Supported by the key knowledge innovation projects,i.e., a preliminary study on the theories and techniques of the remotely sensed temporal-spatial information and digital Earth; and a study on the integration of national resources and environment and data sharing, the authors have set up a spatial-temporal information platform by the integration of the corresponding scientific and research achievements during the periods of the 8th- and 9th-Five Year Plan, which comprehensively reflected the features of land-use change, designed a series of technical frameworks on the spatial-temporal database construction based on remote sensing techniques, e.g., the construction of remotely sensed database and land-use spatial database of the mid-1980s, the mid-1990s and the end of the 1990s, which laid a foundation for the dynamic monitoring of land-use change and the corresponding studies. In this paper,the authors have analyzed comprehensively the features of land-use change in the 1990s, revealed the spatial-temporal change of land use supported by remote sensing and GIS technologies as well as analyzed the geophysical and socio-economic driving factors.The findings are as follows: the arable land has been increased in total amount, the balance of decrease in the south and increase in the north was resulted from the reclamations of grassland and forest land. On the whole, the forest land area had a process of decrease, and the decreased area was mainly distributed in the traditional forest areas. Areas with plentiful precipitation and heat in the south, however, had distinct effects of reforestation. The rural-urban construction land had a situation of persistent expansion, and the general expansion speed has been slowed down during the last five years of the 1990s with the exception of the Western China where the expansion speed has been accelerated. The land use change in China in the 1990s had distinct temporal and spatial differences due to two main reasons, which were policy control and economic driving. Hereby, conclusions and proposals brought forward by the authors were as follows: the spatial diversity rules of the modern land use change in China must be fully considered in the future land use planning. At the same time, the pertinence of physical geographical zones must be considered during the planning of eco-environment construction. And, based on the increasingly maturity of the infrastructure, the traditional thoughts on planning and management of resources must be shifted so as to fully realize the optimized allocation of land resources at regional scale.

Urban man-made landscape is a combined conformation of various kinds of artificial buildings by collective human activities.It has a variety of configuration and evident adumbration as well as the characteristics of discontinuity and irreversibility. The development of the urban man-made landscape of Dalian,different from the general development law of the urban man-made landscape,witnesses the fallowing process of the spread of the single core extent in the shape of a hoof--the annular banding spread--radiation of multicores, the spread of belt . Its development mechanism is based on geological condition. Urban planning acts as its leading factor,while socio-economic development as its motive force. Probing into urban man-made landscape essential feature and development mechanism on time and space distribution can offer efficient decision basis for the development of urban construction and the protection of the fragile urban eco-environment.Whether the development of the urban man-made landscape is rational has important influence on urban construction and urban environment. The orderly and rational development will bring prosperity to the city; otherwise it will not only bring confusion to the development of the city, but also cause urban feature stereotyped,which will reduce the economic value of the city and cause a series of urban environmental problems.So we put forward some views on the development of the city in light with urban man-made landscape to policy makers for their reference:1)geological survey and mapping work,should be fully carried out so as to offer scientific basis for rational urban planning;2)urban construction and development plan should have certain leading in order to guarantee the historical continuity in the development of urban man-made landscape;3)the development of urban man-made landscape should give prominence to the nature and function of the city by highlighting its distinct individual character;and 4)the development of urban man-made landscape should take people's benefits first, and urban construction should pay even more attention to environmental protection.Substantial development of urban man-made landscape will cause expansion of space dimension size to a certain extent,inducing a series of urban eco-environmental problems. So, the harmonious sense of pursueing"harmony of man with nature" just should be a supreme goal of the urban construction.

The mechanism of long-term shoreline evolution of large-scale estuarine deltas under conditions of water and sediments flux changes (WSFC) is one of the hot topics of current global change research. In case of the Yellow River delta, the WSFCs are considered to play an important role in the evolution of delta because the river flow has been broken off for several times since the 1970s,which has changed the estuarine shoreline greatly. So it is urgent to analyze the modern the Yellow River delta and its adjacent area quantitatively and carry out in-depth studies on the mechanism of dynamic balance between the erosion and extension of shorelines under different water and sediment fluxes conditions in order to strengthen the theoretical basis of the delta's sustainable development. To reach that point, the mechanism of dynamic balance between erosion and accumulation under different water and sediment fluxes should be found. At present there are usually four kinds of models available to simulate the estuary shoreline formation and geomorphologic evolution of the great river deltas, which are statistic model, geometric model, depositional dynamics model and numerical model. The first two models do not describe the mechanism, and they can't be used to explain the long-term evolution of a great river delta coast; and the other two models can only compute critical values of the sediments' starting-up, transporting, and sinking processes in the very short cycle, although they can explain the mechanism in some ways. Therefore, there is still lack of mature theory on the mechanism of long-term templral (over one year) and macro spatial (the whole great river delta and its adjacent area) shoreline evolution modeling.After analyzing eroding and depositing processes carefully, we found it is necessary to conduit an in-depth study on the near-shore residual current dynamic process under conditions of the River's WSFCs, for Lagrange residual current is the key dynamic factor not only for discharging sediments long-term transportion but also for coastal and seabed's erosion and deposition. Finally the paper puts forward a tentative plan on building a macro mechanism model and offering a solution to the key problems including scaling scale, building and expressing total residual current field, and computing critical values of the sediments' resuspension, transportation and deposition.

A number of research approaches, such as digital analysis, relationship between river mouth extension and channel evolution, sedimentary analysis,channel topographic map comparison, and hydrologic regime research, have been presented in studying the adjustment processes of the river bed longitudinal profile morphology of the lower Yellow River.Theoretically,it is basically concerned about the evaluation if the role of downward and headward silt-clearing.Comparing the river bed longitudinal profile of different years in terms of the data of water level corresponding to the discharge of 3000 m 3 /s, Zhang Ren(1985) concluded that the longitudinal profile of the lower Yellow River had been elevated during the 1930s to the 1970s.By means of digital analysis, Jia Shao-feng et al.(1992) have theoretically demonstrated that the retrogressive aggradation due to continual base-level rise was the basic reason for the uniformly elevated channel bed of the lower reaches of the river. On the basis of the change of flood-plain height and the associated river mouth extension, Wang Kai-chen(1982) has also indicated that the river bed longitudinal profile at downstreams was uniformly elevated. Pang Jia-zheng et al.(1982) and Xian Jian-heng et al.(1980) have shown that the main controls on the lower Yellow River's longitudinal profile were channel extension and course changes, and that the effect of the headward degradation and aggradation declined gradually from dowmstreams to upstreams and finally was over in Luokou.By the statistical analysis of 5-year water level change with a discharge of 3000 m 3 /s, Yin Xua-liang(1991) has shown that annual water level change was different and degradation and aggradation should have been caused by downward factors.Wei He-long et al.(1996) have indicated that the downward degradation and aggradation of the lower Yellow River was principally related to the variations of discharge and the silt content and that the headward degradation and aggradation was resulted mainly from base-level change at downstreams which was basically due to change of river length.To sum up, although for the lower Yellow River a number of research methods were concerned with the self-adjustment of the river bed longitudinal profile morphology, the morphological indexes, gradient and concavity had been paid little attention to. This paper calculated the values of gradient and concavity indexes for the long-term and long-distance river bed longitudinal profile of the lower Yellow River using the least square method and the parabolic partial differential equation. Minor variations in both the gradient index and the concavity index indicate that the entire lower Yellow River has almost uniformly elevated its river bed over a long period of time in the self-adjustment of the river bed longitudinal profile morphology, and that the lower Yellow River has become an aggradational peneplane reach. The nearly uniform elevation of the lower Yellow River may have resulted from downward sedimentation and headward sedimentation caused by relative base-level rise in the river mouth. The aggradational process had introduced underground streams to run on the surface, in such a case, the entire lower Yellow River became an old-stage stream.The old-stage stream implies that the channel development may have achieved a critical stage which heavy aggradation and channel decline may have occured. On the other hand, the capability against historical floods may have greatly decreased, and disasters may have frequently happened.

