Fujian Province is situated in the southeastern part of coastal zone of China with favorite geographical location, abundant and various natural resources, large population but less land. Since reform and opening to the outside world, the province's economy has developed very fast with the extroverted and non public owned economy as main body, profiting from the exertion of locality and kinship advantages. The GDP of the province experienced an average growth rate of 13 8% from 1979 to 1998, which was one of the highest growth rates in China. However, a series of problems emerged during the rapid economic growth, such as the prominent inconsistency of economic structure, the lag of urbanization to the industrial growth, the imbalance and lack of coordination in the investment environment, the deterioration of ecology and natural resources, and the broadened gap of regional development. According to the request of sustainable development strategy, in the new century, Fujian Province should coordinate the relationships of economic and social development with the ecology and resources, try for a moderate high speed and sustained economic development, promote the upgrade and optimization of industrial structure, enhance the construction of infrastructure focused on transportation, further improve the investment environment and broaden the opening, exploit the natural resources rationally, reconstruct the environment to ensure the benign circulation of ecology, and reduce the regional development gap via multiple approaches such as policy support and regional economic association and cooperation.

The paper analyzes the environmental change in Bosten Lake since 1958 and points out the reasons in the context of both natural environment and human activities. In the last 40 years, the impacts of the natural factors on water level change is more than the contribution of human activities in the water level change; however, the water quality change is mainly influenced by human activities. The fact that Bosten Lake has become a salt water lake rapidly from a fresh water one is related to special geographical location of the Lake, but it mainly resulted from the reduction of Bosten Lake input amount and a great quantity of water from farmaland drained into the Lake, especially the latter. Farmland drainage is not only the direct reason leading to the increase in the mineral concentration of Bosten Lake, but also a key effect on the hydrochemical change and controls the formation of hydrochemical type of Bosten Lake water. Based on the above analyses, the paper further discusses the mechanism of the interaction between the environmental change of Bosten Lake and the environmental change of oasis in Yanqi Basin, and points out that over the last 10 years, the environmental change of oasis in Yanqi Basin has been sustainable. However, the sustainable development of the whole Basin's Yanqi environment depends largely on the reclamation scale of oasis. The appropriate scale of oasis reclamation in Yanqi Basin ensures the sustainable development of environment of both the Lake and oasis in the Basin.

Composition of modern pollen rains representing warm temperate and central Asia tropic zones has been obtained based on analysis of the year round aerial pollen samples and pollen samples in surface soils from Beijing, Yucheng and Taoyuan which are located in different climatic zones. Of them aeropollen assemblage can better reflect regional vegetation composition in contrast to surface soil pollen assemblages, and characteristics of regional pollen rain can be regarded as a mark to classify climatic zones. Analysis of pollen rain from eastern China also indicated that long distance pollen migration is closely related to East Asia mosoon, and pollen migration route reflects the trajectory of monsoon activities. Studies of pollen rain made it possible to further understand the relationships of pollen composition-vegetation-climate which will be helpful to conduct quantitative analysis on rehabilitation of vegetation and climate by means of pollen research.

One important role of high speed transportation network is to promote the spatial agglomeration of traffic flow, which leads to changes of spatial interaction. Air transportation in China grew rapidly in the past two decades and is playing more and more important roles in state transportation system. Due to the improvement of aviation service and the expansion of air transport network, the inter city linkages among domestic cities are getting enhanced, and hierarchical network is taking shape. In this paper, air passenger network in China is analyzed. The results of dominant flow analysis indicate that the air passenger flow between cities increased quickly in the past two decades, and “Hub and Spoke” network has been formed basically. Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai are the most important hubs in China's domestic air passenger network, and Urumqi and Kunming are important local hubs. According to the statistical analysis, the passenger flow between cities is closely related to the distance, urban scale, and urban function. In China, about 90% of domestic air passenger traffic takes place between cities where the inter city transport distance is less than 2 400 km. In order to raise the efficiency of air transportation system, it is very important to organize the passenger network between hub and local airports.

Looking from regional point of view and based on the analyses of the environmental regional structure and socioeconomic structure of coastal zone of Yellow Sea, this article discusses their interrelations and defines the leading direction on socioeconomic control for improving environmental quality in different regions.

This paper focuses on the discussion of the urbanization territorial modal of transport junction and its hinterland. Firstly, taking some cites as an example, the paper briefs the general characteristics of transport junction site. Then, it discusses dynamic mechanism between urban function formation and urban scale expansion, and capture process of hinterland and changes of urban region relationship. After that it summarizes a four phase dynamic model of urbanization development in transport junction and its hinterland. Finally the paper puts forward strategic trajectory and principal countermeasures for urbanization development in these regions.

