Huang Bingwei was born on 1 Feb. 1913 in Huiyang, Guangdong, he studied geography at Sun Yatsen University in 1930-1944; Rockefeller Foundation Fellow research on Coastal Geomorphology of Shandong in Geological. Survey, Beiping, 1934-1935; preparation of monograph Geography of China, 1935-38; lecturer, Associate Professor, Zhekiang university, 1939-43; member of Natural Resources Commission, 1942-49; Deputy Director, Institute of Industrial Economy, East China, Bureau of Capital Construction, East China, 1949-53; member of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1955; Professor, Acting Director (1953-57), Director (1957-83), Honorary Director(1983-) of Institute of Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Vice President (1956-80), President (1980-91) and Honorary President (1991-) of Geographical Society of China.This paper is a brief account of integrated studies in Physical geography carried out by Professor Huang Bingwei in the last six decades. By rough estimation, ca 100 articles and papers of Huang's have been published, his main contribution may be summarized in following topics. 1. Physico-geographical regionalization of China; 2. Soil erosion and conservation in middle reaches of the Yellow 3. Energy and water balances at the Earth's surface; 4. Potential agricultural productivity;5. Water conservancy and agriculture development in North China; 6. Maximization of sustainable productivity of sloping land: 7. Global change and its impact.

Professor Huang Bingwei is one of the scientists who opened up the studies about the sandy deserts in China. Sy reviewing the history and the new progresses of the research,the author of this paper described the distribution and causes of the sandy deserts in China, and discussed the achievements in the recent 30 years in the studies about Quaternary geology and geomorphology in sandy deserts, theories and experiments for the engineering projects in sandy deserts, Iandforms caused by winds in the coastal areas and deposits caused by winds. The author of this paper hopes that the Chinese scientists specialized in researches related to landforms in sandy deseserts will make more contributions and will continue the research works which were initiated by Professor Huang Bingwei and other older generation scientists.

Prof.Huang is a famous scholar in geography, in 1950's hewrote a book of The Comprehensive natural Regionalism of China. This book is the first one of comprehensive physical geography of China with high scientific theoritical level. The theories and principles used in regionalism laid down an important foundation and methodology for advanced study in geography.In the early of 1960's, he put forward the three orientations for the theoritical study in. physical geography (geogchemisty in landscape, biogeo-community, the balance of water and heat in geographical enviroment) His proposal pushed up geographical study heavily. Especially, the study of geochemistry of landscape promoted the great progress in medical geography and environmental protection after that time. He was the chief editor of "The physical Geography of China" including 12 books. These are a great series of books in geography of China published from the end of 1970's to 1985. His both papers of "To appraise the significance of forest proprerly" and "To appraise the significance of forest again" are two very important scientific articles. These clered up some popular misunderstanding concepts and introduced some new scientific'achievements about foreslis significance in climate and hydrography.Prof. Huang made a great contribution to geography relating his hard work and sensitiveity to the new progress in geography and some concerned scientific fields. Whenver I met him, I saw he always had a book in his hand and read with rapt attention. He concerned fully with education in geogaphy. His proposal about training students in geographical department for environmental protection's orientation played an important role of geographical education in Beijing University and some others.His great learning and amiable and easy of approach have gotten whole hearted respect from the circle of geography including senior and juncior scholars.

Professor Huang Bingwei graduated from the Department of Geography at Zhongshan University in his early years. As a native of Guangdong Province, he cherishes his native places. Many of his geographical studies were carried out in Guangdong Province. His contributions to the geographical studies in the southern part of China include. (1) He proposed the line of demarcation between tropical and subtropical regions. This result can be used as a scientific basis for determining the distribution of tropical crops.(2) There are many mountains and hills in the southern part of China, which lias serious soil erosion problems. Proi essor Huang has Proposed some scientific suggestions and measures to prevent soil erosions. (3) He has also given useful advices on the development of the Guangzhou Institute of Geography, especially on the researches after the reform policies were adopted.