Based on the data from hydro-metric stations on the Yellow River and its tributaries, we have studied the grain-size characteristics of suspended sediment in relation to concentration and discharge. The middle Yellow River basin is located in a transitional zone from sub-humid to semi-arid climates, and covered by a thick loess mantle.In the neighboring desert areas in the northwest, the surface material of the Loess Plateau exhibits some remarkable areal differentiation in grain-size and forms three zones known as sandy!loess, (typical) loess and clayey loess from northwest to southeast. Controlled by these physico-geographical conditions, the grain-size of river sediment shows some particular characteristics. The plot of suspended sediment grain-size against water discharge and suspended concentration indicates some complicated variations. When the discharge or suspended concentration is low, the median size is relatively coarse. With an increase in discharge and concentration, the median size decreases to a minimum, and then increases again. During the low flow season, the relatively clear baseflow may scour the bed, so the suspended sediment is relatively coarse. Entering the rainy season, rainstorm runoff carrying fine loess material flashes to the river, making a decline in suspended sediment grain-size. However, during high-intensity rainstorms, hyperconcentrated flows often occur. Hyperconcentrated flows are a liquid-solid two-phase flow. The mixture of water and fine sediment is the liquid phase, and its unit weight is larger than clear water. The relatively coarse sediment particles suspended in the liquid phase constitute the solid phase. Hence, with the increase in concentration, more coarse particles can be set in suspension, and the median size increases again.For rivers located in different zones of surface material, some complicated relations between suspended load grainsize and mean annual suspended concentration has also been found. Double-value relations between grain-size and concentration exists, which can also be explained by the specific physico-geographical settings and the behaviors of hyperconcentrated flows in this area.

Sediment dispersal at the river mouths has been an important topic in the fields of geomorphology and hydraulics for a long time and estimating sediment budget of the deltas is a principal method for quantifying the sediment dispersal system at many river mouths. Many reports about sediment dispersal at the Yellow River mouth have been given previously using this method. However, since the dry bulk density of deposits in the delta and the boundaries set for calculating the volumes of deposits did not receive a proper treatment, big discrepancy existed between estimates of sediment budgets of the delta provided by the previous studies.Considering the effects of grain size composition, burial depth, and exposure conditions on the dry bulk density of deposits and based on abundant data about the dry bulk density of deposits in the delta, this study defined the dry bulk densities for the deposits in the delta plain and buried delta front deposits, buried prodelta, exposed subaqueous prodelta, and newly deposited top 1 m layers on the delta front. Combining the constructed models of dry bulk density for different depositional settings with the results of analyzing the sedimentary framework of the delta, sediment budgets at Diaokouhe lobe of the Yellow River delta were calculated. The foot of the delta front slope was set as the outer margin of area for defining the sediment budgets. This margin is of geomorphologic significance and is easy to be located on the surface of delta recorded by the bathymetric data. Results show that sediment deposited in the delta plain and front of the Diaokouhe lobe over the period from 1965 to 1974 was about 7.10×10⁹ tons, accounting for 73.5% of the incoming sediment. Errors resulting from ignoring clay layers in the deposits on delta plain and front, consolidation of soft layers underlying delta deposits, and deviations in records of the incoming sediment were proved to be about 2.6% for the percentage of sediment deposited in the delta, suggesting the higher reliability of the sediment budgets given by this study. From the mass and volume of sediments deposited in the Diaokouhe lobe over the period of 1965 -1974, a mean dry bulk density of 1.36 g/cm³ was acquired. On account of the dominance of silt in the deposits of the delta, it seems to be an appropriate approximation of the mean dry bulk density for the deposits in the other lobes of the delta.

This paper mainly approached the famous hypothesis-Environment Kuznets Curve concerning municipal solid waste discharge in urban area of Shanghai. The municipal solid waste dealt with in this paper especially included construction waste and domestic waste, which come from business, public utilities, office and households in Shanghai city area. Correlation analysis between the annual statistics of per capita GDP and total municipal solid waste discharge in Shanghai from 1978 to 2000 showed that an obvious invert U-shape Kuznets curve existed between these two indicators. The simulated calculation illustrated that the turning point of this Environment Kuznets Curve would be per capita GDP RMB 33 441 yuan, at which the corresponding waste discharge would be over 7.79 million tons. In 2000, per capita GDP in Shanghai reached 34 547 yuan, the annual municipal solid waste disposal cleared was 7.41 million tons that was less than the theoretical simulation data. It indicated that the turning point occurred around the year 2000 and Shanghai will enter into the new period, in which municipal solid waste discharge will show a gentle decreasing tendency following economic growth. This paper further discussed the waste components changes in Shanghai city. The ration of construction waste that reached the top level in 1998 accounted for 42.8%,which was the reflection of great change in Shanghai city construction throughout the 1990s. Data analysis also showed that the decreasing rate of municipal solid waste disposal cleared per unit GDP was much lower than the GDP growth rate. It is important to regulate the trend of municipal solid waste discharge in Shanghai. To implement the policies such as waste producers taking their full responsibilities,promoting more waste services through market activities and setting multi-investment model to improve solid waste collection and disposal, that will benefit a lot for Shanghai municipal solid waste control.

There have already a lot of research results about the influences of the Three Gorges Reservoir on water environment in backwaters in the mainstream of the Yangtze River, but environmental impact assessment work about tributaries in the backwater area is not sufficient. Since eutrophication has occurred in many reservoirs in China, much attention should be paid to the issue that whether there will be eutriphication in the backwaters of tributaries after water storage in the Three Gorges Reservoir.Firstly, this paper estimates changes of hydraulic parameters (such as water depth, flow velocity, water surface area and water volume stored) in tributary backwaters before and after normal operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir in 2009 and predicts pollution load level (TN and TP) in 2010. And then by using Box Model,it analyses the Three Gorges Reservoir's influences on eutrophication in tributary backwaters of the Yangtze River in Chongqing section. The results show that, with average water depth of 15m in backwaters tributaries,there should be no eutrophication problem on the whole. However, it is possible for water near the bank along the reservoir with water depth under 1 meter to have the eutrophication problem in partial.A water body will subject to eutrophication of moderate level to higher level if TP concentration ranges between 0.05 mg/L and 0.11 mg/L according to standard of eutrophication indicators of Institute of National Public Hazards of Japan. Because TP concentration in backwaters of some tributaries of the Three Gorges Reservoir will certainly exceed 0.05 mg/L, we can also conclude that although there will be no higher level of eutrophication in tributary backwaters, there will be moderate eutrophication.