Digital Earth can be understood as digitized reoresentation and the recognition for real earth and related, geo phenomena. Digital Earth consists of spatial information with different levels and application models with different objectives. It includes the establishment of base and thematic digital maps with global, national, regional and urban scales, and satellite image data with different resolution and various geo informations such as population, economy, society and their application systems. Geo informatic TuPu, as graphic representation of spatio temporal change of geo information, is an effective tool for the application of Digital Earth. “Tu”, in Chinese word, includes graphics, maps and images. The Chinese word “Pu” means the well regulated sequence arrangement of the congener things, such as spectrum, chromatogram. “TuPu” involves the characteristics of “Tu” and “Pu” at the same time. Geo information TuPu can not only reflect spatial distribution characteristics of geo phenomena and regional differences between them, but also reveal the deeper level rules related to the cause of formation, the process of evolution and morphology. Having the aid of computer visualization and Virtual Reality technology, TuPu can dynamically and muti dimensionally reveal the spatial temporal distribution and evolvement laws of all kinds of geo phenomena. In this paper, the technological system of Digital Earth and its significance, and the concept of Geo informatic TuPu are discussed firstly, then, the model of Geo informatic TuPu transmission is presented. On the basis of the above mentioned researches, the relationship between Digital Earth and Geo informatic TuPu is discussed. It reaches to the conclusion that the development of Digital Earth will provide with abundant information resources and strong technological support for Geo informatic TuPu researches, and the enforcement of Digital Earth strategy will supply Geo informatic TuPu. Geo informatic TuPu will be an improtant means of the use of Digital Earth, and its researches will greatly broaden the domain of the application and the research of Digital Earth.

The data of satellite remote sensing can provide real time information of the earth's surface accurately. Now the commercial satellites can provide the satellite images with the resolution between 10 meter and 1 meter. With those high spatial resolution images, shape features and texture features of the ground objects including large buildings of city, roads, rivers, lakes and other man made objects are very clear. With the characters of the high resolution satellite image, we will use the recognition of the type of water bodies as an example, begin with the extraction of the spectrum features of the ground objects from the satellite digital images, separate water bodies from background and recognize it through the classification of the image, implement the recombination of the pixels, then extract and describe the shape features of water bodies and implement the recognition of various water bodies on the partition of areas and the tracing of boundary. The experiments of the recognition of various types of water bodies on the satellite image prove this recognizing method is feasible with high spatial resolution satellite images.

From long term point of view, sediment delivery ratio of a drainage basin with a control degree reaching 70% can be reduced by around 50% in contrast to pre control conditions. The effect of erosion control is quite significant. In the management process, although delivery ratio drops considerably in comparison to pre control conditions, yet the previous retained sediment can still be carried, resulting in the situation of delivery ratio greater than 1 since erosive strength of rainstorm induced erosion is greater than project designed standard in a short spell following dike breach and scouring. In the loess plateau region, individual rainstorm event related delivery ratio under either pre or post control conditions in drainge system can be obtained by using runoff depth, and dynamic mechanism for changes of delivery ratio can be explained with shear force changes following fluctuations of runoff depth.

Molecular size distribution of water soluble organic matter (WSOM) and fulvic acid (FA) of soils sampled from eastern China were determined by gel chromatography. The spatial variation in molecular size distribution of WSOM and FA was analyzed. There is a decreasing trend in molecular size distribution of WSOM and FA, average molecular size decreasing from north east to south west in the study area. Precipitation and temperature were thought to be basic factors for this.

The Taibai Mountain, with an altitude of 3 767 m, is the highest peak of the Qinling Mountain Chain. There are many kinds of climates, abundant vegetation resources, and typical altitudinal belts of soils on the slopes of the Taibai Mountain. The variations in temperature, precipitation and vegetation type are caused by the descending altitude on the northern slope of the Taibai Mountain. In the middle zone, the vegetation type varies from the pure conifer forest to the mixed conifer and broad leaved forests. The climate on the middle zone of northern slope is frigid temperate monsoonal climate and temperate monsoonal climate. With the descending of altitude, vegetation varies from pure conifer forest zonation to conifer and broad leaved forest zonation. Great changes have taken place in the soil properties of this area. Abundent organic matter is contented in the Acid Udic Cambisols generated in the higher area. Compared with it, the Hap Udic Luvisols generated in the lower zone has less organic matter, but the structure of the organic matter is more complex. The claying horizon has formed in the Hap Udic Luvisols. The dissolution of the silicate mineral was accelerated because of the higher content and special composition of the organic matter under the conifer forest, then iron oxide was liberated and cheluviated to B horizon for enrichment. Environmental factors, such as temperature and precipitation influnce not only the formation and illuviation of clay, but also the content of Free and Amorphous Iron Oxides, the free degree, and activation degree. Judged from conformation of the iron oxides, combining the genetic characteristics, the tested soils are in the process of desalinization and silica alumina enrichment.

Based on the pollen analyses of Niya section which is located at southern margin of the Tarim Basin, this paper probes into the paleoenvironmental evolution during historical times （since about 4 000 a BP） in this district. The paleoenvironmental information stored in pollen assemblage coincides with that revealed by other geological indices, such as the ratio of geo chemical element, low frequency susceptibility and δ¹³C. The results show three relative humid periodes has been identified, i.e., about 3 600 a BP （1 650 BC）, 2 500～1 900 a BP （550 BC～50 AD） and 1 400～1 000 a BP （550～950 AD）, although the macro background of drought consecutively existed. This paper also reflects that （1） studies of pollen assemblage of arid area provide useful information on paleoenvironmental changes; （2） the two abnormal high values of Gramineae appeared at 1 70～1 60 m （100 BC～50 AD） in this section imply intensified human agricultural activities during this period; （3） what's more interesting is this period incarnates apparent relative humidity reflected by pollen data and other indices.