This paper is written for the symposium in celebration of the eightieth birthbay of professor Huang Bingwei, honorable director of the Institute of Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences.The paper is hivibeb into three sections,The first section reviews the basic principles and thinking of the three new directions of integrateb physical geography, namely.water-heat balance, chemical geography and geography of biological com munities, whicd were proposed by professor Huang in the early sixties, The second section surveys major achievements on the three new directions by staff anb students in physical geography specialty of Department of Geography, Zhongshan University. The third section describes the process in which the staff and students in the specialty in Zhong shan University applied the theories of the three directions to give birth and advance environmental science, anb baseb on the achievement of environmental science pushed forward the study of the three directions to a higher new step.

Professor Huang. Bingwei has devoted his life to the cause of the Geographical Science.One of his great contributions to his country is to advocate the combination of Geography with social and economical demands. With his leadship, organization and participation, a series of projects were undertaken and many solutions to the problems which are urgent and important to the nation were worked out.His another contribution is to advance Geography. Making every effort to reform Geography, he is one of the founders of modern Geography in China.Reading widely, Prof essor Huang is a great scholar with rich and expert knowledge He has diligently sought the truth of science with unique stamiue. He care ully feels the pulse of science by acduiring abundant literature. He is well versed in the languages of English, Russia and German.He learns from all who are knowledgeable. He is not only a geographical master, but also a connoiseur of such disciplines as Geomorphology, Hydrology, Climatology, Pedology, Biology, Agriculture, Forestry, etc.professor Huang Jives in a extremly plain style, although he has been in high position. But he is always strict with himself in his work by a very high standard. Speaking from the bottom of his heart, he is genuine, amiable and easy to get along with. He is a noble and refined person with a broad mind.The Author is the Professor's disciple and colleague. This paper based on the Author's experienced discribes Professor Huang as a great scholar with a spirit of sacrifice and exploration. The Author sincerely thanks professor Huang for his instruction and assistancs. on the occasion of 80th birthday of Professor Huang, may him have a happy time and live long.

In the projected reservoir of the Three Gorges on the Yangtse River,there are 440000 inhabitants living on tarming.For the resettlement of them, one possibility is the expansion of agriculture in 13 counties and cities in the immediate neighbourhood.This is a mountainous terrain dseply dissected by streams. More than 18% of the load is cultivated, and a 17.6% of the ultivation is distributed on steep slopes>25 °φ Estimated on the agricultural cpopulation alone, the per capita cultivated area is 1.2 mu and per capita tood production 409 kg.Features ot serious water and miss erosion are seldom out of sight.Land deterioration is too obvious to escape the notice of even the lay mind. There is little room for the expansion of conventional agriculture.A proposal under consideration is chiefly the construction of contour terraces with stones on selected sites with slopes up to 25° either cultivated or nonculti vated. According to informatiom available and field observation in a few localities, this seems acceptable in soms cases.Some examples have even experienced unusually heavy storms and severe droughts.However,furrther studies are necessary for assessment with respect to ecological and economic sustainability of terraces in recent years and of the sites for further construction.The search of alternatives for cheaper sustainale utilization of the sloping land is suggested. This includes in the main ths establishment of contour barrier hedgerows composed of woody plants and contourherbaceous strips to shape terraces in between and the use of the litter for plant. production to meet the demands of the local population and accessible markets. On the terraces contour planting contour tillage, minimum tillageand soil surfae mulch are called to provide additional protection against water eeosion and proper selection of plants, appropriats planting patterns aad and rotation for the replenishment of nutrients and the maintaince and improvement of soil physical properties Cost-effeetivensss analysis should be included in the design of hedgerows and herbaceous strips, waereas extended cost-benefit analysis plays the role in planning the terrace utilization. Since the terraces result from hedgerows and herbaceous strips, the whole slope beginning from the water-divide down to the foot should be taken as a unit for cost-benefit analysis. To evalue the off-site benefits, it is more practical to encompass a watershed composed of several slopes.There are tracts of land not amenable for terrace making terraces with hedgerovs and herbaceous strips because of slopss too steep or soils too thin For much of these, utilization and amelioration are still possible provided that the local demands for fuel, fertilizer and other products are satisfied otherwise. Some plants commonly found in the region are adaptable to such adverse habitats as stony soils and rocky surface with cracks and does not fail to supply some useful products and help to control water and mass erosion.More will be found in further investigations.

