As a renewable resource,forests notonly provide timber and other products but also have influences on biodiversity and genetic resources.In recent decades,China has higher deforestation rates than some other countries.Between 1994 and 1996,the average annual deforestation in China was approximately 3.0% of the forested area. The underlying causes of deforestation are,however,poorly understood.In this paper,the correlation between deforestation in China and 9 socioeconomic variables is analyzed,and the result shows that there are significant correlations between deforestation and some variables.In China,forest products per unit forest area have the greatest effects on deforestation rate. Our analyses reveal several possible causes of deforestation such as overpopulation, cyclical economic fluctuation and errors in policy,and show that strong domestic demand for timber and fuel-wood and charcoal owing to overpopulation and economic development is the principal cause of high deforestation.According to previous deforestation studies, policy factor deserves greater attention. Our studies have important policy and managementimplications,and advocate that some measures should be adopted in order to slow down the declining tendency of forest resources in China.

The development of minority nationality regions and impoverished regions is an important part of coordinated regional development in China.This paper first examines the effects of relevantpolicies and analyses the developmentprospects of these regions. On the basis of the above analysis,major strategies are put forward,such as to improve the living standard of local residents,to pay closer attention to environmental and ecological protection,to strengthen the intranational and international cooperation,etc. Finally,in order to improve the the effects of regional policies,poverty-relief strategies in major regions are discussed respectively.

Cartographic visualization is one of the focuses of cartography,and is now attracting more and more attention. The paper gives the definition of cartographic visualization in the beginning,and then presents some characteristics of cartographic visualization. The diagram of cartographic visualization research is putforward in the most important part of this paper,which includes six parts. There are research on cartographic visualization variables,research on classification of cartographic visualization,research on spatial-temporal data structure and models,research on the impact of visualization and perception of visualization,research on virtual reality,research on spatial cognition and the communication of spatial information. In the end,a case study on Beijing 3D terrain is introduced.

This paper studied the tourism development in China,which is a macroscopic social and historical phenom enon,from the point of view of tourism geography and historical geography.Around the central view of the change of the relationship between human being and geographical environment,the author,at first,divided the history of China's tourism developm ent into some particular periods,according to the difference of the dominant factors and their values and goals,which decided their tourism. Then, relevantly,advanced a new opinion of evolutionary pattern of types of the tourist area in China,this is: 1. the period of trade and knowledge——the type of economic places and cities by travelling; 2.the period of worship and achievement——the type of historical sites and sacred lands by visiting; 3. the period of aestheticismand empathy——the type of scenic spots and natural landscapes by sight-seeing; 4. the period of art and skill——the type of Chinese gardens by enjoying and appreciating; 5. the period of foreign countries-transplanting——the type of health resorts and entertainment by recreating; 6. the period of administration-leading——the type of sanatoriums and parks by resting; 7. the period of market-pushing——the type of holiday grounds and vacation lands by sporting; 8. the period of self-choosing——the type of ecological and natural reserves and wilderness areas by exploring.

As the typical representative of mixed zone of agriculture and husbandry in arid and semi-arid region,Yulin Prefecture not only has its special spatial pattern in physical geography,butalso has typical characteristics of fragile ecosystemand differentiation rule in ecology.This paperapplied the basic theory and method of landscape ecology to analyze the landscape pattern of fragile environment in this area.The driving forces of ecological differentiation in this region are also identified quantitatively.At last the differentiation dynamics of landscape ecology in the regional ecosystemare studied.

