 493 | 44.6 | 3.531 |
矮楼多高楼少型 | 7 | 17 | 187 | 174 | 107 | 492 | 57.1 | 3.726 |
高楼多矮楼少型 | 48 | 112 | 959 | 799 | 468 | 2386 | 53.1 | 3.640 |
总计 | 83 | 282 | 2406 | 1907 | 1079 | 5757 | 51.9 | 3.628 |
表3 建筑高度对居民自评健康影响的模型估计结果Tab. 3 Model results of the impact of building height on residents' self-report health |
解释变量 | 模型1 | 模型2 | 模型3 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | b | 居住楼层≤3层 | 居住楼层>3层 | 楼栋高度≤6层 | 楼栋高度>6层 | |||
建筑高度 | 0.028 (0.025) | 0.031 (0.025) | -0.193*** (0.054) | 0.087*** (0.029) | -0.107** (0.046) | 0.081*** (0.030) | ||
居住楼层 | 0.009** (0.004) | |||||||
楼栋高度 | 0.001 (0.002) | |||||||
年龄 | -0.158*** (0.027) | -0.160*** (0.027) | -0.119** (0.050) | -0.174*** (0.032) | -0.126*** (0.042) | -0.178*** (0.035) | ||
性别(参照组:女性) | ||||||||
男 | 0.320*** (0.049) | 0.322*** (0.049) | 0.208** (0.095) | 0.355*** (0.058) | 0.183** (0.078) | 0.417*** (0.064) | ||
家庭年收入 | 0.115*** (0.021) | 0.120*** (0.021) | 0.047 (0.042) | 0.137*** (0.025) | 0.095*** (0.035) | 0.125*** (0.027) | ||
户籍(参照组:本地人) | ||||||||
新市民 | 0.056 (0.074) | 0.062 (0.074) | 0.109 (0.151) | 0.034 (0.086) | -0.083 (0.128) | 0.105 (0.092) | ||
流动人口 | -0.255*** (0.062) | -0.255*** (0.062) | 0.038 (0.120) | -0.362*** (0.072) | -0.194* (0.102) | -0.298*** (0.078) | ||
学历(参照组:研究生) | ||||||||
小学 | 0.011 (0.268) | 0.014 (0.268) | -1.382*** (0.527) | 0.501 (0.312) | -1.087** (0.491) | 0.450 (0.320) | ||
中学 | 0.321** (0.148) | 0.313** (0.148) | -0.097 (0.320) | 0.410** (0.169) | 0.196 (0.275) | 0.371** (0.181) | ||
大学 | -0.091 (0.123) | -0.094 (0.123) | -0.463 (0.288) | -0.016 (0.137) | -0.144 (0.249) | -0.093 (0.143) | ||
样本数 | 5757 | 5757 | 1591 | 4166 | 2318 | 3439 | ||
对数似然值 | -7139.174 | -7141.442 | -1980.849 | -5122.537 | -2896.813 | -4222.887 | ||
伪R2 | 0.011 | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.014 | 0.007 | 0.015 |
注:非括号内值为回归系数,括号内值为标准误;*、**、***分别表示在10%、5%、1%水平下显著。 |
表4 建成环境调节效应模型估计结果Tab. 4 Model results of the moderating effect of built environment |
解释变量 | 模型4(公园广场) | 模型5(道路连通度) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
全样本 a | 居住楼层≤3层 b | 居住楼层>3层c | 全样本 a | 居住楼层≤3层b | 居住楼层>3层c | ||
建筑高度 | 0.024 (0.029) | -0.215*** (0.060) | 0.084** (0.033) | 0.035 (0.032) | -0.193*** (0.063) | 0.109*** (0.037) | |
公园广场 | 0.071** (0.034) | 0.030 (0.061) | 0.091** (0.042) | 0.072** (0.034) | 0.009 (0.061) | 0.100** (0.042) | |
道路连通度 | -0.090*** (0.033) | -0.110** (0.056) | -0.055 (0.042) | -0.096*** (0.033) | -0.112** (0.056) | -0.072* (0.042) | |
空间开敞性 | 0.020 (0.035) | 0 (0.070) | 0.040 (0.041) | 0.013 (0.036) | 0 (0.071) | 0.022 (0.042) | |
土地利用混合度 | -0.029 (0.028) | -0.001 (0.057) | -0.036 (0.032) | -0.028 (0.028) | 0 (0.057) | -0.033 (0.032) | |
公园广场×高度 | 0.051* (0.029) | -0.249*** (0.060) | 0.152*** (0.034) | ||||
道路连通度×高度 | 0.052 (0.035) | -0.073 (0.061) | 0.134*** (0.043) | ||||
空间开敞性×高度 | |||||||
土地利用混合度×高度 | |||||||
个体属性 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | |
样本数 | 5757 | 1591 | 4166 | 5757 | 1591 | 4166 | |
对数似然值 | -7133.157 | -1968.329 | -5107.354 | -7133.575 | -1976.257 | -5112.677 | |
伪 R2 | 0.011 | 0.016 | 0.017 | 0.011 | 0.012 | 0.016 | |