Since 1981, Territorial Planning (TP) has been developed on a large scale in China, not only in the range of the whole country, but also in the range of multi-provinces and a province, as well as in a prefecture and urban region. This work affords a very important field for economic geographers to take part in the practice and brings about a great advance in (he research of economia geogrephy. With the development of reform of the economic planning and management system, it is necessary to regulate the principle and component part of TP.Based on an approach to the problems, which are present in the process of formulation and implement of TP in China, it is considered, that the function of TP should be changed to oganization of spatial structure, particularly to strategical distribution of social and economical development over a long period of time (normally more than 20 years) in planning area. So the planning system of Ciiina will consist of two series, development planning from point of view of time and distribution planning from space including TP, regional planning and urban planning, etc.. To regard the demand of characteristics, TP should not be worked out in the range of a prefecture or even smaller area such as a city and a county, but in the whole country, multi provinces, province and multiprefecture (generally more than two prefectures) The contents related to resources and environment will be regarded as the principal part of planning. In addition, the relationship among different ranges of area, between space and time planning seriese are discussed. (As the practical base in writing this paper, the author has taken part in the work of TP of Jiao-Zuo Economic Region in province Henan, Prefecture Chang-Zhi in Province Shanxi, Prefecture Tai-An in Province Shandong, and Province Liaoning from 1983 to 1990.)

Through qualitative and quantitative analysis of the relationships among natural resources, land productivity and population distribution, the thesis demonstrated the immanent rationality of Chinese population distribution which is dense in the East and sparse in the west of China.Criterions of the rationality of population distribution. The criterion of propulation density is presentative, while that of natural environment and land productivity is basic (or immanent).Natural environment and population distribution. Dividing the inland 29 povinces and municipalities into five groups, it can be seen that land productivity is closely connected with natural environment, and population quantity is adapted to land productivity by comparing the cultivation index, ararble land, multiple-crop index, climate effectiveness index, forest covering index, food output, etc. of the groups.Correlation analysis and food population density. Correlation coefficient between population density and land productivity, and further natural environment. The difference of population distribution is vsry wide measuring by population density, that lowers meauring by arable land population density. Population distribution tends to be rational measuring by food population density.

Different types of hill areas should have different strategies of development. This paper presents two basic strategies; the gradual-advance deve-lopmens strategy and the reap-forward develo pment.These two can further have more sub-stranegies such as those of converging development, expansive development and natural leap-forward development.The paper takes the Qinlin-Daba hill areas as an example to explain that a strategy of expansive development is convenient to vast hill areas like this, and approaches the necessity and feasibility of the expansive development strategy in the Qinlia-Dabi hill areas It puts the stress on the basic way through which the inner axis of the development of the region can be built up and expanded.

This thesis analyses the content of the development of industrial structure in the economic region. Expansion of economic region has two implications;1. growth of economy in economic region; 2. space expansion of economic activity in economic region. B.sed on the relationship of the expansion of economic region and the development of industrial structure, thebasic conclusion includss three sprce expansion models of the economic region: inclined, balanced and harmonious-inclined development.