This paper focuses on stochastic parameter optimization for water quality model with simulated annealing algorithm (SA) which is discussed in detail. For comparison, genetic algorithm (GA) and steepest decent algorithm (SD) are also discussed. Simultaneously, the typical S P water quality model is adopted in a case study. Result of the case study shows that the stochastic optimization methods (SA and GA) are more effective than the other methods such as the steepest decent method. What are testified include not only in the aspect of theory but also in the case study, both SA and GA are able to reach the global optimal results. However, concerning SA and GA, GA is weaker in local optimization and spends more time in parameter optimization.

This paper develops a new framework of RMP for regional tourism development and planning. The model RMP framework consists of three key elements for regional tourism planning, which are Resource, Market, and Product, strongly emphasize that a tourism planner should have a comprehensive understanding these three determinants. The framework suggests that planners should research the resource basis of the region at first, then examine the characteristic of the market, and construct attractions, facilities and service for product spectrum building at last. The framework has been developed as an adaptation to current situation of China's tourism industry and has been implicated in the process of regional tourism planning in Luoyang city, one of the most famous Chinese ancient capital cities.

This paper carries out a systematical literature survey and critical review on the research progress of urban land use theories in the West, which are classified into historical morphological, locational economics, social behavior, and political economics by their research approaches. The historical morphological approach is good at exploring the spatial differentiation laws and the evolutionary models of urban land use, but its simple circular models are inconsistent with actual situation. The locational economics approach provides strong quantified economic explanation on the spatial structure of urban land use through deep decomposing the price components of urban land, but it pays more attention to “why” than to “what”. The behavior analysis approach becomes more comprehensive and practical because it additionally takes social driving forces into account, but it is based on the two concepts of “uncertainty” and “stochastity” of individual decision makers of land use, thus its theoretical explanation power is rather limited. The political economics approach focuses on the impact of the social production system and “power” on the process of urban land development, and greatly extends and enhances our understanding on inner dynamic mechanics of urban land development. Finally, this paper emphasizes that China should adopt and strengthen the application of locational economics and political economics approaches in its researches on urban land use in the future.

This paper reviews the recent progress in the study on the relationship between global warming and wetland ecological system from three aspects. (1) The wetlands are both sources and sinks of the major trace gases, such as CO 2, CH 4, N 2O, NOx etc., hence they have a close relation with greenhouse effect and contribute a great deal to the global warming. (2) Global warming will affect the areal extent and distribution of wetlands——although at present it is impossible to estimate future areal size and distribution of wetlands from climate change scenarios——and the cycling of carbon in wetlands. As a result some carbon sequestering wetlands might change from CO 2 sinks to sources due to a lowering of water table or temperature rise. The hydrological regime changes resulted from global warming and/or other disturbance that change the vegetation types in wetland areas will affect other wetland functions as well. (3) Wetlands are highly valued in many areas. The lack of data to fully address their responses to global warming/climate change calls for several areas of research in the future. These include site-specific experiments on the direct responses of trace gases on wetland ecological system, the feedback on climate by changes in trace gases flow from wetlands, models suitable for the study, comprehension study on this issue, and adaptation, conservation and rehabilitation of wetlands in response to global warming.

Land use is one complex system, which is affected by many factors, including both socio economic elements and natural resources and environment This paper firstly established a framework for macro analysis on the driving forces of land use change in China, in which economic welfare, environmental welfare, the need for food security and the advancement of science and technology are the main forces contributing to the land use changes Then the paper analyzed the basic contradictions in the land use change in recent years on the basis of current situation of land use and economic development in China In the third section, according to the analytical framework established firstly and the basic contradictions in the land use change, and on the basis of the land use data and other related socio economic documents in recent years, this paper analyzed and computed the indexes of the driving forces of the land use change and represented their spatial distribution in China By the distribution of these driving forces, the whole China can be seen as three distinct sub areas: Tibet southwest sub area, central northwest sub area and east sub area, each of which takes on different features in respect of the driving forces of land use changes As indicated in this paper, the economic welfare is the fundamental impetus to the land use changes, and the environmental welfare and the need for food security are also important factors in China The future land use change is ultimately decided by the performance of these factors and their interactions

Sustainable land use is one of the essential objectives of exploitation, utilization and protection of the future land resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) It is beneficial to revealing the structural characteristics of eco economic system of land use the situation among their subsystems to evaluate sustainable use of land resources aimed at its actual characteristics Furthermore, the scientific gist of making measures for strategic adjustment of land use and resettlement in the near future can be obtained by studying the ways and models of sustainable land use In this paper, the quantitative model for evaluation of sustainable land use is built Then based on the evaluation and analysis of sustainable land use potential and regional difference in TGRA, it is pointed out that the land use level as a whole are not only weakly sustainable, but also differs greatly in different regions Since there are a lot of impediment factors,therefore, the sticking point to make measures for land use is that the principles including adjustment measure to local conditions and guidance according to types must be complied, and the relationship among ecological rehabilitation,resettlement and economic development will be correctly disposed The main approach models inclucle four ways, namely,tree planting and of forestation, terracing slope land, optimizing structure and industrial breakthrough

To characterize the equilibrium extent of structure of urban land use, an index formula based on information entropy is advanced as follows: J=-∑NiP i log P i/ log N In the formula,P i=A i/A=A i/∑NiA i,where A is the area of urbanized area of a city, A i is the land area of a certain function type,and N is the number of land function types Correspondingly, the difference of an index is defined as I=1-J,which can be used to reflect the inequality of urban land use When information entropy is generalized to describe the spatial morphology of urban land use by means of making ‘nets’ on maps,information dimension as one of the fractal dimensions can be computed to qualify the spatial patterns of urban land use .