This paper deals with the concept,formulation and a case study of integrated model of sustainable water resources planning. Water resources development involves multiple objectives,which often conflict with each other and are not commensurable.In general,they are identified as social objective,economic objective,and environmental objective.Social and economic developm ent demands more water supply,and produces more waste,which has negative impacts on the environment.Environment deterioration will thwart economic growth and social progress.Economic development will make it possible to invest more money in environmental improvement and to increase water supply. Sustainable water resources planning aims to achieve a balane between these needs.The goal of this paper is to develop a model framework,which can assistin model design for sustainable water resources planning. Mathematically,an integrated model of sustainable water resources planning is a multiobjective programming model,which has maximum social,economic and environmental benefit objectives,subjectto a series of constraints.As to a specific region, sustainable water resources development means the soical-economic-environmental-water resources system develops in a harmony and ordered state.The model,which integrates water resources system state equation,environmrnt system state equation and macro-economic state equation,among other constratints can regulate the system to the designed goals while maintaining its performance within a specified range. In the case study,maximum GDP(Gross Domestic Production) and minm um COD (Chemical Oxygen Dissolution) discharge are designed as economic and environmental objectives respectively,and water resources budget equation,integrated enlarged reproduction and input-output equation,and stream flopw COD load equation etc are embedded as constraints. The sector output-value and allocation of fixed capital investment between economic sectors are decision variables.A water resources decision support system(WRDSS) is developed to gegerate solution to the model.Application of the WRDSS shows that the system can properly demonstrate macroeconomic state and environmental state under various water resources development policies and can assist decision-makers in evaluating water resources planning programs.

By the analysis of the plane and section form of stream channel,the channel pattern changing in a downstream direction,the feedback each other between aggradation and elongation of channel,the growth and decline of estuarine barrier bar,and the geomorphic process of delta coastof erosion retreat pattern in the lower Yellow River,the paper brings out:(1) the function of self-adapting environment and the self-organizing behaviours of fan-delta system,which are divided into two kinds,linear and non-linear; (2) the multi-level character of the behaviours and the entirety of its functional effect on system;and (3) the cycle nature of order changing by self-organization,involving autocycle and allocycle. The analysis indicades thatthe self-organizing behaviour of fan-delta system is perfect for dispensing uniformly sediment over the surface of alluvial fan-delta as well as on delta coast zone.Three management countermeasures for the lower Yellow River are suggested:(1) long term warping in the downstream direction in a planned way,(2) arranging the flow path of the main river on the delta in a planned way,(3) as a perspective mouth rivercourse,arranging the reach ofthe Yellow River below Qinghezhen through Tuhai He river to empty itself into the Bohai sea.These are a fundamental way out for handling sediment issue of the lower Yellow River.And they are also the basic measures for eliminating flood hazard of the lower Yellow River by turning an abrupt change into a progressive change and turning bane into boon.And they are also the major measures for this area to turn into a sustainable development.

Peatland of Yangmu in Mishan region is located at 45°34′N,132°23′E. 5 spore pollen zones are divided throngh the spore pollen analysis. The change process of paleovegetation and paleoclimate was obtained. Warm-inclined broad-leaved forest predom inated in the environment of warm climate with a little dry climate before 3400 a B.P..Deciduous broad-leaved and conferous mixed forestpredominated,in which Pinus, Picea and Abies were main speries,together with wet meadow in the environiment of the cool and wet climate during 3400～1940 a B.P..Deciduous broad-leaved and coniferous mixed forest predominated in the environmentof dry and warm climate from 1940 to 1090 a B.P..Broad-leaved forest was predominant,and the climate was the warm and wet from 1090～545 a B.P..Bog m eadow predominated when the climate changed to cool and dry from 545 a B.P.. The compostion of the upper part of the 143～125 cm peat profile presented the cold period in the early of Christian era through the mutual identification between the records of historical material such as spore pollen,magnetization rate,organic matter,and archaeology study.The composition of the parts of 125～85 cm and 85～38cm presented the warm climate in Nan Bei Dynasty and Sui-Tang Dynasty.Since 3400 a B.P.for the reason of frequent human activites in Mishan region,the amunt of cultural relics in Sui-Tang Dynasty increased,which represented thatancient man took much more woods from the forest,while it was in an environment of warm climate.

Snow samples recovered from seventy-three snow pits along the route of the 1996/1997 Chinese First Inland Traverse Expedition in Princess Elizabeth Land,Antarctica,have been measured for oxygen isotope ratio.Accumulation data along the route were also acquired by cane measurements.By analyzing the δ¹⁸O and accumulation data of the region,this paper first presents the climate features in Princess Elizabeth Land,Antarctica. The temperature and precipitation decrease with distance from the coastthough there are some differences between them.Then we try to discuss the influencing factors and mechanisms of temperature and precipitation variations with distance from the coast.