The energy balance approach was used to calculate the snowmelt at a site in the mid-mountain zons of the western Tianshan Mountains. During a 19-day snowmelt period,the study results showed thatnet radiation and sensible heat flux accounted for 75.3% and 22.6% of the incoming energy, while snowmelt and evaporation consumed 95.1% and 4.9% of the energy, respectively.The calculated snowmelt from the energy balance compare favorably with measured ablations,indicating the applicability of energy balance approach to estimate the rate of snowmelt in the mountain environment of the western Tianshan Mounta ins. Weather conditions have great influence on energy flux.During clear days.both net radiation and sensible heat flux increased,resulting in an increase in melt.On overcast days, net radiation became the dominant energy input while flux of sensible and latent heat were small. Windspeed plays a significant role in the exchange of sensible and latant flux between the snow surface and atmosphere. Sizeable transfers of sensible and latant heat occured on warm days with strong wind.Warm air temperature and low windspeed are primary characteristics of weather conditions in the westren Tianshan Mountains during the snow-melt season.Because of this,vapour pressure of the air often rises close to or above the saturation vapour pressure for melting snow. Therefore, under warm and low windspeed conditions, the large temperature gradient and reduced vapour gradient above the snow led to a great transfer of sensible flux and a minor latent flux,and this is why the importance of sensible heat was far more significant than that of latent heat in the energy halance.

There are a lot of involutions in the IV-I terraces of the Kunlun River and its main branches. The time that formed involutions may he divided into two periods as follows:The latest period of Pleistocene (20725-14041Y.B.P.) and the middle period of Halocene (about 3000Y.B.P.). It means that continuous permafrost was developed at the latest period of Pleistocene and annual air temperature was 5-6℃ lower at that time than at present,and that isolated peemafrost was developed at the middle period of Holocene and annual air temperature was 2.5-3.9℃ lower at that time than at present in this region.The loess and blown sard accumulation continuously indicate that the climate was drier since the latest period of Pleistocene than at present in this region.

This paper mainly deals with the genesis features of soils on Dadu River Valley within the boundaries of Luding, Shimian country, sichuan province, and probe tentatively into the problem about ecologic construction on it.1. The mountain drab soil is distributed mainly over Dabu River Valley in north of Luding Town.Its organic matter is in a small amount, C/N is limited (<10), it has a certain clay action, but the clay action of the drab soil in the North of China is more intensive, SiO₃/Al₂O₃ of clay(<0.001 mm) is between 2.9 and 3.2, the total profile has calcareous reaction, and CaCO₃ is illuviated at C horizon.2. The mountain plateau red earth is distributed mainly over Dadu River Valley in South of Luding Town.It is reddish-darkbrown reddishin color and dry in soil, it has iron-manganese concretion in soil and iron manganese capsule on the face of soil structure; PH3.5-6.5, CEC 18-20m.e/100gsoil, its percentage base saturation is 70-30%; SiO₂/Al₂O₃ of clay(<0.001mm) 2.0-2.3 in B horizoa.3. The ecological balance is disturbed seriously in Dadu River Valley. The limiting factors in agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry are relatively arid and precipitous in this River valley, but the destruction of vegetation leads to the serious soil erosion; they aggravate conversely the arid degree. For this reason, the key is to make the waste slope green,conservet he water, and to improve the habitat.It is necessary for me to take project measure, The problems concerning Dada River Valley should be tackled in a comprehensive way.

The geography of enterprise which is a relatively new approach in industrial geography, focuses first on enterprises themselves and only second on their spatial effects, yet several studies have already indicate its Value. Since McNee's pioneering work over three decades ago, the idea and practicei of a geography of enterprise has gathered momentum.The paper which examines the major theoretical devslopments of the geography of enterprise is arranged around four main facts.First, five approaches within the geography of enterprise can be considered, and the context in which enterprises operate is in troduced.This is followed by an examination of main development stages of geography of enter prise. The third section analyses the major research areas of the geography of enterprise with an emphasis on the spatial evolution of enterprises and on linkages of enterprise some new research tendencies make up the fourth section.Based on reviewing and critically analyzing the major developments of geography oi enterprise in the West, many new theoretical and practical problems for geography of enterprise in China are posed.