Some problems in the global climate studies are discussed in this manuscript Special attention was given to the debates on global warming Although it is widely accepted that the anthropologic greenhouse effect would be responsible for the recent global warming, there are always unceasing skepticism Numerous evidences show that it is indubitable on the climate warming itself The global surface air temperature has increased by 0.4-0.8℃ since the mid 19th century Substantial changes associated with the climatic warming also occurred during the past century These related transformations have been observed in the ocean temperature, atmospheric temperature, reconstructed temperatures from the evaluation of mountain snowlines and borehole thermometry, land snow cover, sea ice cover and the mountanious glaciers It is found that 1998 is the warmest year on records during the past 150 years Global averaged annual temperature in 1998 is 0.55℃ above the mean of 1961-1990 The linear warming trend for the 20th century is 0.066℃ /10a The 1990s (with the anomaly of +0.35℃ ) is the warmest decade not only in the 20th century but also in the past 500 years and maybe even in the last millennium After all, the global warming in the 20th century is an explicit fact, whereas there are doubts on which factor should be responsible for it Anthropologic factor may be the most important reason, at least, may be one of the most important factors if there are some other crucial causes To some degree, the sciences of climate change benefit from the debates on the global warming , since there are increasing concerns and demands for a better understanding of the climate system (including their natural variability and their interaction with the human induced greenhouse effects) Unfortunately, the debates and some related conclusions are no more “pure” scientific questions, but political affairs.

The spatial variability of soil properties is very important to agriculture, soil quality assessment, sustainable development and global change research Geostatistics is a means of spatial variability, spatial structures and spatial prediction that is used widely for soil properties overseas However, this kind of research was started relatively late in China On the other hand, our research on soils paid more attention to chemical and biological properties than to physical properties This paper aimed to study spatial distribution characteristics of soil depth in China, especially that of physical ones using Geostatistics and Geographic Information System, and provide raster data for global change research This paper built the China Soil Geographic Database which includes soil physical and chemical properties database and 1 627 soil samplers database by data from the second national soil surveys and primarily studied the spatial distribution characteristics of the thickness of soil layer using GIS and Geostatistics The spatial distribution features were quantitatively described by semi variogram Based on the semi variogram, the maps illustrating soil thickness are made by ordinary Kriging with cell of 30km×30km Soil thickness being studied has relatively good spatial structures, and their experimental semi variogram could be fitted by exponential model with nuggets And optimal interpolation could be done depended on the semi variogram features Basically, the experimental semi variogram of soil properties being studied increases with increasing lag distance to approach or attain a maximum The range of soil thickness semi variogram is up to 680km, which is consistent with average distances among patches with the same feature in the distribution maps This indicates the significant trend known as “drift” in distribution maps

The data used in this paper are collected during four field surveys, in which measurements at various stations (Fig 1) have been carried out The measurement periods cover December 18-19, 1982 (dry season, spring tide), September 7, 1983 (flood season, spring tide), July 29, 1988 (flood season, spring tide) and December 24, 1988 (dry season, spring tide) Analysis was done by combining the observed data with research results of others According to calculated values of the dominant flow, the Changjiang Estuary can be divided into three types of sections with different characteristics The first is mainly influenced by river flow, or ebb dominant flow section; the second is mainly influenced by tidal flow, or flood dominant flow section; and the third section is dominantly influenced by the density flow In areas with ebb dominant flow, the residual sediments from upper lager to lower layer transport seaward; in areas with flood dominant flow the residual sediments from upper layer to lower layer transport landward; and in reaches with density flow dominated section, the residual sediments transport to the upper layer, which would be carried seaward with the outflowing river water, but in the lower layer it is done in the flood direction Moreover, there are other forms to transport residual suspended sediments: Sediment exchange between channel and tidal flat is caused by horizontal circulation flows Sediment of the North Branch has turned to the South Branch and sediment of the South Passage has turned to the North Passage According to the depositional areas and under water depositional morphology, four types of deposition are :dentified:1)Underwater sandbank formed by diversion of flood and ebb flow; 2)in areas with dense flow dominated section, due to the mixtrue of salt and fresh water formed the turbidity maximum, the mouth bars have the same location as the turbidity maximum; 3)the deposition of the large amount of the suspended sediment is growing into huge submerged delta out of the estuary; 4)and the marshes developed by the horizontal circulation of flow and sediment transport at the channel tidal flat systems

Lancang River is a mountain river Its river boundary is mainly composed of bedrocks and the alluvial material can only be found in a few slightly wide reaches Generally, suspended load is in unsaturated state, and bed load becomes important sediment movement Owing to lack of real bed load data, it is very difficulty to study scouring and silting changes of the Lancang River In this paper, we use the survey data of the individual sections and compare their areas at different durations, then analyze their correlation to the coefficient of incoming sediment The results show that: (1) change amplitude of scouring and silting is not great, the accumulated change amplitude of Yunjinhong section during more than 20 years is only 20.2m²and of Jiuzhou section is only 2.05m²(2) there is a kind of, but not very good correlation of change amplitude of scouring and silting to coefficient of incoming sediment When the coefficient of the incoming sediment increases, silting happens, conversely, scouring happens Based on these results mentioned, the future development tendency of scouring and silting changes is also studied Two possibly happened environmental changes are considered in the study, increase of the incoming sediment caused by increasing human activities and a series of water conservancy projects will be built Because changing direction of these two is inverse each other, the scouring and silting change of the Lanchang River is approximately the same to the present situation .

