The Nelson Ice Cap is a small ice cap in the South Shertland Island in the Antarctica.The precipitation is abundant and the ice temperature is high due to the influence of sub-Antarctic maritime climate.The surface velocity of the, Nelson Ice Cap is mainly controlled by its surface and bedrock topography.Along the transection E the velocity distribution is more complicated.The driving stress is basically below 100 kPa.From V/Z～Za curve with V/Z value ranging in 0.6～3×10^-9, we have obtained that the flow parameters n approrimately equals 1 and B≈4.3×10¹⁰dynes cm^-2sec.We assume that the glacier ice is a Newton fluid in the low stress region.

Maguan karst landforms in the central Guizhou Plateau and Xichou fengcong－depression landscape in the southeastern Yunnan Plateau were chosen as the sample regions to study the fractal and geometry of karst depressions 21 closed depressions and 3 poljes have been developed in the Maguan area of Puding county,the average area of the depressions is 0.72 km², the mean edge number is 7.38 and the average perimeter is 3.41 km which is similar to the length of perimeter of 7 edge depressions.The fractal dimension of perimeter L(δ)with area A(δ)of the depressions is 1.23 and the dimension of edge number N(δ)and perimeters L(δ)is 2.928.64 depressions are developed in the area of 23.75 km² in Xichou fengcong-depression landscape;the average edge number is 8.27,the mean area is 0.371 km² and the perimeter is 2.448 km.In 64 depressions,54 have been captured each other and 129 edges have drifted more or less.The fractal dimension of perimeters L(δ)with the area A(δ)is 1.10,the dimension of edge numbers N(δ)and perimeters L(δ)of karst depressions is 2.938.The fractal dimensions are existed in the evolution processes of karst depressions and the depressions have the fractal geometry.

In this paper, the distribution and ecoiogical characteristics of Korean Pine is analyzed and a W──T model is built based on the effects of environmental factors on tree growth and necessary presumptions, the influence of various climate changes on the growth and distribution, and the annual growth of Korean Pine under different climatic conditions, The results show that the suitable area and the growth of Korean Pine will greatly decrease in response to the temperature rising no mater how the precipjitation changes(increse or decrease).In perceptible ranges of climate changes, Korean pine would not recede from the northeast China.

Based upon a large amount of field data from the Wusong wakerworks and Gaoqiao Hydrographic Station,this paper analyses the characteristics of temporal and spatial variation of saltwater intrusion into the South Channel.Probabilities associated with different water qualities are calculated according to the probabilities of the corresponded fresh water discharges from the long records of the Datong Station.The water quality in the South Channel is affected by the saltwater intrusion each year,but the intensity varies greatly with different hydrologic years.

The Change of lakes represents the changes of their envoirments, specialy for those of little lakes. Based on the records in Xu Xia ke's Travels, in this thesis the authors reconstructed the old Cibi Lake which existed 300 years ago.The discoveries are as follows:1.During 17th centuny,the lake was clout twice as big as the present one and was changing slowly. There were two connected lakas in this area. One was in the north,and the other in the south.2. During 18-19th century,the population increased rapidly,and at the same time the affects of human activties were also intensified. The trees were cut doun,and large area of land was reclaimed for aguicultural uses. Consequently,the lake was reduced greatly,and the south lake disappeared at that time.3. During 20th century,the population is still growing. Local people turned the north lake into a small reservoir. The north lake,which changed rery slowly before,is also reduced greatly now.The effects of the human activities are much greater than those of the nature. Human activities are the main causes of the shrinkage of the lake in recent 300 years.

By field survey it is decided that the source of Mekong River is the Zayaqu river which starts from the end of a small glacial on the Lasagongma Mountain in Zadou County,Qinghai province.The altitude of the source is 5,167m and the location is 94°41'35″E and 33°44'13″N.Mekong River is the－7th　biggest river in Asia and the 12th biggest river in world.From the source to its first bigger tributary joint, Ganasongdou(94°36'40″E and 33°12'33"N),Zayaqu river has a length of 93.9km, an area of 2 560km² and a discharge of 54.9m³/s which was measured on Sept.4, 1994.From Ganasongdou to Changdou in Tibet Autonomous Region,the river is called Zaqu River which has a length of 518km, Down from Changdou to the outlet of the river inside China, the river is called Lancang jiang River,Lancang jiang River has an area of 164, 766km²,a length of 2 354km and a mean annual discharge of 2, 180m³/s. In the paper the physical geography and the natural resources in the source area were also discussed.