For the recent years,the erosion and sediment yield on the Loess Plateau tend to decrease obviously,as a result of the periodical reduction in precipitatior.Starting from the condition of global climatic warming in the future,this paper discusses the tendency of variation in the erosion and sediment yield on the Loess Plateau,Based on the correlation between the variations in erosion and climate in history,it has been identified that both the strong erosion and the deposition occurred during dry periods Because of the oncoming global climatic warming,the Loess Plateau will go into a wetter period,with an increasing precipitation.Consequently,the cover of vegetation will increase,leading to a reduction in erosion and sediment yield.ue to a limited environmental capacity and an over-laden population,the erosion and sediment yield will still remain at the present level

In view of the general character of several mountainous macrotidal estuaries in the provinces of Zhejiang and Fujian,the authors try to probe both the universal law of sediment transport and,the control means in estuaries of this kind by the monographic research on the Oujiang River estuary.The methods for geography and river mechanics as well as s'edimen-tology are applied to the detailed analysis of sedimentation in the estuary on three aspects.(1) a relation between the formation of an estuary and the sediment transport.(2) sediment from the river basin and its transport modes.(3) sediment from the adjacent coastal waters and its characteristics of transport by the tidal current.The basic conclusions are as follows.1.The coarse sediment grains larger than 0.1 mm ill size are widely distributed in the estuarine channel,among which the gravel particles move downstream by way of bed load and deposit in the upper estuary while the sand particles,except some inlaid in the gravel deposits as well as a small amount moved as bed load and tongued eastward in the Wenzhou Bay,are largely transported in such ways as either rolling and saltation or suspension into the lower estuary during flood season.In dry season the sand particles move there and back as bed load by the tidal current in the main channel.2.According to quantitative analysis on the measured data,the amount of coarse sediments from the Oujiang River basin every year,approxmiately 780 000 tons is much less than that of erosion and deposition in the estuary,several millions of tons.This shows that the movement of sand particles on local estuarine bed is the main causes for erosion and deposition of the estuary,and thus should be considered emphatically in the estuarine regulation.3.Transported in suspension,the fine sediment grains less than 0.1mm in size are mostly derived from the adjacent coastal waters besides a little from the Oujiang River.An obvious feature of suspended sediment transport is the presence of a turbidity maximum which migrates to and from with the tidal current.The maximum distance of shift is about 18 km.4.Because the coarse sediment differs fro the fine in the laws for transportation and deposition,it is suggested that the different control principles of both sediments should be adopted for the estuarine regulation

Terrestrial structure of industrial regions reflects the spatial features of industrial regions and their combination situation and proportion.It has taken shape progressively in the process of exploiting and using natural resources and advantageous location.Different industrial regions have different characteristics in terrestrial structure with the difference ot their birth setting,developing stage,aggregated industrial types and scale.Based 011 the feature of the terrestrial structure formation of industrial regions,the terrestrial types of industrial regions may be classified into the following five types,the urban type;the mining area type;the junction-combination type;the grouping type and the network type industrial district.The first three types are the urbanized industrial districts,and the last two the regional.Generally,the development and evolution of terrestrial structure of industrial regions proceed from point to area,from one level to multiple levels,from one group to multiple groups.Its movement direction and development velocity follow the smallest Resistance Law,i.e.the structure could firstly advance towards the smallest resistance direction with the fastest speed.

Keshan disease is mainly distributed in the compound area of Brown earth and Drab soil in lower mountains and hills of middle south Shandong province.Its feature of the chemical ecological environment in affected area is trace element deficiency.Especially,Selenium deficiency is common.With the comparative investigation between 1976 and 1987 in the same area,it was indicated that the decreasing incidence of Keshan disease was related closely with the increasing Se content in human body in recent years.Because the intake of Se contents of the inbatitants in Keshan disease area have increased with the improvement of their foods composition since early 1980's,the Se contents in the hair of the people in affected area have the same trend of increase.Through the present study,also it was shown that besides low content of Se,there were high contents of Mn,V,etc.from the environmental substances to human body.So these elements should be considered as the combinative factors for the compound cause of Keshan distease.