Comprehensive survey and analysis of the headwaters of the Mekong River by use of GPS, GIS and SRS show that the source of the Mekong River is the Zha'aqu River which starts from the terminal of a small glacier on the Guozongmucha Mountain in Zaduo County, Qinghai Province The altitude of the source is 5244m, lying between 94°41′44″E and 33°42′31″N The Mekong River flows through six Asian countries and ranks as the 12 th largest river in the world From the source to its first convergence of bigger tributaries of Zha'aqu River and Zha'naqu River, Ganasongduo ( 94°36′40″E and 33°12′33″N ), the Zha' aqu River has a length of 101.1km, a drainage area of 2634 0km²and a discharge of 117.4m3 /s which was measured on July 12, 1999 From Zhanahuohuozhudi ( 93°52.926′E and 33°16.534′N ) to Ganasongduo, the Zha'naqu River has a length of 93 0km, a drainange area of 1999 3km²and a discharge of 32.3m³/s which was measured on July 12, 1999 At the joint ( Ganasongduo ), the current direction of the Zha'naqu River is from west to east and the Zha'aqu River is from north to south After jointing, the river is called Zaqu River and It's current direction is nearly from north to south The run of the Zha'aqu River is similar to that of the Zaqu From Ganasongduo to Changdu in Tibet Autonomous Region, the Zaqu River is 518 km in length Down from Changdu to the outlet of the river inside China, the river is called Lancangjiang River, which has a drainage area of 167487km², a length of 2161km and a mean annual discharge of 2180m³/s

Along with the changes of glbal climate and intensification of human interference capacity to nature, water cycle in catchment evolvement from unitary natural pattern to dual dynamic pattern made up of original natural water cycle and artificial water cycle, and intrinsic water resources status change greatly So it is very important to study water resources bearing capacity in dual water cycle pattern According to characteristics of water resources bearing capacity, this paper establishes imitate model with system dynamics theory The model consists of modules about water resources exploitation,industry,agriculture,population and environment, which are integrated with a group of dynamic equations such as level equation,rate equation, assistant equation and so on And then programme in DYNAMO language is worked out After inputting original data and various velocities of variables, one can get water resources bearing capacity at varying development schemes Finally by applying the model to study water resources bearing capacity in Guanzhong region of Shaanxi province where water resource is inadequate lack, water resources bearing capacity indexes at four different schemes are, obtained from that acquires the satisfaction scheme which can promote coordinated development of society,economy and environment In natural and manpower dual water cycle patterns, comparing system dynamics with other methods, the former is easier to get regional water resources bearing capacity of vary schemes, the calculation results are much more represented, and can factually simulate harmoneous development status among society,economy and environment It is thus innovative and maneuverable to study water resources bearing capacity with system dynamics

A 107cmlong lake core was drilled in the South Hongshan Lake (35°10′N, 80°04′E, 5060m asl) and cut in the laboratory with an interval of 1 cm. From the core, four species of Ostracoda which belong to 4 genera have been identified. These species are Limnocythere inopinata (Baird), Leucocythere mirabilis Kaufmann, Ilyocypris biplicata (Baird) and Eucypris inflata (Sars). According to Ostracoda distribution in the core, five Ostracoda assemblages can be distinguished as follows: (1) Ilyocypris biplicata-Limnocythere inopinata assemblage; (2) Limnocythere inopinata-Leucocythere mirabilis assemblage, in which the dominant species is Leucocythere mirabilis; (3) Leucocythere mirabilis-Limnocythere inopmata assemblage, in which the dominant species is Limnocythere inopinata; (4) Eucypris inflata-Limnocythere inopinata assemblage; and (5) single species Limnocythere inopinata assemblage. Based upon the ecological characters of Ostracoda species, variations of Ostracoda assemblages, sediment ages and sedimentary features, the environmental evolution of the South Hongshan Lake in the past 150 years may be preliminarily inferred. From 1853 to 1884 A.D., Assemblage I was dominant in the core. Most of the species were Ilyocypris biplicata , which lived in shallow and running water environment. It implied that the South Hongshan Lake was a shallow water lake, into which slow running water flowed. Assemblages II and III appeared during1885-1970 AD. Limnocythere inopinata and Leucocythere mirabilis were dominant with big abundance. The occurrence of plenty of Ostracoda might reflect a relative warm period to lake water temperature. According to the difference of dominant species and the quantity changes, 5 stages might be further divided, from which three of them were characterized with relative deep water and high water temperature. During the period of 1885-1905 A.D., water level of the lake rose rapidly while the depth and the temperature of the lake water all substantially increased. From 1923 to 1944 A.D., the temperature of lake water might be relatively high. From 1961 to 1969 A.D., the lake became comparatively deep. Assemblages IV and V appeared in the section since 1970 with less quantities of Ostracoda. The halophile species, Eucypris inflata appeared in Assemblage IV. These suggested that the lake has been shrinking while the quality of lake water became gradually saline since 1970 A.D.