Coastal portresource is a kind of marine spatial resources and the material base for building port.Synthetical evaluation and effective utilization of coastal port reousrces is the premise to exploit the marine natural resources and develop regional economy.The study on the regional combination of coastal port resources is the prerequisite to develop and utilize coastal port resources more systematically.In this paper,the authors made a synthetical evaluation on the coastal resources in Liaoning province based on type of water front,quantity,quality,regional system,and currentstate of development.Espically,by applying AHP,the authors recived the array of the coastal portresources quality.Then, the basic theory of regional combination of coastal port resources was expounded.On the basis of the research above mentioned,the coastal port resources in Liaoning province were divided into four regional combination zones——the northern of the Yellow Sea,the southern tip of Liaodong Peninsula,the top of Liaodong Bay and the western tip of Liaodong Bay.The presentsituation,the main problems and the countermeasures ofevery regional combization zone were given.

The writer of the paper divides karst regions of South China into three most typical and basic kinds of man-land systems,namely,poor karst mountain areas,karst basins,town area in the valley and karst tourist areas. The division is based on the regional interconnections of different environments with different karst topographical structure,population composition,psychological behaviour,economic growth,utilization form of natural resources and living conditions.Through the discussion on the forming causes,developmental course,structural characteristics,and the present situatin of these three man-land systems,the author indicates that the ecological environment of the karst region in South China,which is one of the regions with a tense man-land relation,has come to the verge of ecological environment destruction because of unreasonable exploitation and utilization for quite a long time. Main solutions to the problems in differentkinds of man-land systems have been putforward at the end of the paper.

With reforming and opening policy,our cities,like those in many other developing countries,are expanding. Both constructive land and arable land are short. In order to well carry out prime land planning,especially in the suburb area,and coordinate the contradiction between the two kinds of land,the thesis discusses Constructive land suitability evaluation system. During the research and practice,we chose Hanshan district of Handan city as a study area.Through sorting and analyzing the data from the research region,we put forward the principal classification factors. Supported by GIS,a kind ofevaluation index system forconstructive land and the working procedure were obtained. Atthe same time,constructive land suitability evaluation for the research region was conducted.We probed into a setof convenientand practicable working skills in using the software of Idrisi. It can be seen that constructive land suitability evaluation system can be used,not only for solving the problems in current land use practice,but also for planning control.

There are two ways to achieve Geo-information sharing:data transformation and GIS interoperability. Data transformation is an approach which mainly focuses on the data integration,but GIS interoperability implies that both data with different formats and data structures and processing resources related to the data can be sharable.Mutual access to data and processing resources are the basic characteristics of GIS interoperability. GIS interoperability stresses semantic interoperability. Based on client/server,object-oriented,component and driver technology,the architecture of GIS interoperability has been presented.There are many key aspects in this architecture:communication protocol, specification,requests and answers,API and driver.

Many kinds of area features tend to distribute in clusters in map sheets.These clusters usually impress map reader with the concentration of map features.When a generalized map is derived froma detailed map,the pattern and characteristics of cluster distribution should be maintained to some extent.This paper discusses the method of identification and generalization of clusters and regular structural units by mathematical morphology.Clusters are identified based on two criteria,i.e.,proximity between features inside clusters and the ratio between distances inside and outside cluster.Further more,neighboring features with similar size,spacing and orientation are identified as regular structural units inside clusters.After cluster identification,regular structural units are generalized in a way to maintain their characteristic pattern on size,spacing and orientation.Other features inside clusters are generalized associated with theircontext,so thatthe general characteristics and distribution of clusters are maintained.

Knowledge economy is a higher stage of economy development.The coming of knowledge economy provides many new study topics for economy geography,such as the organization of knowledge economy,the distribution of information industry,the distribution of high and new technology industry,the globalization of economy and the regional innovation environment,etc.Knowledge economy also makes economy geography to be more open to government,enterprises and other disciplines,in order to obtain more comprehensive information and knowledge abouteconomy and be more powerful to provide information and consultation for government and enterprises.

Faced with the reality of Geography in China falling into a woeful predicament, and after analyses the cause that leads to this case,the author argues that effective solution is to promote the standard of theory research of geography,to alter its system,to integrate the theory with practice,to activate the role of geographical research acts in helping decision making and finally,to rectify the direction and orientation of geographical research.