Forest degradation has been widely acknowledged to be the main cause for the 1998 Yangtze River flooding. Of the two crucial reasons of for flooding,climate fluctuation and land-cover change,which one on earth acted as the leading factor? In order to probe this issue, the Suomo Basin on the upper reaches of the Yangtze River was chosen as a study area. About forty years' climate fluctuation and land-cover changes in the Suomo Basin were analyzed in this paper. Precipitation deceased by 19.3 mm from the 1960s to the 1970s and increased by 61.2 mm from the 1970s to the 1990s. According to three decades land-cover maps, the primary land-cover changes are that forestland turned into sparse and shrub by forestland, and the shrubby and sparse forestland turned into grassland. Forestland deceased by 12% from 1970 to 1986. A dump hydrological model, CHARM (Climate and Human Activities-sensitive Runoff Model), was adopted to simulate the impact of climate fluctuation and land-cover changes on runoff discharge and to divide their contributions to annual runoff. From the 1960s to the 1980s, runoff depth increased by 45.7 mm. Among them, 63.9% was caused by climate fluctuation, 20.8% was the result of the land-cover changes and the remaining 15.3% was system error. In other words, 1/5-runoff change was caused by land-cover change and 3/5-runoff change was caused by climate fluctuation. From this simulated conclusion, we can get an elementary explanation about the Yangtze River flooding in 1998. Possibly it is climate fluctuation,rather than forest degradation that is the leading factor for the flood.

The increasing greenhouse gas in atmosphere will lead to an increase of 1.1-3.1 o C in mean annual temperature (MAT) in next century as predicted by IPCC (2001). Such an increase in temperature will considerably alter the current regimes of precipitation, hydrological cycle and thus water resources. The impacts of these changes will be particularly severe in arid and semi-arid regions around the world. In China, it may be most severe in North China and Northwest China, shown by some previous investigations.The Huaihe drainage basin (111°55'-120°45'E, 31°-36°N) is located in the transitional belt of the sub-tropical and temperate zones in eastern China. The MAT is 11-16 o C.The mean annual precipitation(MAP) is 883 mm, 50-80% of which falls during May-August in upstreams of Huaihe River and areas south of it or June-September in other areas with mean annual runoff depth being ～231 mm. The Huaihe drainage basin is economically significant as both industry and agriculture are rather developed. A general assessment on climate-change effects on runoff may be still somehow helpful for the regional water resources management and economic development and planning in the future. We have therefore selected the Huaihe drainage basin as our study area in this research. We assume an increase of 1, 2 and 3 o C in MAT and mean seasonal temperature(MST), and a change of 20%, 10% and 0% in MAP and mean seasonal precipitation(MSP). Then 15 climate-change scenarios were constructed by integrating each temperature change with each precipitation change. The general structure of a nonlinear model on climate factors and runoff relationship was established with multi-variable regression method. Then by analyzing meteorological and hydrological data of 20 years for three sub-catchments of the Huaihe drainage basin, mean annual and seasonal values of temperature, precipitation and runoff were respectively calculated from the corresponding month values. Furthermore, mathematical models relating mean annual runoff to MAP and MAP and relating mean seasonal runoff to MAP and MAP were established with the aforementioned calculated data. Runoff was subsequently estimated with statistical model for the sub-catchments under the 15 climate-change scenarios.The results allow a preliminary assessment of influences of the climatic changes on runoff in the near future. Runoff will generally increase with increase in precipitation and decrease with temperature rise. For a given climate-change scenario, the responses of runoff of different sub-catchments vary, which may reflect the differences in physical characteristics and their influences on runoff in different sub-catchments. For a given sub-catchment, the responses of each season's runoff to each of the climate-change scenarios also vary, which may manifest monsoon climate influence on runoff. The dry-and-warm climatic conditions may dramatically reduce runoff and hence have severe or even disastrous effects on economic development in this area.

Stockbreeding in northern China was a production sector separated from primitive agriculture. Its generation and development experienced the following process. About 5000 years ago, northern China was witnessing a climatic warm period,farming and hunting were basically the predominant human activities with less proportion of stock preeding in areas north of the Great Wall. From that time on to 3500 years ago, agricultural practices became less and less with the climate turning to be colder and drier. On the other hand, stockbreeding and hunting became more and more important. The structure of production changed from original farming and hunting in predomination to stockbreeding and hunting in predomination. But the stockbreeding then was different from nomadism, because it had intimate relationship with agriculture. The archaeological researches in China had proved not only that stockbreeding came from agriculture, but also that the rise of nomadism was related to the use of saddlery. About 800 B.C., the northern tribes in China had been proficient in using saddlery, they gave up completely,settlement life and the genuine nomadism appeared then.In the process of discussion, this paper points out that early stockbreeding belonged to breeding depended on agriculture. Naissance of the nomadic life was later than stockbreeding,making it broken away from agriculture completely. Climate changes were important factors that directly made stockbreeding broken away from agriculture. With this development, stockbreeding turned to the nomadic life. This article discusses the relationship between naissance of the nomadic life and environmental changes. The conclusion is that, when life in the grassland changed into nomadic, the local people did not leave their homeland, the only change they made was that they shifted their production mode from agricultural to nomadic.

Urban social space is an essential topic of urban planning and urban geography. Urban physical space is one of the important impact factors of urban social space,and transportation corridor is a most active element of urban physical space,which affects the urban social space by invasion,separation, succession and so on. Dewai Street is one of the main transportation corridors in Beijing City. It was 4 times widened after its reconstruction in the spring of 2002. Taking it as an example, this paper analyses the social effect upon its passing area. As far as the academic significance of this case study, the paper interprets the mechanism of American geographer R. A. Murdie's model of urban social space, which shows how transportation corridor affects social space by cutting the communication of its passing community. Upon entering the 21st century, some geographers in US and UK have been calling for linking material research and immaterial research of urban space, such as L. Lees and P. Gober. The case study of Dewai Street and its passing community is a response to the call. As far as the practical meaning is concerned, the paper puts forward that the integrity of urban living units should be kept up. At the same time, the paper points out the distinction of different kinds of social space cells while adapting to the change of physical space. And AGIL scheme of T. Parsons serves as an explanation tool to interpret why Dewai Community could adjust itself to the space change so quickly.

The conversion from farmland to forest or grassland is a great action of eco-environmental construction in Northwest China, but necessarily it may directly influence the grain production of that area.Proceeding from the conversion scale and the grain response in Northwest China, and taking county as the unit, this study discusses the question of cultivated land and grain production in the five provinces ( autonomous regions) in Northwest China. According to analysis: excluding other factors,if all the farmlands with a slope being greater than 15 degrees are to be converted, the defarming area will reach 392.8 10⁴ ha, or 23.5% of the total farmland area.Considering the present grain-production and consumption level, the authors think it is impossible to convert farmland with a slope greater than 15 degrees; if all the farmlands having a slope greater than 25 degrees are converted,according to the legal provisions,the defarming area will reach 153.6 10⁴ ha, or 9.2% of the total farmland area, and the output reduction of grain will be 71.21×10⁴ t ,or about 2.2% of the region's output in 1996. The impact on per capita grain available of the whole region is slight.On the premise of per capita 0.1 ha of cultivated land, if farmlands with a slope greater than 15 degrees are converted, then the defarming area will be 347.80ha,20% of the present land area, and the corresponding deduction of grain is going to be 234.5 10⁴ t, which is 7.3% of the 1996 grain production.The percentage of grain deduction is about 10 in Gansu, Shaanxi and Qinghai provinces.The impact of conversion on output of grain is obvious. In view of the conversion scale and its influence on grain production, this research proposes two policy advises: (1) To coordinate conversion from farmland to forest or grassland with local ecological environmental construction, make overall plans, formulate respectively guidance for different types of areas, give top priority to what is the most important, implement by stages and in groups and carry out with the slope transformation of cultivated land in step.(2)To implement "storing food in land" project, develop reserve land resources in a planned way, strengthen farmland capital construction and regional grain production base and improve the integrated production capacity of land resources of Northwest China.