Landscape ecology, resulted from the integration of modern Geography and Ecology, is discovering and broadening its application scope Its application to ecotourism is now underway On the basis of three kinds of definitions on ecotourism, this paper defines ecotourism from tourism planners and managers, tourists, and their integrated levels We also emphasize its spatial and ecological meaning, and initially discover the application of landscape ecology to ecotourism Landscape ecologic theory including structure and function, ecological holism and spatial heterogeneity, diversity and stability, and landscape change, can be one of the theoretical foundations of ecotourism planning and management

In this paper, the Sand Hill of Nebraska, a typical semi arid area located in mid west part of US and recognized as the largest 'sand sea' in the western hemisphere, is selected as the study area The study is focused on extraction of thematic information referring to sands, wetlands, waters, and grassland, which relatvely inicate e?vironmetal changes in the region Four temporal Landsat TM and MSS data from 1972 to 1993 are collected for analysis In the study, LSMM (Linear Spectral Mixture Model) is applied to pixel decomposition for classification of sands, and TC transformation is used for separation of vegetation and soil Besides, thematic information on sands, wetlands, waters, and grassland with different coverages is extracted through synthetic analysis of NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) and NDMI (Normalized Difference Moisture Index) Remote sensing images in 1972, 1979, 1987 and 1993 are classified respectively and compared to obtain the changes in corresponding land types The features of environmental changes for the last 20 years in the study area are finally discussed The result shows that there has been the trend towards increasing in the areal extent of sands and towards decreasing in coverage and green degree of grassland in the study area and that, changes of areal extent of wetlands and waters are controlled by annual precipitation Through analysis on temperature and precipitation of summer for more than 40 years, which is understood as the most important season for energy exchange and changes of ecological environment in a year of this region, we can infer that the upwards trend of temperature, the downwards trend of precipitation and the desiccation trend of climate are the main causes for the increase of sandy area and decrease of vegetation coverage and green degree For the study area, which belongs to the sparcsely populated prairie landscape, even there is less human interference and slight environmental change, the impact of climatic factor on environmental change should not be ignored The relation between climate and environmental change will be further studied

Electronic map is the main method of visualizing geographical information. Following the popularization of all kinks of digital maps and web maps products, the design of the electronic map has become more and more important and constituted one of the key study fields in geo science and modern cartography. In study on design of electronic map, “design of user interface”, “presentation of three dimension land sight”, “application of multiple media”, “conflict of figure”, “dynamic annotation”, “interactive function of screen map” are important and unavoidable problems. Even though the electronic map is becoming more and more popular, these problems still need to be further studied. The paper summarizes and analyses the issues concerning electronic map design, discusses the theory of electronic map design, puts forward suitable method of data organization and technique of “multiple presentation”, and thus realizes “dynamic annotation” and efficient “space index” method. It provides basic services for better viewing: zooming and panning, rotation, virtual movement of the observer over 3D graphics, enlarging selected elements of graphics, etc. This system realizes the integration of graphic data and attribute data, so graphical presentation reflects the results of querying a database and is immediately updated when the user changes the query conditions. There are several linked displays of the same data set. The user selects some objects or data subsets in one of the displays, and the corresponding objects or data are highlighted in all the displays. The dynamic manipulation techniques available in this atlas are illustrated not only with pictures but also with “live” maps. In the end, based on the practice of the “Electronic Atlas of Beijing”, the paper discusses the design of interface and map function of the electronic atlas and several important issues on design of electronic maps are discussed in detail..

Previous studies on pungent flavour districts in China are fully on the basis of perceptual knowledge, for example, it was simply thought that taste of food in southen China was hot but less pungent in northern China. Opinions differ greatly on pungent degrees of food in different districts This paper holds that there are three flavour districts on food and drink in China:1)Strong pungent flavour district in the middle amd upper reaches of the Yangtze River,includeing Sichuan, Chongqing, Hunan, Hubei, Guizhouand southern Shaanxi with pungent index being 151-25.2)Pungent flavour district in northern China, including Beijing,Shandong, Shanxi,Guanzhong in northern Shaanxi and greater part of Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang with pungent index being 26-15 3)Light flavour district along the southeast coast, including Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong with pungent index being 17-8 Previous veiw held that the reason for eating pungent food was to disperse damp vapours and keep warm in light with statistics and analyses as well as on the spot investigations and document records Present study holds that the principal environmental factors for the formation of heavy pungent flavour district are inadequate sunshine, mosit and cold in winter. Social reasons such as migration are also analyzed in the paper

Basing on statistical data, the author reviewed the differences between the north and the south in economic rate and level and analysed regional unbalanced development in China Through quantitative calculation, the conclusions are drawn: 1)it was obvious that the south was faster than the north; contrast of economic level has reversed since reform and opening 2)The reasons accountable for these changes consist of politics, export strength,economic system (structure of possession system),input intensity (special foreign direct investment), industrial structure and so on 3)Social cultural elements have certain influence by all means 4)To turn the north tardy, we should quicken the pace of reform and opening in the north, make efforts in restructuring big and middle state owned enterprises, vigorously carry out the strategy of making the country strong through science and education 5)The north must grasp opportunity, build new economic growth pole, retransfer and upgrade industrial structure as soon as possible

Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development(SARD) in different regions and different developing stages shows different characteristics, and the developing models are varied Through investigations of the SARD practice in Southern Jiangsu where town and township industries are well developed but the conflicts between man and land are sharp, three regional sub models of SARD are identified as :(1)the sub model for intensive, high beneficial and integrated development;(2) The sub model for dual trades of effectively utilizing and protecting resources; and (3)the sub model for multi dimensional development through optimization grouping or regrouping Then based on abstraction of the three sub models mentioned above, the general model of SARD in Southern Jiangsu is generalized, ie , the model of high beneficial, intensive and sustainable agricultural and rural development .