At first the index system that is used to evaluate the regional economic development in Shandong province is established by using Delphji’s Method.It has 4 hierarchies in the system and 4 elements in the second hierarchy,10 elements in the third and 22 elements in the last hierarchy,After weights of indexes are computed through ordering according to AHP, multifactor comprehensive evaluation is done to 110 cities(counties)using the data in 1990.Fuzzy ISODATA clusterings from 2 to 10 kinds are applied to examining differences between the samples.The result shows that the comprehensive evaluation is correct and reasonable.Based on above,Shandong province is divided into 5 kinds of gradient areas.They are developed region,medium-developed region, primary-developed region,developing region and backward region.In the last,strategies for the economic development in the high,middle and low gradient regions are discussed.

THis paper analysed the admimstrative levels of productive potentialies and the primary or secondary factors related to productive potentialities,established the administrative levels of the productive potentialities,calculated the ideal productive potentialities and the practical productive potentialities,taking Panicum miliaceum crop in the zhuangaoguo basin in Hequ County as an example.By analysis and calculation,the paper put forward the way to improve the production potentiality of farmland.These will provide a theoretical basis and a practical model for improving the production potentiality on farmland in the basins in northwest Shanxi Province.

Desertification is a developing process of desert-like landscape manifesting itself by land degradation resulted mainly from climatic variations and human activities, In the dry-hot valley in Yuanmou, Yunnan Province,the land has such desert-like landscapes as badland topography, sandy desertification and thorny succulent shrubs with characteristics of tropicaldesert vegetation, Except for several small basins where the terrain slopes are gently,the degraded area is 1006.02 km².The degraded land accounts for 70.15%of total area of Yuanmou dry－hot valley(including Slightly degraded land which is 12.65%, the moderately degraded land which is 48.38%and the severely degraded land which is 30.77%).After discussion on the status, genesis and hazard of land degradation, the control strategies are finallyproposed in this paper.

Chizhou Distriict is an important black tea area in Auhwei Province.The tea plantation covess on area of over 25,000 mu,and the tea gardens are distributed mainly over limestone hilly land and mounols,Under the conditions of the moist subtropical monsoon climate, the forming process of the soil in the limestone-distribution area is a process of strong eluviation and weathering,and such a soil forming process is closely related to the geomorphologic conditionns,the limestone formation and its lithlogic character.Therefore, though the outcrop of limestone can be seen around the tea gardens,the soil is a zonal soil with acid or slightly acid reactions and is snitable for the growth of tea trees.On the contrary,though the soil layer is thick and having no outcrops of limestones in some depressions or vaalley bottoms,the soil is alkaline and is harmful to the tea trees.

The author indicates that water supply can not increase with the sustainable development of socio-economy.It has a maxium and should reach a status of Zero Increase.Based on the analyses of the problems of China's water resources development,a zero increase mode and some concepts for water resources sustaintable development are discussed.

This paper analyzes the causes of the development of the economy in the Region of Huaiyin which is slower than in the South of Jiangsu Province from the point of view of Cultural Geography,and indicates that the low level of culture development,being one of the major causes,has kept the Region of Huaiyin being left behind the Southern Jiangsu Province in the modern and contemporary economy.The Region of Huaiyin is characterixed by the closed and transitional geographical environment and the self-sufficient farmitig economy.All these factors result in conservativeness and exclusiveness of the culture of the Northern Jiangsu Province.Huaiyin Region has got the traditional agricultural culture as its main cultural component,and its science,technology and education are at a low level.such poorly developed culture can be nothing but a hindrance to the people's acceptance of fresh knowledge,modern and advanced science and civilization,Thus it forms a block on the way of the economical development of the Region of Huaiyin.

The relation between geographical environment and the development of economy and society is an important content of the reresearches of geography.Although"the declaration of human environment"published by the conference of U.N.human environment at Stockholm in1972 and "the declaration of environment and development"published by U.N.conference of environment and development at Rio de Janeiro in 1992 greatly strengthened the environmental consciousness,in China the understanding of the impact of the environment on the development of economy and society is still insufficient because the criticism to "the decisive role of the environment of physical geography on the development of society"in the middle of this century has not been introspected.And at present the insufficiency of the understanding of the role of the environment in the development of economy and society can be found in following aspects.In terms of theory, the opinions of researchers are very different, Some researchers expressed confused and self－contradictory opinions.In the practices of national economy, ignoring the role of the environment of physical geography is common.So the relation between the environment and the development of economy and society should be probed in terms of theory and in the practices of developing national economy and society.