In the west of Songnen Plain, the saline-alkali degree is high in saline water-body and marsh where pH value is generally over 8 0, and the chemical type of water is HCO₃^2- -Na⁺. Through analysis on the basic saline-alkali variables such as O₃^2-, HCO₃^2-, Cl^-, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, SO₄^2-, Na⁺ etc. and the composed variables such as (Cl^-+SO₄^2-)/HCO₃^2- and Na⁺/(Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺), the relationships between different variables were found, and the discriminating function and critical region map were got basing on the pH value, by which the significant study method on saline-alkali water-body was attempted.

There are various regional models of agriculture integration fitting into different economic levels and different development phases. Based on the information obtained from investigation, this paper gives an approach to the regional model of agriculture integration in more developed rural areas by taking Haian County of Jiangsu Province as an example. Firstly, the paper traces the evolution track (the diversified farming-the forming of leading sectors agriculture integration) of agricultural development in Haian. Then, it is pointed out that the fowls eggs and cocoon silk have become leading sectors and the basic regional model of agriculture integration in this county may be described as "market+intermediary organizations+farmers". Both leading sectors possess the following advantages: ① effectively use of local natural and social resources; ② expanding market demand of their products; ③ wide range of forward, backward and side linkage with other economic sectors; and ④ substantial increase in farmer's income. The features of the above mentioned regional model of agriculture integration are as follow: ① agricultural production specialization; ② agglomerative scale economy; ③ regionalized agricultural allocation; ④ socialized agricultural services; ⑤ marketing networks; and ⑥ benefit community of participants.

Since the conception of sustainable development was advanced, its basic meaning has been extensively accepted. Sustainable development is a focus that all social circles pay close attention to it. In general, sustainable development is to satisfy the needs of contemporary era, but not to damage the requirement of later generations. It is quite evident that we should correctly handle the issues of inter-era relationship. In this paper, the authors have discussed the kernel idea and the basic principles of sustainable development, the state of inter-era environmental conflicts and problem solving principles. Using the judging model and the methods of cost of the user, the authors also made a preliminary approach to the interera fair by calculating the coordinated degree and accounting the resources' depletion of Tangshan City. Through thinking over the costs of resources and environment, we should keep a high economic growth for contemporary generation and not to damage the benefits and living rights of the later ages. From the interera fair, if the economic activities have resulted in serious environmental pollution and ecological damage, the limited environmental and resources' capital would be depleted. According to the cases' analysis, the relationship between the social-economic development and the environment in different regions of China is generally in discoordinated or weak coordinated state. In ecofragile areas, the situation is worse. It is in the exploring stage to account the depletion of the resources and the loss of the environmental pollution impartially. There are many issues remained to be solved in the future.

In this paper, comparison and analysis were conducted on the variation of residential selenium nutrition status in low selenium belt in China for the recent 20 years, and the cause of variation was probed. The primary results were: since 1974~1976, selenium nutrition level of crowd in low selenium belt had been obviously improved. Generally, the improving extent of selenium nutrition status in areas where rapid economic development was withessed, but selenium nutrition status still maintained in a lower level in remote poverty-stricken areas. Changes of selenium nutrition level in crowd were inequilibrium. Incidence of selenium responsive diseases was high in areas where people's hair selenium contents were less than 0 100 μg/g in a big proportion, and patient's condition had been mainly controlled in areas where lots of people's hair selenium contents were more than 0 150 μg/g, then disease affected areas eliminated naturally. Moreover, development of economy, material exchanges into and from diseases areas, adjusting food compositions and exogenous selenium input were the main reasons for the raising of residential selenium nutrition levels. Keshan disease and Kaschin-Beck disease would be basically controlled with the continuous raising of residential selenium nutrition levels in China.