The advances on the research into the mechanism of hydrological cycle in Yellow River drainage basin are generalized from four aspects. Firstly, it is shown that the researches on hydrological processes have mainly focused on the single aspects such as precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, interception and runoff. Further studies should focus on the coupling between vertical water transfer and horizontal water movement, with special attention to the prominent characteristics of Yellow River such as man made dry out and high silt content. Secondly, the research results at several hydrological field experimental stations and hydrological laboratories are generalized. These stations and laboratories accumulated a large amount of hydrological data of the Yellow River over years. Unfortunately, most of these stations and laboratories ceased to run in the1960s. A new hydrological experimental laboratory, based on an old laboratory, is available soon to explore the key links in the hydrological cycle in Yellow River drainage basin. Appealing is to the government for reforming more old and/or establishing new hydrological experimental installments. They are one of the most important aspects to basic hydrological research Thirdly, the hydrological models used in operational Yellow River flood forecasting are listed. As Yellow River is mostly located in semi arid and arid climatic zone, the hydrological scenarios of the river are very complicated with high spatial variability. Sometimes the empirical method can get better results of hydrological forecasting than hill slope and or conceptual models. Because distributed model can well consider spatial variability, it is worthy to try to establish a distributed model over the Yellow River. The model will couple vertical and horizontal water transfer and movement, be parameterized by making use of remote sensing and field experimental data and interfaced with Global Circulation Model. The model is established for exploring the mechanism of hydrological cycle in Yellow River diainage basin and simulating the responses on land use/land cover change and other environmental changes. Last but not least, the scale problem, which is another key to explore the mechanism of hydrological cycle of Yellow River, is discussed. It rises because theories of many hydrological processes such as infiltration, evaporation, overland flow, sediment transport and subsurface water movement have been developed at small space-time scales. However, predictions are required at much larger space and time scales. These include the scale of large catchments where not only are the basic theories questionable but other processes or controls on spatial and temporal heterogeneity come into play. In essence, the scale problem is a search for connections between nonlinear hydrological theories developed for small scales, and the large scale hydrology of complex natural systems. Representing spatial and temporal variability in models, exploring the existence of natural time and space scales and statistical downscaling are specially needed in Yellow River drainage basin.

Water environmental pollution, which is a complex problem, deals with the systems of ecology, society, economy, and resources Therefore, synthetic analysis of the above mentioned factors must be carried out along with the study of the coordinated development of water environment and economy.The macro economic system should be taken as a fundamental starting point to study how to control the pollution to the optimum level, and seek suitable economic structure and developing rate, so as to realize the aim of water environmental protection The regional water environment economy decision support system was designed to address water environment management issue, assisting decision makers to resolve the decision making problems of the coordinated development of water environment and economy The decision support system used modularization idea according to the characteristics of the system, for convenient model modification and expansion,each module has its particular function and independency.Meanwhile, all these modules are an integral one,taking fully into account the entire harmony. In which the macro economic module is regarded as the primary module which promotes other modules assisting decision making for decision makers, so as to achieve computerization in assisting decision making of the regional water environment and economic coordinated development The system consists of three components: database, model base and user interface Database management system, the basis of decision support system, provides the information of basic data to decision makers and the supporting data for model run so as to store calculated results The model base integrates models of macro economics, environment economy multi objective programming, water resources demand, water environmental capacity, and water environmental analysis, and the multi objective programming model includes production structure optimization model and industrial structure optimization model, the water resources demand model includes ecological, agricultural, industrial and domestic water demand model After the basic information made up and operated by the model, the optimization recommended schemes and development mode under different environmental protection aims, different economic development speeds and different macro policies were put forward, then the man machine conversation system provides this result to decision makers, thus it can help the decision makers produce correct judgement through schemes comparison The solution was achieved by using multi objective programming and regarding the constraints as optimization objectives, and the decision making information was obtained by means of input expert experience and knowledge via the step by step method The system has some functions, such as prediction, optimization, simulation and management, accordingly it provides an effective means for water resources and water environment management

Soil erosion is one of the most serious environmental issues in China It is very important to investigate the mechanism of soil erosion and to develop soil erosion model, which is the useful tool to design the measures of soil and water conservation and sustainable use of soil and water resources, and is also closely related with the rehabilitating of the degenerated environment The development of soil erosion models in U S A, Europe, and Australia was reviewed briefly and then the development of soil erosion model in China was analyzed in detail Both empitical models, process based models,and the utilization condition of new techniques such as GIS, RS, REE in soil erosion were evaluated in this paper On the basis of the above evaluations, the issues existing at present research , which need to be enhanced in the future research, were identified The purpose of this paper was to learn the overseas experience and promote future soil erosion model development in China