On the framework of regional advantages, industrial correlation, science and technology contentment, market potential and ecological level, three indexes systems for leading industrial assessment of industry, tertiary industries and agriculture are established.The weights of indexes are computed by means of IAHP(Improved Analysis of Hierarchy Processing).A new model of unique-index evaluation (process of unit-elimination)-nonlinear effective function is proposed, which can describe the coordination of each index more effectively.Quantitative evaluations are made on the industries-specific industry, tertiary industries and agriculture, with the selection of five leading industries,namely,electronics and information industry, bio-technology industry, optical-mechanica -electronica integration, manufacture of transportation facilities, manufacture of electrical machinery; six leading industries of tertiary sectors, namely science and technology and education, information consultation, finance, tourism, commercial, real estate; and one leading industry of agriculture-plantation.The key points of industrial construction adjustment and optimization orientated to Jinan city are discussed: 1) industrial construction to speed up the development of tertiary industries, strengthen industry, develop the primary industry steadily; 2) industrial organization to bring about the combination of large-, medium- and small-sized enterprises, put emphasis on large-sized enterprises, open medium- and small-sized enterprises; make co-existence of different economic components and take the state-owned enterprises as the main-body; co-develop city, town and county, put the emphasis on urban areas;and 3)industrial technology to take the hi-tech as the leading, make it as the incubator and driver for the future economic development of Jinan City

On the basis of the field surveys organized by WWF in the wetland restoration areas of the Dongting Lake, this article analyzes the characteristics and restricted factors of agricultural labor transfer in the wetland restoration areas of the central Yangtze Valley. The results of the study are as follows: the rate of the surplus agricultural labor transfer is much lower on the whole in the investigated areas, and the outflow labor is mainly young people whose educational level is so low in general that they cannot satisfy the needs of labor markets in cities. In addition, the employment information is inadequate, the job opportunities are few, and the transfer cost for peasants is comparatively high. Those factors also restrict off-farm employment in the investigated areas. Finally, according to the situation of the rural economic development and the employment of the labor force in the investigated areas, along with relative research materials at home and abroad, the article identifies some ways for offective transfer of agricultural labor force. They are as follows: to adjust internal agricultural structure and allocation in the lake areas, exploiting the employment potential within the agriculture; to strengthen the development of agricultural industrialization; to adjust the development direction of the township enterprises strategically, combining with the construction of town- and township-run enterprises; to speed up the process of rural urbanization; to develop the eco-tourism of the wetlands; and thus to take active measures to drive the surplus agricultural labor force to other places.

In the process of modern geography in China, Prof.HUANG Bing wei, with his profound wisdom and diligent work, made outstanding contributions to the promotion of the development of modern geography and improvement of the research level of geography. The core of the geographical academic thought of Prof. HUANG is to emphasize the basis of geographic subject. Prof.HUANG regarded the integration and regionality as the main characteristic of geography, exploiting and instructing the geographical integrating works,such as the integrated physicographical regionalization in China and the integrated research on natural process of the earth surface, etc. Prof.HUANG emphasized the stratagem of geography in terms of service and and construction and thought much of the combination of theory with practice. He advocated that geography should serve agriculture and be geared to the construction practices. Prof. HUANG always paid much attention to the problems of soil erosion and conservation in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, water conservancy and agricultural development in North China and the sloping farmland improvement and utilization in South China. He actively introduced new thought, new technique and new methods. He promoted the deep research of geography and exploited the direction of experimental geography with his innovative thought. He watched closely the international research direction and trend and advocated the cross between the natural science and social science. He thought much of the global environment change and its impacts and the research on the regional sustainable development in China. He brought forward the view that the terrestrial system science is the strategic direction of geographical development, which is a notable indicative. Prof. HUANG Bing wei's geographical academic thought and research practice is the invaluable fortune of modern geography in China, which will keep on directing the development of geography and make positive contributions to the Chinese modernization construction and the prospects of people's homeland.

Based on a z coordinate 3D baroclinic numerical modeling (ZOM) developed by Fang & Yu (1998), currents (include tidal current) of the Bohai Sea are diagnostically simulated considering the wind driven circulation and thermohaline circulation. The splitting mode technique is used in model discretization and forward elimination and back substitution is employed in solving water elevation equation. The advection, bottom friction, buoyancy, and vertical eddy viscosity are elaboratedly treated in order to keep numerical stabilization. The horizontal resolution is 10′. There are 5 layers in vertical. The numerical results coincide with observation data quite well when comparison between the calculated current and observation data in an oil rig of the Bohai Sea during Dec. 1995 to Sep. 1996. The deviation of current direction between the calculation and observation is smaller than 14.8°,while that of current speed is 8.8cm/s(23%). A modified Bagnold load sediment formulas is used in mass transport model. The suspend sediment transport is calculated according to formular given by Dou et al. (1995). The numerical sediment transport model shows that the head of the Bohai Bay and Liaodong Bay are alluvial sea areas. In the rest sea area of the Bohai Sea, especially in the Bohai Strait, appears erosion area. In order to calibrate the numerical results, a comparison between the numerical output and secular changes of the depth of the Bohai Sea during recent 50 years is achieved, and the result illustrates the consistent change pattern. Of course, this paper is only a preliminary research on connection of the physical process and sediment process. In next step, the function of ocean wave, fresh water dilute, cohesive sediment transport, sediment entrainment and near shore process will be considered in the model.

As the southernmost strait of China, the Qiongzhou Strait connects the Beibu Gulf and the South China Sea, and is very important to Hainan Province in terms of environmental protection and resources management The tidal process in the Qiongzhou Strait is very active, with average tidal current speeds of 0 15 0 74 ms^-1 (springs) and 0 12 0 51 ms^-1 (neaps) Suspended sediment concentrations in the strait during spring and neap tides are rather close (0 028 and 0 026 kgm^-3 , respectively), but with clear temporal and spatial changes Suspended sediment transport flux of the strait varies at about 30 11,000 kgm^-1 tide^-1 Tide and/or wave induced sediment resuspension has a great influence on the suspended sediment concentration and transportflux In the same time, tidal currents also produce bed load sediment transport across the strait, with a maximum bed load sediment transport flux of 16,400 kgm^-1 tide^-1 On the whole, affected by tidal wave systems and topographic configuration of the strait, the north bank of the Qiongzhou Strait is dominated by westward water and sediment transport while NE and/or SE transport dominate the south bank Regionally, tidal current speeds, residual tidal current speeds and suspended sediment transport fluxes are all higher in spring tides than in neap tides, and in the north bank than in the south bank of the strait Future studies require detailed wave observation for a better understanding of the wave process and the combined processes of tides and waves