Poverty is a world problem that limits social development.There are poor people both in developed and developing countries with a difference only in degrees.China has quite a big poor area. The 592 officially designated poor counties have over 70% of the poor population in China(80 million).They are critically important in China's poverty eradication.The 592 poor counties can be divided into three types:1.Central Mountains and Plateau Region,with five sub-types in this area:(1) Soil Erosion Region in South-East Mongolia Plateau;(2)Loess Plateau Gully Region;(3)Deteriorated Natural Environment in Qinba Mountain Region;(4) Karst Plateaus and Hills Region;(5) "Enclosed Areas" of High Mountain and Canyon Region along the Hengduan Mountain Area. 2.The High-Altitude Mountains and Plateaus in the West Deserts Region. There are 36poor counties in the desert region of Qinghai Provices,in Xingjiang and Tibetan autonomousregion,and in the Pamirs and Qingzang Plateaus.3."The Island-shaped areas"in the Eastern Plain and Mountain Region and the Old Revolutionary bases. The eastern part is China's economic region, but there are still poor counties in this area:(1)the north-east frontier area;(2) saline and arkaline areas in the lowerplains;(3)the island-shaped mountain and hilly regions. In short,environment has a close relationship with poverty, the poorer the environmert,the more serious the poverty. But the reasons that cause poverty are complicated. Some areashave good natural conditions, but have poor transportation and unsatisfactory technologywhich are the unfavourable factors that cause povety.Also national policy can affect people's living standard.In conclusion,to make natural environment better and to get rid of poverty,differentpolicies should be pursued in defferent places.

In the paper,the author expounded the meaning and signfiance of regional developmentdecision(RDD),analysed its content and procedure,and indicated its theoretical and methodological basis. RDD comprises two aspects:regional development decision supprot and regional development decision selection. The theoretical basis of RDD is the principle of limited rationality and the methodological basis is systematic science and systematical method.Weshould combine qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis and soft technique with hardtechnique in making RDD.

Abstact This paper studied the soctal spatial structure of Guangzhou city by factorial ecological analysis and cluster analysis(WARD method). Based on the data of 1990 national census,the result obtained from a principal component analysis of 47 variables across 91 subdistricts in Uuangzhou city shows the most important five principal com ponents. Those account for more than 70% percent of total variance.

A conceptual flow-sedimentation coupled simulation model for small basins was struc-tured by combining the conceptual equations for interrill and rill-gully soil erosion and tran-sport of the eroded soils which were all described in paper [1] and [2] with a conceptual flowsimulation model which was described in paper [3] and [4].The model was tested in threeexperimental blocks and three small basins and the results showed that the structure of themodel are reasonable and the simulation of flow and sedimentation were very satisfactorycompared to the observed data.

Based on the study of genetic mechanism of earthquake disaster,the seismic intensity,population density,per unit area total product values of industry and agriculture were selecteas the indicative factors. According to the date from the 50 earthquake examples,a regression equation among the personal injury,economic loss and above factors have been established, which is used for the macroscopic evaluation of regional earthquake disasters. In thetests by using it in the other two seismic samples,the results can satisfy the requirements formacroscopic analyses. It proves that the method can reduce the dependence upon the historical information about earthquake disasters,and promote the depth and accuracy of the research on disastrous regional differentiations.

Parallel drainage systems occur on the slopes soon after a mountain has been formed.Along with the retrogressive erosion of rivers,drainage divides are migrating. Drainage systemsadapt to their inner and outer dynamics and develop into various types. Some rivers are capturing each other during the development of the drainage systems. There are two crucialcauses of the river capturing. One is the rapidly retrogressive erosion of the capturing river.The other is the suberosion and mass movement under the river beds of the pirated rivers andthe ancient drainage divides. The ancient higher pirated rivers were located at the oppositeside of the ancient drainage divide. Haizihe, one of the branches of the Jianjiang River,canbe taken as an example of river capturing. It captured ancient Huayuangou River (since disappeared) and Yinchanggou River(former right branch of the Shitingjiang).