Resenzweig and Parry published their paper on Nature to discuss China's Food Security in 1994 American president Clinton authorized the development report the science and technology strategy to buildup the American economic security in 1996, and the problem to buildup national economic security was presented as an important national target In 1997, President Jiang Ze min presented the problem of Chinese economic security The report of Clinton especially emphasized the problem of economic security under global change Each nation will be faced with not only the change of environment and the conflict between the economic development and the exploitation of resources, but also the problem of national economic security caused by the change of environment In fact, because of the rapid development of China, just only the use of resources probably will cause the problem of economic security The paper built models to analyse the environment and economic security of China in the future 30⁵0 years The paper is based on the food demand and production model, which was established at the Stockholm Environment Institute （SEI） At the same time, we use the model established by Ds and Shaw to calculate different global change variables' influence to the food demand and supply,then use the result to calibrate the variables In our analysis, the food demand for future people was divided into two levels, and access the quantity Then we conclude that, with the influence of global change, China's future food production can't meet the need of the increasing demand It has been estimated that there maybe 7⁸%'s insufficiency Because of the uncertainty of different global change variables, and technological progresses will enhance the increase in food production, according to the result, the risk of hunger can be avoided, if only we adopt appropriate methods to decrease the affects of global change

The pathogens, epidemiology, prevention and control of plague, a deadly infectious disease most harmful to human beings are all highly related to physical and human factors People still have not completely understood some facts concerning plague epidemic formation and its relationship with eco-environment Hence it is very important to study the geographical epidemic law of plague and distribution of plague natural foci, and analysis on their environment-health vulnerability for more effective control of its outbreaks and epidemics The assessment of environment-health vulnerability will present a synthesis analysis talking human health as the core This paper firstly presents the background of spatial distribution of plague and natural plague foci in whole China,and then studies the environment health vulnerability by taking a typical plague focus as a case Chifeng in Inner Mongolia, a typical dauricus plague focus, and one of the ten types of natural plague foci in China, was selected for study based on 13 natural and social indicators such as rat density, annual average rainfall, annual average temperature, forest coverage, meadow coverage, population etc For the purpose of analyzing the trend of environmental change and its impacts on plague prevalence, the threshold value of environment-health vulnerability was deduced through clustering analysis and matrix operation of 13 indexes, and 4 different types of environment-health vulnerability were divided according to the threshold value Corresponding to this, 4 types of environment-health vulnerable areas in the typical plague foci, such as very high vulnerable area, high vulnerable area, moderate vulnerable area and low vulnerable area were identified The characteristics of low vulnerable area mainly manifested higher forest coverage or high urbanization level where it was unsuitable for dauricus survival anymore Consequently, the risk of plague prevalence changed into very low possibility On the contrary, the original surroundings in the very high vulnerable area became deteriorating seriously, and it posed higher probability of plague prevalence These imply that rehabilitating environment status in plague foci is the essential way to improve the environment-health vulnerability and control plague prevalence effectively

According to the statistical and survey data at provincial and county levels, trend of cultivated land change and its driving forces in Shandong Province during the last 50 years are discussed in this paper. It was found that (a) since the 1950s, the total area of arable land and per capita availability are reducing. For example, the total area under cultivation reached its top in 1955, and declined after the year of 1955. Per capita cultivated land decreased nearly in a straight line year after year and changed from 0.192 hm 2 to 0.075 hm 2 ,and the trends of decrease will continue with further development of economy and increase of population; (b) according to the GIS spatial analysis, the movement of the gravity center and the relative change indices of the cultivated land in Shandong Province have regional differences, the change is smaller in the eastern part than that in the central-western, the distribution core of the cultivated land in the whole province has been shifted 10.62km northeastward; (c) as a result of the principal component analysis, the eight driving forces variables affecting arable land changes were analyzed which could be classified into three types, i.e., the dynamic development of economy, pressure of social system and progress of science and technology in agriculture. As to the specific factors, per capita net living space, population and yield of grain per ha are the main driving forces, which play an important role in the changing of cultivated land;(d) by using regressive equation, along with population growth and economic development, the prediction of cultivated land in Shandong Province is done for 2005 and 2010, the prediction result is that Shandong's farmland area will be 6 435.47×10 3hm2 in 2005 and 6 336.23×10 3hm 2 in 2010. The analytical results and conclusions of this paper will provide scientific basis for sustainable agricultural development in Shandong Province.

The man earth areal system is the nucleus of the research in geography. It has very important influence on knowing connotation of the sustainable development for the theoretical research and practice of man earth areal system. At the same time, the man earth areal system itself must be developed, so the abundant and philosophical connotation of the sustainable development would be promoted. In the more and more not knowing about the thinking of the sustainable development in the world today, the article studies the interactive mechanism of man earth areal system and the sustainable development, than discusses the essence of development of man earth areal system, the essence of the sustainable development, background of space and time of man earth coordinated development, and philosophic essence of the interactive mechanism of the two developments. It concludes that the full and necessary conditions of the two developments helping each other should consist of selfless realm of thought in the human society, human spirit merging with physical geographical environment, specially the philosophic thinking of existentialism of self disciplined and self examined critically possessed by ancients We can see that the philosophical significance reoccurs the connotative way development landscape of the man earth areal system.