Based on the researches of the field data of the Lower Yellow River,the inter-effects between channel geometry and flow and sediment transport have been analysed and two patterns of scour-fill changes in river bends and straight reaches have been suggested.The effects of channel geometry on flow and sediment transport could be estimated through the following eqationsin which are usually not equal to unity,The narrower the cross-section is,the higher the values of β and α.The role of flow and sediment transport on cross section could be considered by eqs.(27) to (30).

In this paper,based on using sedimentary profile,i.e.,representative Hole A and combining the age-determination date,we have synthetically studied the various environmental elements of Balikun lake in northern Xjnjiang.Then we have gained the sedimentary environmental signs that fit in with the biological,physical and chemical processes in arid land,which confirmed that the environmental change of Balikun Lake has evolved in the climatic pattern of alternating between cold-wet and warm-dry.In other words,the environmental change in this region acted upon the inland-type climate since the late period of late-pleistocene.Owing to the influence of the special geographic position and inner-outer factors of climatic system,fluctuating intensity,range and period of the inland-type climate have displayed the regional difference in time-space distribution,which constitute the change model of inland-type climate.The result mentioned above provides the new evidence for regional study jn globe change.

Based on the similarity theory,this paper points out a new method jn which free convection and forced convection are taken into account in the estimation of water surface evaporation.To compare the estimated water surface evaporation by the model with observed water surface evaporation in Yucheng Experimental Station,CAS,we get that the average estimated evaporation value is about 5.1% less than that of the observed and the average relative error is 13.2%.The coefficient between estimated water surface evaporation value and observed value reaches 0.928,which illustrates the model has a high precision and is likely advis able for application.Finally,the authors copmare the model with some famous water surface evaporation's formula at home and abroad.

Flood hazard is one of the major natural hazards which threaten mankind.Besides the flood control construction,it is also important to the disaster deduction to establish a flood monitoring system.This paper focused on the application of Landsat satellite,meteorological satellite and air-born side-looking radar to flood disaster investigation and evaluation.Based on the analysis of the thematic flood information characteristics of the remotely sensed data,flood inundation area calculation model was developed.This model included digital image processing sub-model,water boundary extraction sub-model,flooding-area calculation sub-model and flood mapping sub-model.The last part of the papsr showed a successful application of the technology to the investigation and evaluation of "the 1991's flooding in Taihu basin.

The background values and chemical speciation of copper,lead,zine and cadmium in glacier,river,and lake water in Urumqi area were studied with a view to develop water resources in Xinjiang area as well as evaluating of water quality.The ice and water samples collected from the upper,middle and low reaches of Urumqi River and lakes were filtrated through 0.45μm membrance and determined by means of ASV technique The main results obtained are as follows.1.The total content levels of heavy mstals in some snow ice waters were in the order of old ice from No.1 glacier>fresh ice from the same glacier >snow ice water from this glacier>fresh ice from ths Bogeda mountain peak.2.The contents(Mt and Ms)of Cd,Zn,Pb and Cu in the Urumqi Ri ver from Wangfeng to Wulopo Reservoir were all within the range of the background values of these elements in the world fresh water.3.Due to the dry and cold natural environments,the Cd,Zn,Pb and Cu in the above water of the Urumqi River mainly existed as dissolved forms,and most dissolved Cd,Zn and Pb were present as ASV labile,only most dissolved Cu was ia the bound forms.4.With the thick anions complsxing,the significant fractions of total heavy metals in Chaiwobao Lake and Salt Lake water were in dissolved forms,except that significant percentage of Cu in Salt Lake water was in suspended forms,while for the four dissolved elements,their bound forms concentrations were all higner than corresponding labile.