解释变量 | 模型6(开敞空间) | 模型7(土地利用混合度) | |||||
全样本 a | 居住楼层≤3层 b | 居住楼层>3层 c | 全样本 a | 居住楼层≤3层 b | 居住楼层>3层 c | ||
建筑高度 | 0.070** (0.035) | -0.180** (0.070) | 0.140*** (0.040) | 0.023 (0.029) | -0.180*** (0.060) | 0.071** (0.033) | |
公园广场 | 0.048 (0.036) | 0.002 (0.064) | 0.071* (0.043) | 0.073** (0.034) | 0.011 (0.061) | 0.110*** (0.041) | |
道路连通度 | -0.107*** (0.034) | -0.117** (0.057) | -0.084** (0.042) | -0.096*** (0.033) | -0.108* (0.056) | -0.068 (0.042) | |
空间开敞性 | -0.014 (0.037) | -0.005 (0.075) | -0.014 (0.044) | 0.014 (0.036) | -0.004 (0.070) | 0.028 (0.042) | |
土地利用混合度 | -0.021 (0.028) | 0 (0.057) | -0.024 (0.032) | -0.022 (0.028) | -0.027 (0.060) | -0.032 (0.032) | |
公园广场×高度 | |||||||
道路连通度×高度 | |||||||
空间开敞性×高度 | -0.084*** (0.029) | 0.018 (0.063) | -0.125*** (0.034) | ||||
土地利用混合度×高度 | 0.060** (0.024) | -0.075 (0.052) | 0.110*** (0.028) | ||||
个体属性 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | |
样本数 | 5757 | 1591 | 4166 | 5757 | 1591 | 4166 | |
对数似然值 | -7130.667 | -1976.934 | -5110.682 | -7131.542 | -1975.900 | -5109.593 | |
伪 R2 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.016 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.016 |
注:非括号内值为回归系数,括号内值为标准误;*、**、***分别表示在10%、5%、1%水平下显著。 |
表5 群体敏感性模型结果Tab. 5 Model results of the population heterogeneity |
群体 特征 | 居住 楼层 | 建筑高度 回归系数 | 标准误 | 建成 环境 | 个体 属性 | 样本数 | 对数 似然值 | 伪R2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
模型8(年龄) | |||||||||
≥60岁 | ≤3层 | 0.197 | (0.304) | 控制 | 控制 | 110 | -92.834 | 0.087 | |
>3层 | -0.045 | (0.158) | 控制 | 控制 | 225 | -245.897 | 0.038 | ||
<60岁 | ≤3层 | -0.185*** | (0.061) | 控制 | 控制 | 1481 | -1862.850 | 0.013 | |
>3层 | 0.069** | (0.034) | 控制 | 控制 | 3941 | -4860 | 0.015 | ||
模型9(性别) | |||||||||
女 | ≤3层 | -0.357*** | (0.082) | 控制 | 控制 | 866 | -1023.400 | 0.029 | |
>3层 | 0.077 | (0.050) | 控制 | 控制 | 2123 | -2513.690 | 0.014 | ||
男 | ≤3层 | 0.038 | (0.088) | 控制 | 控制 | 725 | -921.708 | 0.012 | |
>3层 | 0.035 | (0.044) | 控制 | 控制 | 2043 | -2568.500 | 0.017 | ||
模型10(家庭年收入) | |||||||||
<10万元/年 | ≤3层 | 0.076 | (0.096) | 控制 | 控制 | 536 | -662.705 | 0.022 | |
>3层 | 0.151** | (0.063) | 控制 | 控制 | 1092 | -1375.250 | 0.018 | ||
≥10万元/年 | ≤3层 | -0.329*** | (0.075) | 控制 | 控制 | 1055 | -1290.750 | 0.019 | |
>3层 | 0.024 | (0.039) | 控制 | 控制 | 3074 | -3722.990 | 0.015 | ||
模型11(户籍) | |||||||||
本地人 | ≤3层 | -0.045 | (0.079) | 控制 | 控制 | 1069 | -1288.840 | 0.013 | |
>3层 | 0.103** | (0.042) | 控制 | 控制 | 2650 | -3254.530 | 0.020 | ||
流动人口 | ≤3层 | -0.493*** | (0.126) | 控制 | 控制 | 211 | -271.059 | 0.095 | |
>3层 | -0.104 | (0.081) | 控制 | 控制 | 598 | -714.423 | 0.017 | ||
新市民 | ≤3层 | 0.059 | (0.135) | 控制 | 控制 | 311 | -355.430 | 0.029 | |
>3层 | 0.009 | (0.075) | 控制 | 控制 | 918 | -1110.270 | 0.011 | ||
模型12(家中有无儿童) | |||||||||
有儿童 | ≤3层 | 0.076 | (0.118) | 控制 | 控制 | 373 | -477.470 | 0.012 | |
>3层 | 0.120* | (0.063) | 控制 | 控制 | 1129 | -1422.150 | 0.023 | ||
无儿童 | ≤3层 | -0.246*** | (0.070) | 控制 | 控制 | 1218 | -1486.460 | 0.017 | |
>3层 | 0.033 | (0.039) | 控制 | 控制 | 3037 | -3665.950 | 0.017 |
注:*、**、***分别表示在10%、5%、1%水平下显著。 |
真诚感谢三位匿名评审专家在论文评审中所付出的时间和精力,评审专家对本文的引言和理论框架方面的修改意见,使本文获益匪浅。
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