The farming-pastoral transitional zone in northern China is an active geographic phenomenon in historical times. It not only shows the occupational alternation between farmers of the Han nationality and herders of minority nationalities, but also reveals the shifting of combined terrain sharp in economy and culture. The transition zone is based on the climatic condition in terms of the natural background, and reflects the social-economic patterns in a special natural condition of semi-humid zone to arid zone. It has to change its terrain sharp when the climate shifts. After all, the farming-pastoral transitional zone results from the interaction of natural condition with human society, and is affected by a number of elements from the two sides. This paper examines four cases in historical period, which happened in the process of climate dropping to cold and dry, and tries to analyze what come up in the transitional zone with climatic changes. The emperor of Northern Wei Dynasty, Xiaowendi, moved his capital southward from Pingcheng to Luoyang in A.D.493. The prosperous agricultural area surrounding the capital came down. Documentary evidences show that a continual drought from A.D.486~493 and cold, e.g. frost in July, were the main driving force to the decision-making of moving capital. The Horqin Sandy Land was an active agricultural region during the control times of Liao Dynasty, the 10th ~11th centuries. When N zhen nationality defeated the Liao Dynasty in the beginning of the 12th century, the agricultural area was totally given up. The desertification was serious at least in part of Horqin sandy area. No solid evidence of social side can explain the farming abandoned phenomenon which was resulted from an excessive reclamation. Considering the temperature dropped down in the beginning of the 12th century, it can be believed that the climatic change was the main force to result in the farming abandoned phenomenon. In the beginning of the 14th century the climate turned to cold. The main effects beyond the farming-pastoral transitional zone were the calamitous snowstorms. Numerous herders got away from their clans, and moved southward as refugees. The Yuan government spent lots of money and foodstuff to relieve them. The three Wuliangha tribes moved southward in the early decades of the 15th century. It induced a conflict between the shifting tribes and Ming Dynasty along the Great Wall. Evidence shows such war was based on the climatic change, because the three tribes had to find a new surviving room. The four cases happened in the same condition of climatic changes, but the changes of farming-pastoral transitional zone diverged in respective styles. It can be concluded that: 1) the climatic changes have impact on the shift of the farming-pastoral transitional zone; 2) the effects of impact come forth through a given social system, though in the same base of climatic condition; 3) the climatic changes can act as a trigger, which lights up a war, when the farming nationality confront with herding one along the transitional zone.

In order to analyze ecological values of a regional ecosystem, this paper provided a systematic analysis on the value of regional ecosystem services based on the concept of sustainable development in ecological economics. We have not only estimated the natural capital but also the economic capital and social capital in a regional ecosystem. The total capital of 23 ecosystems serves for 9 sub-ecosystems. There are several main appraisal approaches that could be used in ecosystem valuation. Because the regional ecosystem services are uncertain, this must be considered a minimum estimate. For the total capital, natural capital contributes to more than 1/3 of human welfare in the regional ecosystem every year, and therefore represents part of the total economic and social value. Sustainable development can only be achieved when natural capital is increased in a regional ecosystem.

The remarkable economic growth in China's coastal areas over the past twenty years, with an annual average GDP growth rate over 10%, has dramatically raised the standard of living of local people. However, this growth, combined with continued population growth, risen consumption levels, accelerated industrialization and urbanization process, has had a severe impact on the natural resources and environment. The PRED (population, resources, environment and development) problems are likely to restrain the future development of these areas unless they are seriously considered. The purpose of this paper is to assess the sustainable development capacity of the coastal areas which consist of 12 provincial level regions: Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi and Hainan. Some 48 indexes in 17 aspects are chosen as the original evaluation variables. Using the factor analysis method, the author reduces the 48 variables to 5 factors: (1) comprehensive economic capacity, social capacity, science and technology innovation capacity; (2) industrial capacity; (3) agricultural capacity; (4) environment supporting capacity; (5) resource supporting capacity. The 5 new comprehensive indexes whose cumulative percent of variance is 86.12% contain the most part of the original variables' information. According to the comprehensive value of the factors, the sort of the regions' sustainable development capacity from high to low is: Shanghai(1.016 457), Beijing(0.507 079), Tianjin(0.367 455), Zhejiang(0.186 854), Guangdong(0.132 358), Fujian(0.109 803), Jiangsu(0.008 152), Shandong(-0.076 96), Hebei(-0.255 969), Liaoning(-0.542 996), Hainan(-0.712 404), Guangxi(-0.738 82).