Ecological environmental problems in Dongting Lake area have become more and more protruding in recent years The fragile and deteriorated eco environment along with rapid economic growth at the expense of overuse and irrational exploitation of land resources, resulted in shrinkage of Dongting Lake area and drop of lake level,thus aggravatius serious flood threat In this paper the strategy of flood hazard mitigation of Dongting Lake is discussed on the background of the Three Gorges project construction Water and silt coming from rivers of Yangtze, Xiangjiang, Zishui, Yuanshui and Lishui are key factors leading to flood hazards of the lake area The authors put forward some proposals about improving the relationships between the rivers and the lake, between the lake and protective embankments in lakeside areas, and between storing floodwater and sluicing flood water, between scouring and depositing Comprehensive security of hydrologic environment of Dongting Lake area is a prerequisite for large scale economic development. Based on requirements for safety construction of Dongting Lake area, combining with Three Gorges Project, this paper explores the interaction of Dongting Lake and Yangtze River runoff, discusses some problems about coordinating relationship between Yangtze River floodwater and Dongting Lake floodwater, strengthening safe facilities construction of water detention basin of the lake area, as well as recovery and reconstruction of life line and production line We should take into considerration of overall situation while making plans according to the interests of both Hunan and Hubei provinces It is of importance to the utilization of the Three Gorges Project to cut down floodwater entering Dongting Lake and to the improvement of the lakeside area's environment On the basis of flood disaster risk analysis of the lake area, we must strengthen construction of water conservancy facilities and realize scientific management between the Three Gorges Project and Hunan province's reservoirs

In allusion to the most outstanding pollution problem of water resources in northern China, one calculating method of basic environmental water requirement of the rivers which can guarantee the river function of depuration and dilution is proposed, namely, the monthly (annual) guaranteed frequency method Under the precondition of different monthly (annual) guaranteed frequencies, this method takes the percentage of different natural annual mean discharge as the grade of environmental water requirement of the rivers with the help of series of hydrological statistical data, and the monthly (annual) basic environmental water requirement of the rivers is calculated individually under different guaranteed frequencies and different grades As a case the Huang Huai Hai plain of North China is analyzed Firstly, the main problems existing in the course of water resources utilization and water environment of research area are analyzed, and the main function of river system is confirmed Secondly, the current water utilization of rivers is evaluated with the criterion of Tennant method, and the results indicate that the average water consumption of the rivers in Huang Huai Hai plain in 1997 is shortage, and except that basin slice of Huaihe River belongs to "extremely good grade", the others all fall into the category of "worst" grade or "extremely bad"grade Thirdly, the basic environmental water requirement of the rivers in Huang Huai Hai plain was calculated using the method put forward in this paper, and the results showed that the minimum environmental water requirement of the rivers in Huang Huai Hai plain is 21 76 billion m³ , accounting for 15% of normal annual runoff In which, 3 09 billion m³ are for Haihe River basin, 5 2 billion m³ for the downstream of the Yellow River and 13 47 billion m³ for Huaihe River basin The results are verified through Tennant method, which proved that the calculation result is reliable The countermeasures and suggestions to meet the need of basic environmental water requirement of the rivers in research area are proposed finally The research of this article not only enriches the environmental water requirement theory, but also set up good foundation for further study of ecological (environmental) water requirement, and can offer effective basis for water resources planning and water environmental conservation for the research area at the same time

Se and F are important life elements closely related to health Toxicity or deficiency diseases in plants, animals and human bodies may arise from the abnormal distribution of Se and F in the natural environment In addition, serious pollution effects caused by rapid industrialization and urbanization also create uneven distribution of Se and F, threatening the health of all living organisms Scientists of related disciplines have, in recent years, faced these issues and been involved in studying such relationships Daba Mountains, one of the most poverty stricken areas of China, is also an area with high occurrence of coal burning fluorosis Moreover, its environmental enrichment of Se has produced new problems concerning potential toxicity effects and threats to human health In this work, typical soil profiles in Daba Mountains are selected as our investigative objects, the concentrations and distributions of Se and F in soils are studied The results are shown as follows: The mean concentrations of Se and F in soils of Daba Mountains are 5 70±13 31 μg/g and 622±434 μg/g, respectively, and those values are far higher than their background values in soils of whole China; distributions of Se and F in soil profiles are not the same In general, Se is enriched in surface soil layer, whereas F is enriched in subsoil layer;Se and F concentrations in soils are mainly governed by their concentrations in soil parent The correlation between the two variables can be expressed as Y Se =1 266X Se -0 547(r=0 995, P<0 01), Y F =0 340X F +258 25(r=0 762, P<0 05), respectively, where Y is the Se or F concentrations in soil, and X is the Se or F concentrations in the soil parent Otherwise, environmental geochemical processes, biologic processes and human actions can also profoundly impact the concentrations and redistributions of Se and F in soils

Located in north western China, the Bosten Lake is the largest continental fresh water lake in China, and the water environmental problems of the lake are very serious. Based on field investigations and monitoring data during 1999 2001, the water environmental problems and its causes in the Bosten Lake have been discussed by analyzing the characteristics of pollutants, changes of water quality, distributions of dumping pollutant sources and dumping pollutant quantity. The results show that: with the descent of water level and the shrinkage of water area of the lake from 1048.75 and 1005 km² in the 1960s to 1045.21 and 900 km² in the 1980s respectively, the mineralization increases as high as 2.74 times; there are about 26 pollutant drainage canals in the Bosten Lake area with an annual discharge of over 2.74×10 8 m³ of pollutant water into the lake;the main pollution source to water quality of the Boston Lake is Huangshui general trunk canal drainage alongside some other trunk canal drainages; the third quarter is the highest season in water pollution and the amount of chloride ion, sulfate radical and mineralization entering the Bosten Lake is 2 to 4 times that of discharging from the lake; the amount of industrial sewage drainaging in the lake is about 500×10 4 m³ , an increase of 70% compared with the 1960s; the main pollutants of industrial sewage are COD, BOD 5 and SS, and the amount of drainage is 11214 t, 7029 t and 2431 t respectively. The water body pollutants mainly contain the chloride ion, the sulfate radical, the mineralization, COD and the ammonia nitrogen and so on. The countermeasures for water environmental protection and sustainable utilization of the Boston Lake were proposed in the paper. Firstly, the pollution control in the basin should be done by establishing nature protection area of the Bosten Lake, hancing management and law enforcement, strengthening management of pollutant discharge to the lake and strictly control industrial sewage to enter the lake. And secondly, some ecological engineering measures for water resources protection in the basin should be taken through rehabilitating of lake shore and wetland, increasing the source and saving irrigation water and speeding up water cycle of the Bosten Lake.