By the way of small-scale model experiments of debris flow in the Jiangjia gou,Dongchuan City of Yunnan Province,five groups of 68 times of standard experiments have been conducted,and the results have given the relationships among the maximum length,width,thickness,risk range of debris fan and the supply modes of debris flow (continuous and intermittent supply),gradients of depositional area and flow section as well as unit weights of debris flow.Under the specific experimental parameters,four types of the formulae to calculate the risk range of debris fan are presented.The important conclusions are as follows,1.Under the circumstance of the continuous accumulation of debris flow,the relationships between the maximum length,width and the risk range of debris fan and the total sediment of debris flow are positively related,and can be expressed as the natural logarithmic functions.The relationship between the maximum length of debris fan and the total sediment of debris flow is positively related,too,aad can be expressed as the linear function,2,Under the condition of the intermittent supply of debris flow,the relationships between the maximum leng th,width,risk range of debris fan and a debris flow supply are positive linear funtions,while the relationship between the thickness of debris fan and a debris flow supply is not close.3 The relationships between the maximum length,risk range of debris fan and the gradients of depositional area are positive linear function The relationships between the maximum width,thickness of debris fan and the gradients of depositional arer are negtiye liaear functions.4,No matter how the unit weight and supply of debris flow are,the maximum length,width,thickness and risk range of debris fan all have a stochastic relationship with the gradients of flow section of debris flow,5,The relationships between the maximum length,risk range of debris fan and the unit weight of debris flow are nsgatively related,and can be written as the natural logarithmic functions.The relationship between the maximum thickness of debris fan and the unit weight of debris flow is positively related,and can be written as a linear function,The maximum width of debris fan and the unit weight of debris flow have not a good relationship.

The research in this article shows that.The quantitative classification method can be applied to the research about the areal agricultural structure readjustment.Meanwhile,it is of great importance when drawing up a scheme to study the areal land type structure,the present areal agricultural structure and problems accompanying with land use.And based on the research,several profitable conclusions are drawn out at last.

Sandy desertification is one of the most important problems in China,the study of sandy desertification has become one important topic in recent years because of its immense harmfulness This paper looked back on the developing pro-cess of the study on sandy desertification,reviewed its study on the historical,modern,physical and reverse process of sandy desertification,analised the points in debate of some basic problems such as the definition and the causes of the sandy desertification,discussed the new trends and some problems in study This paper also gave the main topics of sandy desertificantion lately.

In this paper,the numbers of the damaged counties(especially for Drought/Flood counties) are extracted from the historical materials in Chian during historical times, and the reliability of them are described. In general, the materials about the number of Drought/Flood counties can be considered as quantitative information of climate.And so, to reconstruct the Dryness/Wetness index series by using these materials, the comprehensive error of the series can be avioded better than by using the description about disasters in historical documents. To show the process of reconstrcting Dryness/Wetness index series by the number of Drought/Flood counties, a case of Beijing is described, and the reliability is discussed.

In this paper, an empisical, equation for, estimating the quotient between the monthly sums of sensible anb latent heat fluxes is proposed on the basis of the heat balance data measured during 1958-1960 period at Beijing and Zhenzhow,And the monthly evaporation sums for the months from May to August are estimated with the equation by using an eight-year routine meteorological data in the yellow River Valley. Finally the relationship between the monthly evaporation and precipitiation deviation (%) is discussed.The main results are found as following.1) The errors of the total evaporation rn summer computed with Fq.5 and Eq.7 to those obtained from 《Atlas of water Climatology of China》 are about -10% for most of the stations in Tab.2.2) The monthly evaporation amounts for the drought years (1972,1975,1986) range from 12.6 to 30.1 KJ·cm^-2 and those for the flood year(l988) is from H.2 to 25.1 KJ·cm^-2.3) The summery evaporation amounts in the drought year are greater than that in flood year in area 1, but on the contrary, those for the drought year in area 3 are less.4) The evaporation amounts in summer increase with increasing precipitation sums for the drought year, but do not show consistent trend for the flood year.this is because the effects of precipitation deviation on evaporation in the eastern.part of the studied area are different from; those in the western part for the flood summer.