Few researchers have been involved in the study of the potentiality of wasteland reclamation of China's abandoned mining areas in a systematic way. According to field investigations, 14 sub-factors in 4 categories including soil (such as soil depth, quality, organic compound content, water content, pH value, harmful elements content etc), topological remolding (such as ground gradient, ground damage degree, difficulties in ground rehabilitation), climate and hydrology (such as average cultivated lands, average net income and regional locational condition), and further dividing into 6 gradations are identified as natural and socioeconomic aspects that influence the potentiality of wasteland reclamation of the abandoned mining areas. The corresponding values and ranges of the potential value and range of each gradation are established by using the hierarchical analysis and expert assessment methods. An application in Jiaodian Village (located at Pingdingshan city in Henan Province) is given to exemplify the detailed process and method for the assessment of the wasteland reclamation potentiality of China's mining areas, which serves as a reference for the potential assessment on the wasteland reclamation of China's mining areas.

For the traditional method of retrieved land surface temperature (LST) using multichannel thermal infrared information, it is very difficult to improve the accuracy of LST because of the high correlation among the channels, furthermore, the component temperature can not be retrieved. Based on directional law of thermal infrared radiance of non isothermal mixed pixel, the directional model of continuous vegetation has been established and the relationship between the component effective emissivities and variables has been simulated by Monte Carlo method in this paper. Results show the thermal infrared radiance of non isothermal continuous vegetation is the function of the component temperatures T_v, T_s, leaf area index (LAI), leaf angle distribution (LAD), the single leaf emissivity ε_v(θ) and soil surface emissivity ε_s(θ).The variables left to be retrieved are only T_v, T_s, LAI and T_v(0).Theoretically, if we take advantage of four data from different viewing angles, the four variables including the component temperatures would be inversed due to the low correlation among the thermal infrared information of different viewing angles. Except the data from the vertical viewing angle, the other three data used for retrieved component temperatures should be limited to a range of 30 to 50 degrees.

Based upon the experimental study on bed-making of wandering braided river channel by using process-response model method, both the spatial and temporal channel evolution processes are analyzed. It is found out that the spatial and temporal processes can substitute each other by comparing the horizontal processes and the variations of variables of river channel system. Thus, the existence of ergodic hypothesis in laboratory which provides a new evidence for the hypothesis. Based upon this finding, the complex response can be subdivided into spatial complex response and temporal complex response according to the objective situation, and the concept of temporospatial complex response is consequently put forward and verified with the experimental data. In fact, S.A.Schumm and Jiongxin Xu have only studied the temporal complex response, but rarely mentioned the spatial complex response. Experimental study illustrates that there is a temporal complex response in the same region at different stages and a spatial complex response at the same time in different regions under certain conditions. Temporal complex response is often and firmly related to spatial ones and can be substituted for another one according to the ergodic hypothesis, and vice versa. It is so called temporospatial complex response.

Wetlands are the most productive ecosysterms which provide functions of hydrology, water quality, food chain and habitats. They also possess social and economic values. Their majar hydrological function is flood-control, including flood storage, cutting flood peak down, flood detection, and reducing erosion. In this paper we analyse and estimate quantitatively the flood-control functions of the East Dongtinghu Wetland applying GIS, remote sensing data, mathematic simulation, statistical analysis, spacial calculation. The methods for evaluating the flood-control functions of wetlands are provided. The area of the East Dongtinghu Wetland occupies 87.9% of the whold East Dongting Lake basin. The water storage occupies 80% of the lake's total. Because of human reclamation and silt deposition, the flood-control functions are declining quickly.

The Yarlung Zangbo Daxiagu (Grand Canyon) is the largest canyon in the world and is located at the easternmost of the Himalayas in Tibet, China. This area remains in its natural and original environment because of scarcy population sparseness and harsh terrains. This paper evaluates the hydrologic features and water environment of the Canyon based on the background data obtained during the 1998's scientific expedition to this area. Some suggestions for conservation are also discussed.

Tibet is one of the regions that possesses the richest natural resources in China, but its eco-environment is fragile, and its economic development is so far still backward. This article holds that in order to protect and improve eco-environment, to to get rid of poverty and backwardness, and become prosperous, it is necessary to change the patterns of traditional industrial development, to take the way for sustainable industrial development, to strive to accomplish resourcefuliation, characterization, socialization and ecologicalization of industries, to ensure benign circulation of the unique plateau ecosystems, to exploit rationally the plentiful resources, and to speed up modernizational process of the regional sustainable development.