Regional discrepancy is a common phenomenon in every society, and without administrative instrument, market economy can’t resolve the problem well, so regional policy plays an important role in regulating economic development Fiscal shift is an important measure by which central government regulates the financial revenue and expenditure among different provinces The main goals of this regional policy include: firstly, balancing the basal public service capability among different provinces; secondly, carrying out partial policies to special regions; and thirdly, controlling the local financial level In this paper, by plenty of analysis work, the authors find that fiscal shift system has partly obtained its original targets, although there are many rules which need to be improved Firstly, after the fiscal shift reform in 1994, fiscal shift has made great contributions to getting over finance difficulties of underdeveloped areas In the period of 1995 and 2000, fiscal shift capital accounted for more than half of the total finance expenditure in most underdeveloped provinces, especially in Tibet where the ratio was up to 95% Secondly, fiscal shift has impelled the regional economic development to a certain extent But in general, the situation of developed areas is better than that of underdeveloped areas Thirdly, fiscal shift is useful to improve income of towners, but unfortunately, the villagers of underdeveloped province are not so lucky as them Efficiency evaluation is an important link in the system of regional policy Scientific evaluation should be established on the basis of quantitative analysis of impact on regional economy, and fully take account of the macro background of regional policy

On the basis of retrospection of the internal and external studies on carrying capacity, this paper points out that study on solo factor carrying capacity such as land carrying capacity, resources and environmental carrying capacity is very limited in reflecting the real regional carrying capacity. It tries to resolve the problem through introducing the status space method to calculate the synthetic regional carrying capacity. That is, this paper discusses synthetically how much the regional land, resources and environment could carry under certain economic development and social improvement level. Taking the Bohai Rim area, which has comparatively poignant contradiction between the resources and environment and economic social development, as example, this paper computes the real status quo of its regional carrying capacity. The result shows that the resources and environmental carrying capacity has been surpassed. Among them, water, land resources, and eco environment which are the essential basis of economic development have the most serious problem. The mineral and energy resources are very near to their upper limit of carrying capacity. In the last part of this paper, the drawbacks and problems which need improving further are discussed. We point out the key of using this way to effectively weigh a certain region's carrying capacity lies on how to accurately determine the reasonable value of each index describing regional PRED system and the relationship between the present values and the reasonable ones.

This paper analyzes the coupling mechanism between urbanization and eco environment: the intimidation on eco environment from urbanization is caused by contamination from population, enterprises and transportation; Meanwhile, the restriction against urbanization from eco environment results from changing the flow direction of population and capital. On the basis of the above, the authors deduce the coupling function and theshape curve between urbanization and eco environment in two ways: algebra and geometry, and then opens out the relationship law: regional eco environment decays at first, and thenameliorates after the curve inflexion. This paper also discusses the coupling process of urbanization and eco environment, andclassifies it into four stages, whichare low level coordination stage, resisting stage, ameliorating stage and harmonious stage. Finally, the authors demonstrate the coupling relationship between urbanization and eco environment in Zhejiang province, and points out that industrialization is still the main momentum of urbanization in Zhejiang.In spite of the emergence of partial inflexion in the coupling curve between waste water and urbanization in Zhejiang, becausethere is no complete conversion in industrial structure, once policies concerning environmental protection change, the coupling curve between eco environment and urbanization will fluctuate. That is to say, Zhejiang is still at the resisting stage.

Land reclamation at the expense of deforestation has causing serious environmental problems in China As a process of land use changes, the lost forest can be identified based on remote sensing technique The nationally covered Landsat TM images in 2000 and the 1980s are spatially corrected and manual classification is carried out The forest land converting to cropland from the 1980s to 2000 are investigated with GIS method The results show that altogether 17630 km² of forest land were converted to cropland during this period of time Among them, the area of densely covered forest is 10467 km² ,accounting for 59 4% of the total deforested area; the sparsely covered forest is 3142 km² ,accounting for 17 8%; the shrubby land area is 3560 km² , accounting for 20 2%; and the other types of forest area is 460 km² With the aid of 1∶100000 watershed map, the distribution of reclaimed deforested land in each main watershed is analyzed The results show that the reclamation mostly happens in Northeast China, being 71 1% of the total lost forest For the three main watersheds in Northeast China, the Songhuajiang Liaohe Watershed (the southern part of Northeast China) occupies 9107 7 km² , accounting for 52 4% of the total reclaimed deforestation area; the Heilongjiang Watershed (the northern part of Northeast China) and the watershed in eastern part of Northeast China occupy 1883 4 km² and 1351 3 km² of lost forest respectively The percentages of the lost forest in watersheds of Yangtse River, the northern part of North China and southeastern part of Northeast China are 3 1%, 3 4% and 3 6% respectively Watersheds of Huaihe and Zhujiang rivers, and the coastal area of Southeast China have more than 1% of reclaimed forest Other watersheds in China have less than 1% of reclaimed forest each With DEM data, the reclaimed forests with different slopes are dealt with in the paper The forest with a slope greater than 3° covers 5205 km² , taking up 29 5% of the total lost forest in China Overlapping analysis of the data of soil erosion intensity derived from remote sensing and the spatial distribution of deforestation in China is carried out The deforestation process led to the increase in the slope cropland area and sharp increase in the value of C factor in soil erosion model of RUSLE , both contributing to the aggravation of soil erosion in China

The present paper introduces the concept of “regionally based” GIS controller which applies general GIS operational functions to specific geographical regions and creates a new program module Using the techniques of Microsoft's COM(component object model), this module is ActiveX controller based on GIS The controller is a macro level extension of object technology in GIS Its essence is that it not only packaged the data module of GIS as well as the necessary functional operations, but also packaged all of the basic geographical information With this GIS controller, the user does not have to create his own geographical data base and process spatial data He can easily look up and display geographical data for his own purposes, spatially calculate such data, process them, categorize and turn them into graphic form, to name just a few of the functions By combining the geographic object of controller with his own data, the user can conveniently use the various GIS functions for systematic development of specific geographic regions Since there is no need to put in and process spatial data, this GIS controller is especially suitable for non GIS specialists in the management of various information systems, in automatic office management and in the functional GIS extension of support systems for decision making This is a new direction of development in the application of GIS This paper explores the organizational techniques and development methods in this “regionally based” GIS controller It examines the key points in the spatial data module and the data base and the main features and techniques of the controller Finally, this paper provides two cases of application, “the Shaanxi Environmental Database System”and “Shaanxi Population GIS System”

Traditional geographical information system uses file system to manage spatial data, which only suits to personal GIS (or named expert GIS), but cannot meet the requirement of enterprise GIS. The technology of spatial database, which uses Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) to manage spatial data, is an advanced technology driven by the socializationof GIS application. Integrating spatial data and other data into relational database, it is possible to give its rights of management spatial data to RDBMS, this can achieveseamless integration and take advantages of RDBMS, include data sharing, bulky amount of spatial data management, data consistent maintenance, data safety, high query efficiency, and more others. Therefore, studies on spatial database (also named Spatial Data Engine) to manage spatial data have become a research focus in GIS fields. In this paper, the author brought forward and analyzed the spatial data object which has four properties: common attributes, temporal, geometry, and behavior. Among these properties the geometry is the essential property of spatial data object distinguishedcommon data object which is the componentof the database. The mapping of spatial dataobject's properties to relational database are columns (or fields), methods and valid rules respectively. Alsothe author analyzed the realization of the application of spatial database technology in Cadastral Administration System from the points of spatial data interoperability, large quantity of spatial data management, the efficiency of queryin large area, and the control of the data safety and others based on the development of specific application system, it figuredout the frame of Land Information System using spatial database technology.