According to the radiation-optical quality of volcanic ash we calculated the parameter of radiation-optic. Meanwhile, by using the equation of atmospheric radiation transfer, and the change rate of temperature was calculated.The result is as follows. The absorbant ability of volcanic ash is stronger than it of the background of stratosphere. Valcanic eruption witl heat the stratosplere by absorbing solar radiation, decrease the solar radiation on the earth surface, and have no effect on long wave radiative cooling rate.

According to the observed data of heat and Water in the basins in middle areas, Shanxi previce, the paper analyses the heat and water conditions there under different cropping system, by using the following formulas: K=H-(ΣA+G)+ΔA, K=2H-(ΣA+G)+ΔA and B=P+C+(W₁-W₂)-(R+I)-E It alse colculates the budget of heat and water (not having irrigable condition) to the main field crops respectively. It shows.As to one crop per annum, heat surplus in the fields of winter wheat (≥0℃ cumulative temperature, else crops are ≥10℃. cumulative temperature), corn and millet is about 222.3℃, 937.4℃ and 1187.1℃ respectively. Heat deficit in the field of cotton is about 142.9℃ heat surplus is about 860.7℃ only in Linfen and Yuncheng basins, water deficit in the fields of winter wheat, corn, cotton and millet is-about 96.4mm 121.9mm 53.6mm and 151.1mm respectively.As to two-year-three crop system, heat surplus in the fields of crops(planting corn, winter wheat and millet) is about 779.2℃ heat deficit inthe field of crops is about 302.7℃ in Xin-ding basins. Water deficit inthe field of crops (planting corn, winter wheat and millet) is about 388.5mm.As to two-crop a year, if planting winter wheat and corn, heat deficit is about 165.5℃ and water deficit is about 196.3 mm. If planting winter wheat and millet, heat surplus is about 84.4℃ and water deficit is about 291.9mm in Yuncheng basin.From April to May is a period of the highest water consumption of winter wheat and the sowing time of corn, cotton and millet and the time of heat in field is higher. But in this period precipitation is the lowest. Therefore, a complementary amount of water is required in irrigation.The analysis and computation of the heat and water budgets are to provide scientific basis for making full use of the thermal resources, economizing on water resources irrigating crops in field rationally, developing the economy of Shanxi province.

waterlogging damage is the main obstacle factor of agriculture in plain and lake region. In this paper, the standard of waterlogging damage is suggested based on the definition of waterlogging, with a lot of observational data in Jianghan Plain, and the cause and process of waterlogging formation are discussed. The conclusions are as follows.1. The waterlogging damage is taken piece if the buried depth of groundwatcr in dry season is less than 0.6m, and the standard of waterlogging damage can be divided into six degrees. (1) Non waterlogging, the buried depth of groundwater is more than 0.6m; (2) Marginal waterlogging, the groundwater level is 0.3-0.6m; (3) Slight waterlogging, the groundwater level is 0.2-0.3m;(4) Mid waterlogging, the groundwater level is 0.1-0.3m; (5)Hard waterlogging, the ground water level is within 0.1m; (6) Very hard waterlogging, the still water is On the ground surface.2. the trigger mechanism of waterloggia;damage is the coupling of leading factors such as the surface water dynamic, the groundwater dynamic, the micro-landforms, the reclamation and cultivation of the wetland, and the cropping system.3. The mechanism of waterlogging damage can be presented as follows. In natural situation, the living factors of environment (inducing human activities) are disastrously coupled to change the payare ochemical properties of sod,and then to influence the growtg of crops.At last it results in decrease ot the crop product.