Hydrological analysis of precipitation-runoff routing process in watershed is of very importance. Based on the grid system in GIS, the precipitation-runoff routing was numerically simulated with the computer through a series of related data sets making use of DEM's function to provide topographic features. It makes overland flow in the spatial range of a watershed be traced with the correct hydrological sequence and the hydrological computation rank of the runoff path in the watershed be determined of a spatial range. This provides spatial analysis basis for the modeling research based on the precipitation-runoff relation in the watershed. Finally the research achievement was applied in the Huangjiaercha small watershed, the simulation technique was verified to have a definite reliability and practicability.

The islands in the South China Sea were landed and named by ancient Chinese people 2000 years ago. However, few island's names were noted down in the official books and maps, and local folk toponyms recorded in Geng Lu Bu, a navigation guidebook composed by the ancient fishermen of Hainan Island, had no remarks on official maps. Following the mid 19th century, the foreign imperial its powers such as the Great Britain, United States, Germany etc, entered the South China Sea and practiced surveying and mapping, naming most of the islands in their respective languages. Lacking native actual survey maps, large numbers of exonyms from sea-chart in foreign languages, mainly in English were adopted on native maps and books in Chinese, most of the island names were transliteration or free translation from foreign forms. The first published official names by the Commission on Examination of Land and Water Maps of the Public government in 1935 mainly adopted the foreign-source names. The second published names list by the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1947, added some new island names and modified several translated words, still continued the foreign influence. The third official list published by the China Committee on Geographical Names in 1983 adopted large numbers of local folk names and standardized the place names, but conceded most translation in 1947. Therefore,a valuable opportunity of correcting foreign-source island names was passed. Concluding the above discussed, the toponymists would pay much attention to modify the stipulations of place names, especially the naming on island names sourced from exotic words, with clear identification to their history and influence long continued.

By using index of globalization and statistical data, this paper explores the regional patterns of globalization in China. Results indicate that the coastal and southern regions (especially the three provincial level municipalities——Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin) had higher level of globalization than other part of China. Regression analysis further shows that globalization had stronger impact on regional economic development in the relatively well industrialized regions than others. The impact of globalization on regional economic development could be seen in many aspects, including economic growth, technology transfer, management, and structural changes. Evidence also proves both positive and negative impact. Case study from a less developed rural county located in central China shows that the negative impact should not be ignored even in the region in which the globalization is at a very low level.

Natural rivers may be classified into two categories, natural permanent rivers and natural seasonal rivers. However, due to strong human activities, some permanent rivers in north China have been changed into seasonal rivers, and the most striking examples are the lower Yellow River and other major rivers in North China Plain. These rivers can be regarded as a new category of rivers, and are termed "man induced seasonal river" in the present study. To elucidate the formation of man induced seasonal rivers, this paper first discusses the conditions for the formation of natural permanent and seasonal rivers, including the influences of climate, topography, vegetation and lithology. The factors responsible for the formation of man induced seasonal rivers can be divided into two classes; the first are specific natural settings and the second are unreasonable human activities. In zones with some specific combinations of natural factors, the transformation from permanent to man induced seasonal rivers is most likely to occur. These zones can be regarded as susceptible zones of man induced seasonal rivers. In the present study, three susceptible zones of man induced seasonal rivers have been identified, i.e., the transitional zone from arid to semi arid climates, the zone of "hanging river" development, and the zone with unbalanced land water coupling. To a great degree, the formation of man induced seasonal rivers in these susceptible zones is the result of the excessive water diversion by man for irrigation and other water demands during low water seasons. In these susceptible zones, deforestation may also lead to the transformation from permanent to seasonal rivers. This study shows that the major man induced seasonal rivers in Chian such as the lower Yellow River and Haihe River and some of their tributaries are all located in these susceptible zones.

The spatial distribution of plague foci and plague affected areas in China are studied by GIS spatial analysis methods. The results show that there are two uncontinuous plague foci belts in South and North China. The total plague foci cover an area of about 126 km², but the plague-affected areas are doubled. Due to the impact of natural environment and human socio-economic activities, the ratio of the plague foci covered area to the plague affected areas is significantly higher in South China than in North China. Then using the historical data of plague and 10-year-interval data, the 150 years spread history of the plague epidemics in China is rebuilt.