This paper introduces a preliminary stage of this development with Cudgewa catchment in Northeast of Victoria, Australia as a case area: the building of the 3D models from GIS data sets, construction of different simulated environments, and a group survey of the cognitive verification of simulated environments Our research development involves the following major phases: 1) creation of geo database and texture library, 2) data processing, 3) 3D modeling, simulating and rendering, 4) interactive visualization and 5) effective testing In the PC environment, ArcView 3 2 (and more recently ArcGIS 8) with multi extensions is used for data format conversion, feature generation, two dimensional mapping and three dimensional visual analysis Smart Image and ERDAS Orthobase have been used for aerial photo processing, registration and mosaicing, and Photoshop 6 0 for texture creation and image format conversion The real time 3D system has been developed using Performer and OpenGL libraries under IRIX (Silicon Graphics) operating systems Immersion is provided by the use of three screens and three projectors to give a 135 degree field of view Further, we have undertaken an "acceptability of landscape simulation" survey Subjects with various backgrounds were included at different stages of survey Presently, 63 undergraduate and graduate students had responded They were exposed to pairs of static computer simulated images and real digital photographs These showed different combinations of fore, middle and background vegetation, buildings and fences The major tasks were inclusive of collecting sufficient data on the understanding of simulation, the perception of scenic beauty and the degree of realism A series of questions about the identification of features and cognitive understanding and level of ease of interpretation of images were asked The difference of cognitive aspects will be identified and explained As the tests develop, dynamic, interactive, semi immersive simulated environment in fly or drive mode will be provided with different settings of parameters to test the effectiveness and acceptability of construction of virtual landscapes

Locust hazard is a destructive biological disaster It is amongst the three major natural hazards together with floods and droughts Once it outbreaks, it will severely threat to the safety of local agriculture, farmer’s income and the stability of society The combined use and analysis of remote sensing and GIS and their integration with historical records as well as some other field observational data can help to understand the characters of locust living environment, the occurrence time of locust hazard and the extent of locust hazard In recent years, locusts hazards in East Asia have become more server than before in terms of frequencies of occurrence and agriculture damages in eastern reed areas Based on statistics released by the Ministry of Agriculture, during summer and autumn of 1995～2000,about 8000 hm² of farmland and grassland were affected by locust hazards In the summer of 2001 the affected area increased 50% and in the summer of 2002 other 10% was added in the affected areas In Dagang of Tianjin about 2400 hm² were affected by the locusts, the most server case in the district with densities ranging from 1000 to 5000 heads/m² ,far more exceeding the national prevention and control standards of 0 5 heads/m² Presently, the traditional locust observation forecasting system is still used It is very difficult to deal with the new development situation of locust habitat, the increase of affected area and new outbreaks are just the cases In this paper we introduced our recent research results in using remote sensing to detect locust egg hatching conditions, soil temperature and soil moisture in combination with field observations to implement the migratory locust hazard information monitoring system

Since the beginning of the 1990s, national economy of China has entered an important transformation period. Meanwhile, a series of changes have taken place within China. This paper provides the generalization of the main contents and views of "Regional Development Report of China, 2002" edited by LU Da dao, et al. After explaining the influence of the strategic structural adjustment of national economy in regional aspect, it argues that since the early 1990s, influence of traditional factors, such as mineral resources, water resources and transportation, has dropped gradually. Economic globalization not only has accelerated the development of national economy, but also has greatly changed the patterns of regional development. With information increasingly becoming an important production factor and location factor, the development of information based industries has impelled the regional economic disparity of China. Apart from these, science and technology, ecological environment and regional innovation system are becoming new factors which have greatly influenced regional development. Under the comprehensive function of the above mentioned factors, new economic patterns have emerged in China, they can be summarized as follows. First, regional economic gap has expanded in all aspects. Both regional and zonal differentiation in industrialization level has been more obvious in recent years. As several developed regions have entered the middle stage of industrialization, the hinterland of China, on the whole, is still at the initial stage of industrialization. Furthermore, economic and technological gradients have come into being within national scale. Second, spatial structure of industries, especially the manufacturing industries, which has come into being under planned economic system in the past decades, has greatly shifted in China. For example, basic industries as raw materials industries have further agglomerated to the coastal regions of China; energy industries especially power industry have shifted to the Western China; and the fast development of characteristic agriculture and high efficient agricultural production and high quality agricultural production has formed in several new areas for specific agricultural productions. However, with the new patterns in regional development, there are serious inclinations in regional development which should gain much concern:most regions should pay more attention to the development of basic industries and its modernization; new and high tech industries are not suitable to develop on a large scale; and environmental state of several regions with a high rate of economic growth has seriously worsened.

The progress and advancement in Soil Information System (SIS) are reviewed in the paper. The status of heavy metal contamination in surface soil showed that it was necessary to develop soil databases of heavy metals as a new special kind of SIS. Such SIS was named Soil Heavy Metals Information System (SHMIS). It was composed of Soil Heavy Metal Database (SHMD) and Soil Heavy Metal Management Information System (SHM MIS). The SHMIS could be used to investigate the concentrations of heavy metals in soils, and its spatial distribution and spatio temporal variation. The paper describes the structures and functions of the database. All kinds of useful data were classified into forty two fields in six tables,which were related with a key field named SID (Soil samples ID).And the data integrity can be checked and controlled with DBMS. These data stored information, e.g., basic geographic attributes around sampling areas,concentrations of heavy metals of soil samples,spatial relationships between sampling areas and geographic conditions, the growth status of sampling areas, etc. A kind of MIS named SHM MIS was developed to manage the information. Under the circumstances of SHM MIS, data could be browsed, edited, analyzed, and queried according to the identification of users. Assisted with this database, the sampling procedure would process step by step, i.e. , followed stage of sampling would be directed with spatial analysis based on the data management of database so that the information of sampling could reveal the spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil with proper density of sampling. Furthermore, this database can support many other researches about heavy metals of soil, such as risk evaluation.

The construction of Digital Province and Digital City serves as the base and constitutes an important actor of Digital Earth During the construction of Digital Province, the reconstruction and exploitation of the existing information resource and information sharing among government departments are important components of Digital Province So it is necessary in the process of construction of the distributed information sharing platform to standardize the reconstruction, realize information sharing among all the departments and avoid repetition of information construction. This information sharing platform will build distributed network center in every relevant department to deal with the above task This paper takes Fujian Province as a case to analyze in detail the structure of Government Information Sharing Platform of Fujian Province, which includes various linkages that form an integrated structural framwork such as the research and development of information sharing policy as well as standard and technology; the construction of information sharing software and hardware; the development of government Office Automation system; the reconstruction of standardization, networking and spatialization; the construction and update of government basic information database; the reconstruction and integration of the existing application system The Fujian Province Information Sharing Platform is made up of seven sub systems, including platform management system, metadata management and data dictionary system, database management system, data management system, data handling and analysis system and data presentation system The paper introduces the components of each sub system and its function At last the system realization process is described in detail The author also discusses the development direction in the future

The paper adopt indexes of Geordie coefficient, Variation coefficient and Power variation coefficient to analyze the trends of regional differences of marine economy and zonal centralizations of marine industry in China in the 1990s Then the following conclusions were drawn 1)The regional differences of marine economy decreased from the year 1990 to 1995, while the differences increased correspondingly from 1996 to 2000 in China 2)The speed of zonal centralizations of multiple marine industries was very slow in the same areas of China in the 1990s But zonal centralizations of some marine industries became strong from 1995 to 2000 3)The changing process of regional differences of marine economy is the same as that of spatial centralizations of multiple marine industries Regional differences of marine economy decreased from 1990 to 1995, and the changing speeds of spatial centralizations of multiple marine industries became slow in the early 1990s While changing trends of the above two indexes in the late 1990s were different from that in the early 1990s 4)The important approach of reducing regional differences of marine economy is building up the zonal moving capacity of marine industries On the one hand, economic benefits of enterprises should be increased On the other hand, zonal moving cost of enterprises should be decreased