From 30ka.B.P. to 20 Ka.B.P.,in the warm period before the fullglacial,lacustrinedeposit was formed in the Bihenying basin, in Qinglong county south-west Guizhouprovince. Mixed deciduous broadleaf and coniferous forests were growing on the hilly land,with a small varying between deciduous broadleaf forest and mixed coniferous and deciduousbroadleaf forest. The annual mean tempretrure was 1-6℃ lower than that of today.From 30 Ka.B.P to 26 Ka.B.P.,there were mixed deciduous broadleaf and coniferoustrees with a high proportion of Fagus and a tempreture 2-6℃ lower,Around 23 Ka.B.P.,deciduous and evergreen trees were mixed up, and annual mean tempreture was 1-3℃ lower than that of today.From 26 Ka.B.P. to 23 Ka.B.P.,and after 23 Ka.B.P,deciduousbroadleaf and comiferous three were mixed there. After that peiod climate turned to be dryand cold, pteridophyte grew widely. In the fullglacial period lacustrine deposition stopped,and was replaced by the chaotic sediments of muds and gravels.

This paper is a study based on the data during 1949-1992.According to the analysis,some characteristics of the typhoon disaster in Zhejiang Province are as follows:1.The probability of the coincidence of the periods in which Zhejiang was severely af-fected by typhoon with the periods in that astronomical spring tide occurred is high.2.In so far as coastal cities in Zhejiang,the gale bringed by typhoon is one of the maincauses of disasters.3.The damagers on the agriculture in Zhejiang Province caused by typhoon are generallycomposed of direct damages and succeeded damages.4.The distribution of typhoon disaster regions is character along the moutains.5. The distribution of the years which have heavy disasters caused by typhoon in Zhejiang Province has a periodical character.

A preliminary study on the characteristics of soil and water losses on slopes land use forvarious purposes has been made based on the data obtained from the Anxi experimental station. The results show that the soil and water losses can be gradually controlled as long asthe slopes have a certain vegetation cover combined with appropriate slope interceptiveworks,though some soil and water losses may occur at the beginning period. Because the disturbed soil has a weak resistance to erosion, the coverage of cultivated land should be increased,especially in summer. It is suggested that the C value should be 0.1-0.3 on undisturbed natural bare slopes when USLE is adopted to predict the soil erosion.The contour terrace has a sound function of soil and water conservation,but it has somelimits such as expensive labour cost and inconvenint transportation. Based on the measureddata,the Vetiveria belts and grass cover have the similar function of soil and water conservation to contour terrace on slope. The model of the Vetiveria belts interplanting with fruitsand annual leguminous crops combined with hill side ditch can be extended on steep slope.The pattern of fruit garden with grass cover combined with hill side ditch can be spread inthe coastal areas where have a good economic condition.

This paper elaborates upon the relationship between the world market and sustainableagriculture development of China,the functions of international trade in sustainable agriculture development,the opportunities and challenges of agriculture development with the freeinternational trade,on the basis of the characteristics, functions and structure of sustianableagriculture system,and than gives the countermeasures that we can choose.

The Bohai Sea Rimland is an area with strong natural resources-based industries. Boththe formation and the characteristics of its industrial structure are closely related to its resources structure,the traits of which can be briefly described as:1)a satisfactory combinationof light,heat,water and arable land resources;2) rich mineral resources which have a preferable combination and are favorable for iron and steel industry and chemistry industry;and 3)the shortage of fresh water resources, that is not an ideal combination between water andarable land and between water and mineral resources. The distinguished characteristics of theindustrial structure in the area are:1) the good foundation of the primary industry;2) thestrong secondary industry and the protruding position of the mining and raw material industries;and 3)the comparative backward of the tertiary industry. The above characteristics areamong the main factors influencing the shift of industrial structure.

With the development of the information on technology and the society,GIS is beingproliferated with various applications depending on the use. This paper mainly analyzes thegeneral characteristics of GIS application, such as the forming of GIS industry, the buildingof large scale systems, the geographic difference in applications as well as the social background of GIS application. Sparked by the Information Supper Highway and the pursuing ofsustainable development,the applications of GIS in the coming future has a brilliantprospects.

This paper fries to dedefine the concept of a region with the theory of universal holography. It come to the conchision that a region is of a holographic system in which the humanrace and the nafure of the earth's surface are related and interacted on each other. It is relatively independent of its surrounding regions with relative boundaries between them. Thereare corresponding holographic relations befween the regions themselves,and between the individual regions and the whole of Them. What in defferent between them is only the variatiesof their individual linear measures and holographic levels.In the fect,the viewpiont of the Theory of Evolufion has been taken to dissect a village,the basic unit of a region,and to inquire into the issue of a region's evolution. A model of howa village,the basic unit of a holograpic region,evolves into a town, has been preliminarilysummarized. It may be described lide this:"Evolution-Selection-Leap".The Features and issues of evolution of those with whose holographic levels higher than towns will be discussedin anofher arlicle.