In light with principles of landscape ecology, we divide Shoaly Land into four types: Mud Flat, Sand Beach, Bench, and Biologic Flat, and identify that this typical open system has six landscape ecological characteristics: fragile landscape, distinct edge effect, spatial agglomeration of physical elements, spatial dynamic movement, obvious heterogeneity, and spatial differentiation. In the end, we put forward some proposals for the development of Shoaly Land.

This thesis analyses the basic features and forming factors of the Huizhou settlement and traditional residence, deals with the relationship between the Huizhou cultural landscape and Huizhou geographical environment, and the traditional Chinese culture, and holds that harmony in Huizhou cultural landscape with its natural conditions plus human environment, especially the economic strength of Huizhou traders and Huizhou people's traditional ideas are the main factors affecting Huizhou cultural landscape and its inside information, and Huizhou cultural landscape is the reappearance of the traditional Chinese culture.

Traditional dwelling house have great prospects in tourism development. This paper, taking the world cultural heritagepingyao ancient city as an example, discusses tourism development of the traditional dwelling houses. After summarizing the present conditions and problems of Pingyao traditional dwelling houses, this paper evaluates their tourism values based on the architectural characteristics and co-existing cultural environment of these dwelling houses. Then it raises the principles and strategies on tourism development of the ancient city dwelling house. Finally, this paper discusses the functioning zones, puts forward the tourism development itesm and rpojects for Pingyao traditional dwelling houses and gives some suggestions on the financing and management of tourism development.

Tarim drainage basin refers to the total sum of all the stream systems which have natural and artificial hydraulic connection, especially the surface water connection, with Tarim River. Therefore, it should include the stream systems of Hotan River, Yarkant River, Aksu River, Ogan River, and Kaidu-Konqi River. The relation of the stream systems of Ogan River and Kaidu-Konqi River with the main stream of Tarim River is weak. So the other three stream systems that have a direct hydraulic connection with the main stream of Trim River are taken as the analytical objects in this paper. The annual and seasonal transformations from water resources utilization in the Tarim drainage basin are analyzed, which include the change of discharge and temporal and spatial distribution of runoff, etc. caused by sharply increased channeled water due to population growth and enlargement of irrigation area in recent 40 years. The results show that the runoff in the main stream of Tarim River is reducing year by year, its seasonal distribution is concentrated, and the concentrated period is lagging year by year due to the increase of water consumption at the upper reaches and decrease of water recharge to the lower reaches. These hydrological effects directly threaten the future of the irrigated areas and green corridor at the lower reaches of the Trim River, where the eco-environment is extremely fragile. Therefore, Tarim drainage basin must be managed in an overall planned way.

Within the field of chaos theory, several methods for the analysis of complex dynamical system have been proposed recently. In the light of these ideas and methods, we have analyzed the fractal and chaotic characteristics of the flood series in the Huaihe River Basin. The present paper follows our preceding research, quantitatively analyses dissipation of the flood series in the Huaihe River Basin be means of Lyapunov exponent spectrum with illustrates the average convergence and/or divergence near trajectories in phase space. The research shows that the Lyapunov exponent of the flood series in the Huaihe River Basin has positive and negative exponents, and zero as well. Furthermore, the total Lyapunov exponents is less than zero. That quantitatively demonstrates the flood system of the Huaihe River Basin is dissipative according to the dissipative theory by Prigogine and chotic characteristic according to the chaotic theory.The quantitative analysis to the dissipation of the flood series in the Huaihe River Basin demonstrates that the quantitative and nonlinear study in geographical system has begun, although geographical system is an open and very complex one. Apparently, it has positive significance to the quantitative and nonlinear study of geographical system.

Economic globalization and regional grouparization are the epochal characteristics in the world of today. In this paper the conception of group alienation has been posed by theoretical anylyses of group development and actural example analyses such as the disntegration of CMEA and interior conflict of North American Group. In explained that the group alienation appearance is not isolated and fortuitous, but was resulted from the inner contradiction evolvement of the group it self under a certain exterior condition. At the same time, the group alienation is a real reflection of country relation adjustment and the geopolitical strategy change in regional cooperation. Therefore, group alienation, the new phenomenon and new problem appeared in the regional cooperation at the present time, provided a series of new issues for studing national geogrphy, also aroused the theoretical thinking of disciplinary development, extending the study domain, deepening the study contents and developing the study method.