In China, petroleum is the very core of the subject on the energy security With the argument of the external dependence degree of petroleum accommodation, the problem of petroleum security becomes more and more prominent It will be an important problem of the sustainable development of economy and society in the 21st century in China China is a country which is richin marine oil and gas resources There are nearly 100×10⁴ km² oil bearing sedimentary basins, 240×10⁸t offshore oil resources, 14 0×10¹²m³ natural gas resources, 12×10⁸t geological reserves of oil and 2350×10⁸m³ natural gas in the vast maritime space The exploition and utilization of marine oil and gas resources can partly solve the quantity of import on oil and gas resources This article discusses some patterns of security such as self supported security,exoteric security,substitute security and developing abroad pattern and so on And the connotation and conditions of developing abroad pattern are discussed particularly The international and domestic conditions on petroleum security and natural gas security are analyzed At the same time, the tactic countermeasures on how to solve the problem of oil and natural gas are put forward:(1)to quicken the prospection of oil and gas resources of land and sea, increase geologic reserves and proven exploitable reserves of oil and gas;(2)to establish national petrolic tactic repertory and the repertory bases quickly; (3)to improve international environment of the neighbouring countries and import oil and gas resources from abroad which serve as a channel for developing multiple import in the future;(4)to raise the position of natural gas in the structure of energy resources, the ratio of replacing petroleum with gas is added;and (5)to quicken the pace of constructing imported crude oil transportation guarantee syetem import petroleum

In this paper, we analyze the impact of road and railway network on the spatial structure of accessibility,since reform and opening up in the past 20 odd years using Donguan city in Guangdong province as an example. As the transport network goes to mature, the spatial structure of accessibility presents homogeneous development regime, and the "Time Space Astringency" process of economically developed region apparently changed the decision making conditions. Locational decision has been changed with changes of accessibility, leading to expansion in both area and scope of the locational decision Ideally speaking, the better a accessibility in a district, the easier to improve the economic development, good transportation condition has showed fine accessibility Take Dongguan for example, the district which has best accessibility is the district whose economy is developing faster, but not the fastest one What is notable is that because of the superior condition of accessibility, together with the demand in the economic development, the district with best accessibility facing Hong Kong in Dongguan is developing dramatically in the estate The changing situation of the spatial structure of the accessibility in Dongguan is just a fleeting period in the transport network development Dongguan must strengthen transport construction in the mid western part in order to make the accessibility of the corridor's interior part stay at the same level What the Guangzhou Hong Kong Transport Corridor will face in future is the improvement of the accessibility's spatial structure,especially the contact zone between Guangzhou and Hong Kong

Locational theory is the basic theory of geography, but classical locational theory which is established transportation on the basis of cost fails to explore tourism industry, because tourism resources are intransportable Based on location model of the tourism industry of Wang and Wang(2000), this paper divided tourism location into three zones through investigation and analysis of the landscapes of Guizhou province,and partly modified the model The three are locational zones in Guizhou are: 1) the scenic spot and historic monuments zone; 2) the curious spectacle zone;and 3) the outstanding and characteristic resources zone Combining model of Wang and Wang (2000), we consider that locational zones of tourism industry include four zones surrounding population spatial center; the 4th zone is diversity zone on culture and nature The spatial structure of location of tourism industry is similar to Thunen model, but it is not Thunenan phenomenon; tourism regional location is a new geographical problem According to new tourism location model, this paper has discussed the problem of tourism industry concerning further development of Guozhou, and brought forward three suggestions: firstly, through constructing the superhighway, the time of traveling can be shortened from 9 hours to 6 hours; secondly, regarding the famous scenic spot that is similar to the case of Wuyang river as the center, Guizhou can combine with outstanding resources, and especially emphasize that karst of the Guizhou province is the third geomorphologic type that is different from Guangxi autonomous region and Yunnan province; finally, build airport to develop a sub distributing center at some remote and resourceful regions For example, relying on Fanjing mountain and putting Tongren city as center, Guizhou province is able to form a new tourism circuit to develop tourism industry at its southeastern part The photos in fig 4 show the geomorphologic landscape of Guizhou province is a new karst type differing from that of Guangxi and Yunnan

Urbanization is the important force to ignite economic and social development of China in the future; rural urban integrating development is a strategic theme of urbanization The recreational industry and recreation scape have been developed into the most active economic sector and landscape factors It is meaningful to protect landscape and environment with scientific and rational means of open space and allocation of recreation scape Combined with the existing situations of Beijing, firstly this paper studies the developing characteristics and threats to landscape among Hancunhe, Zhoukoudian, Shijiaying and Puwa Secondly, this paper studies the landscape compatibility quantitatively of Beijing urban fringe: (1)the compatibility of landscape of Beijing urban fringe is not so high and just at level of 0 22, among it all compatible behaviors are about 3%, comparative compatible behaviors are about 9%, moderate compatible behaviors are 12%, less compatible behaviors are 13%, least compatible behaviors are 16% and incompatible behaviors are 47%; (2) according to industrial economics, the compatibility of agriculture is 0 03, mineral manufacturing is 0 0102, manufacture is 0 0083, constructions is 0 0406, tourism is 0 0958 and services is 0 0272; (3)the compatibility of typical areas of Hancunhe, Shijiaying and Puwa is separately 0 2315, 0 201 and 0 1805 Based on the evaluation of compatibility of Beijing urban fringe, this paper further discusses laws of recreation scape planning, recreation scape regional planning and rural tourism planning Fourthly,it divides the urban fringe into the belt of urban tourism near the city, the belt of the mass tourism, eco tourism landscape region, landscape ecological restoration region, wild area and special protection region Fifthly,this paper also classifies the rural recreationscape into three circles and eight tourism corridors etc At last this paper gives several specific countermeasures to protect ecosystem and landscape of urban rural fringe

The landscape in the scenic city of Guilin is made up of both cultural and natural landscapes. This paper shows the main characteristics of Guilin City as one of the National Historical Cultural Cities and one of the National Scenery Areas. The Guilin City has a history of more than 2100 years and still preserves many historical buildings. On the other hand, Guilin is located in the karst area and is rich in natural sceneries. In order to protect its unique landscape, the authors put forward three suggestions. Firstly, reserving the cultural landscape of Guilin is to protect not only a single historical building but also some historical areas in the city. For example, to protect the city gates, we should protect and rebuild the moat, which is together with the gates as an indivisible military contravallation system. Now, historical areas are usually regarded as the remarkable symbols of a city. So, protecting and rebuilding the historical areas is an urgent task. Secondly, it is high time to protect the stone inscriptions of Guilin, which embodies the various culture of the city. Now, the high tech method and advanced management system should be used to protect the stone inscriptions. Finally, in the city planning, including both tourism planning and the economic development planning, cultural factors of the city should be regarded as important as natural factors.